본 연구는 일반인을 대상으로 시대성이 반영된 각종 잠재적 위험요소와 원자력(방사선)발전의 위험성 대 한 인식을 분석하였다. 설문 대상은 다양한 계층으로 하고 그 중에 총 293부를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 잠재 적 위험요소 중에서 화재에 대한 위험도 인식이 높게 나타났으며, 다음으로 방사선 테러와 핵(원자력)에너 지의 위험도를 다른 위험요소들에 비해 비교적 높게 인식하였다. 연령별, 학력별, 정치 이념 성향에 따른 분석에서 원자력발전의 필요성과 위험성, 안전성에 대해서 상반된 결과를 나타내었다. 정치이념의 성향에 따른 잠재적 위험요소와 원자력발전에 대한 인식은 보수적 이념집단에서 긍정적인 인식을, 진보적 집단에 서는 부정적인 인식을 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 정치 이념의 성향에 따라 원자력발전 인식 분석에서 통계적 차이를 보였다. 따라서 원자력(방사선)발전 정책 방향 설정과 방사선 이용 관련 산업에 있어서 전문 가 의견과 일반인의 다양한 의견을 반영해서 결정되어져야 할 것으로 판단되고, 일반인도 사실을 바탕으로 객관적이고 과학적인 근거에 입각해 각종 잠재적 위험과 원자력(방사선)에 대해 막연한 불안감을 가지지 말고 유연한 대처를 할 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

Background : Recently, there have been dynamic researches conducted on stevia as natural sweetener subtitute for sugar, However, Researches related to harvest period and parts of plant in stevia are few. Therefore, this study was conducted to select optimum harvest time and parts by measuring the natural sweeteners contents and analyzing antioxidant materials and activity according to harvest times, parts of plant. Methods and Results : Stevia was cultivated in plastic house, The leaves were harvested from April to October and the stem were only harvest in July and September. Stevia leaves and stems were extracted using high temperature and pressure extraction: Dried stevia leaves of 5g were added by 100ml of distilled water equivalent to 20 times of dry weight, and the mixture were extracted by autoclave at 121℃ for 15min. The contents of Rebaudioside A and Stevioside of stevia leaves harvested from April to October showed a tendency to increase gradually from July to October as the temperature increased, but the contents of rebaudioside A and stevioside decreased slightly in August due to excessively high temperature. The extraction yield of stevia leaves were highest in October and September, and there was no significant difference in the other period. In the stevia stems, the extraction yield was lower than that of stevia leaves in general regardless of harvest time. Total phenolic contents and flavonoid contents according to harvest time showed little difference among treatment. Conclution : stevia leaves were better than stevia stems regarding the use of rebaudioside A and stevioside as natural sweeteners. Also, it was confirmed that the stevia leaves of July, September and October, except for the high temperature period of August, had superior in quality and quantity.

본 논문의 주 목적은 ｢J. 알프레드 프루프록의 사랑 노래｣에 나타 난 근대성과 시간의 의제가 지닌 중요성을 탐구하는 것이다. 산업화 와 도시화의 결과로 인간소외 현상이 심화되는 후기 근대의 도시로 부터 탈주하고자 하는 프루프록은 대립적인 인간관계가 해소된 마법 화된 시공간을 꿈꾼다. ‘상상적인 동일시’를 통해 구성된 이 세계는 기본적으로 여성적인 영역으로, 방안의 여인들로 대표되는 이 공간 에서는 교감과 친밀성을 바탕으로 하는 인간관계가 유지되고 있다. 또한 프루프록은 동일한 것의 반복을 특징으로 하는 근대의 일상적 시간을 특이성과 우발성이 충만한 차이의 시간으로 대체하고자 한 다. 하지만, 프루프록을 표준화하고 사물화하는 근대성의 시선의 회 귀와 더불어 그는 인간의 시간이 중단된 신화적 세계에 감금되며, 이것은 사회적 존재로서의 프루프록의 상징적 죽음을 의미한다.

Background : This study was conducted to determine the impact of temperature elevated and the effect of transplanting times based on climate change scenario on growth of 2-year-old korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer.) in temperature gradient chambers (TGC). Methods and Results : As a plant materials, ‘Yunpoong’ was cultivated in TGC at ambient temperature(Amb), Amb+2℃, Amb+4℃ and Amb+6℃ respectively. Ginseng was also transplanted on March 29, April 12 and 26 respectively. Investigation on characteristic of aerial parts were carried out on 28, 56, 84 and 112 days after transplanting and characteristic of roots were conducted on October 19. As transplanting time was faster and temperature was higher, the growth of aerial parts were increased. Compared with those of ginseng transplanted on March 29 with Amb, the root weight which tend to decrease depending on late transplanting time and high temperature decreased about 11.1%, 35.4% and 42.4% in Amb+ 2℃, Amb+4℃ and Amb+6℃ respectively. Ginseng transplanted on April 12 and 26 decreased about 20.9%, 33.9% respectively. Conclusion : Consequently, the more transplanting time extend, the more quantity increased in all temperature treatment. So, it is possible to increase in quantity to advance transplanting time although high temperature will be caused by the climate change.

The evolution of the electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) of piezoelectricity (PZT) sensor was investigated to determine the setting times of fiber reinforced cementitious materials in this study. Penetration resistance test was also conducted to validate the EMI sensing technique. As a result, the setting times of fiber reinforced cementitious materials can be effectively monitored through the EMI sensing technique using an embedded PZT sensor.

Background : This study examined the effect of harvesting time on the growth, yield characteristics, and major beneficial components in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Methods and Results : Although plant height, stem diameter and branch length were not affected by harvesting time, the number of stems was highest when harvested in mid October. There were no differences in root length and thickness, however, the rhizome was thicker when it was harvested at the end of October or early November than when it was harvested in early and mid October. The dried root weight also showed a similar pattern. However, there was a statistically significant increase to 408 ㎏ (16%) in the rhizome weight when in late October and a rise to 455 ㎏ (29%) when harvested in early November. Harvest time had little effect on the content of the major component of S. miltiorrhiza. For example, salvianolic acid content rose from 9.42 to 9.64% with later harvest times, and tanshinone ΠA content was tended to be slightly more increased in mid October which S. miltiorrhiza has 0.22% tanshinon ΠA than in early October. Conclusions : According to these results, the optimum harvest time for S. miltiorrhiza is early November when plant or major component yields are hightest. There were no significant harvest time effects on the major beneficial components.

There has been little research on the harvesting time-dependent changes in the antioxidant activities of new varieties of highland cultures of Gomchwi (Ligularia fischeri) crossed with Turcs (Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.)) and Nakai (Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis), namely Sammany (S), Gommany (G) and Damogy (D). This study was conducted to assess the effect of different harvesting times on nutritional and health-related properties such as total phenolic contents, flavonoids, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrasyl) free radical scavenging activities and reducing power. From these harvests, extracts were prepared using methanol. Total phenolic content in Jul 14-G (Gommany harvested on July 14, 0.172 ㎎·GAE/㎖) was higher than that in other products harvested after the same period (S, 0.154; D, 0.141 ㎎·GAE/㎖). Flavonoid content was higher in Jul 3-G (0.114 ㎎·QE/㎖), compared to Jul 3-S (0.113 ㎎·QE/㎖) and Jul 14-D (0.089 ㎎·QE/㎖). Antioxidant activities were higher in samples harvested after June 12 in all cases. On July 14, the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activities among all harvest dates were seen (92.875~94.595%). The reducing power was also dependent on harvest day (Abs 0.5~0.6 on July 14), showing a pattern similar to that of DPPH free radical-scavenging activities. Antioxidant activity and harvesting times seem to correlate with total polyphenol and flavonoid contents.

경남 남해군에 자생하는 고유품종으로 품종보호 등록된 섬애약쑥의 채취시기와 건조방법에 따른 이화학적 특성과 항산화활성을 평가하였다. 섬애약쑥은 5, 6, 7월에 동일한 재배지에서 수확한 후 각각을 12일 동안 음건(SD) 및 60℃에서 7일간 숙성한 다음 90℃에서 220분간 저장하여(AD) 건조하였다. 전처리방법을 달리하여 건조한 섬애약쑥의 유리당을 분석한 결과 glucose만이 검출되었으며 함량은 0.42±0.02~0.43±0.01 g/100 g과 0.41±0.02~0.47±0.04 g/100 g이었다. 총 페놀화합물의 함량은 AD(1.29±0.08~2.90±0.08 g/100 g)와 비교하여 SD(1.85±0.09~3.45±0.14 g/100 g)에서 더 높았다. 물 추출물을 31.5, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 μg/mL의 농도로 제조하여 항산화활성을 평가한 결과 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성은 SD 5월 시료와 AD 7월 섬애약쑥 추출물의 활성이 가장 높았으며, FRAP도 이들 시료에서 여타 시료에 비해 유의적으로 활성이 높았다. β-Carotene에 대한 탈색 저해활성도 SD의 5월과 AD의 7월 시료에서 각각 25.53±2.85~81.43±2.56%, 35.98±2.22~79.00±1.42%로 가장 활성이 높았다. 이상의 결과 섬애약쑥은 5월 채취하여 음건하였을 때와 7월에 채취하여 숙성 가공하였을 때 유용성분의 섭취가 더 용이하며, 높은 항산화활성을 나타내어 기능성 식품 소재로 활용도가 높을 것으로 생각된다.

In this study we followed biofilm formation and development in a granular activated carbon (GAC) filter on pilot-scale during the 12 months of operation. GAC particles and water samples were sampled from four different depths (-5, -25, -50 and –90 cm from surface of GAC bed) and attached biomass were measured with adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) analysis and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) method. The attached biomass accumulated rapidly on the GAC particles of top layer throughout all levels in the filter during the 160 days (BV 23,000) of operation and maintained a steady-state afterward. During steady-state, biomass (ATP and HPC) concentrations of top layer in the BAC filer were 2.1 μg·ATP/g·GAC and 3.3×108 cells/g·GAC, and 85%, 83% and 99% of the influent total biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOCtotal), BDOCslow and BDOCrapid were removed, respectively. During steady-state process, biomass (ATP and HPC) concentrations of middle layer (-50 cm) and bottom layer (-90 cm) in the BAC filter were increased consistently. Biofilm development (growth rate) proceed highest rate in the top layer of filter (μATP = 0.73 day-1; μHPC = 1,74 day-1) and 78%∼87% slower in the bottom layer (μATP = 0.14 day-1; μHPC = 0.34 day-1). This study shows that the combination of different analytical methods allows detailed quantification of the microbiological activity in drinking water biofilter.

본고에서는 이용도의 시대인식과 조선적기독교를 연구하였다. 먼저 그의 시대인식을 파악하기 위해 그가 조선교회, 선교사 및 서구교회, 그리고 일본을 어떻게 인식하였는지를 고찰하였다. 또 이런 시대인식이 예수교회의 설립과는 어떻게 연결되는지를 살펴봄으로써 그의 조선적 기독교 운동의 특징이 무엇인지를 고찰하였다. 이용도는 조선교회의 정통주의적 주류 신앙에 만족하지 않았으며, 선교사 및 서구교회에 대해서도 비판적이었다. 그러나 그를 전형적인 반교회적, 반선교사적인 인물로는 평가할 수 없다. 그는 협성신학교를 입학한 후 정치적 민족주의를 포기하였다. 때문에 예수교회의 설립은 일본에 대한 민족주의적 동기가 내포되어 있었던 것은 아니다. 결론적으로 이용도가 예수교회를 설립한 이유는 조선교회의 신앙적 체질을 바꾸고자 한 그의 시도가 장로교회의 견해와 상충되었기 때문이다. 조선적 기독교 운동의 관점에서 예수교회는 서구교회로부터의 신학적, 경제적 독립보다는 신앙의 본질에 대한 견해 차이에서 발생하였다. 체험적이고 실천적인 신앙을 추구하였던 이용도 지지자들은 기성교회의 권위에 부딪히자 독자적인 교회의 설립으로 나아갔던 것이다.

Gastrodia elata Blume is a achlorophyllous orchid plant that has been used in traditional medicine to treat many human illnesses, such as vertigo, hemiplegia, and epilepsy. It contains three major pharmacological substances; gastrodin, ergothioneine, and vanillyl alcohol. Here we investigated the quantitative changes in those functional components by cultivation conditions and harvest times. The content of ergothioneine was different with cultivation areas, while gastrodin accumulated the higher levels than vanillyl alcohol regardless of cultivation areas. The smaller tubers contained the higher concentrations of gastrodin and the lower concentrations of ergothioneine than did the larger tubers. The cultivation under sun shade screen increased the concentrations of both gastrodin and vanillyl alcohol but decreased the levels of ergothioneine. We also determined the contents of functional substances depending on the harvest times. The concentration of gastrodin was higher in October than in April, while the level of ergothioneine was higher in April than in October. Interestingly, the use of sexually propagated seed tubers produced 1.9 times higher levels of gastrodin compared to vegetatively propagated seed tubers. In this study, we found that three major functional substances in G. elata tubers altered depending on various cultivation practices, which might be important to increase the economic values of G. elata tubers.

The nutritional composition, bioactive components and antioxidant activities of the first and second sprouts of Kalopanax pictus, Cedrela sinensis and Acanthopanax cortex were investigated to increase the utilization of these sprouts. The moisture and crude lipid contents of the first sprout were higher than those of the second sprout, and the crude fiber and carbohydrate contents were higher in the second sprout. The organic acid content of the first sprout was higher than that of the second sprout. The second sprout had higher free amino acid contents in K. pictus and C. sinensis, and the first sprout had a higher content in A. cortex. Especially, the second sprout of K. pictus and C. sinensis had a higher level of glutamic acid, which is a major taste component of foods, than the first sprout. The second sprouts of all the samples had higher mineral levels than the first sprouts. In contrast, the first sprouts had higher total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and showed a higher antioxidant activity level, except for the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the A. cortex. The results of this study show that the nutritive value of the second sprout was higher than that of the first sprout, but the bioactive components value of the second sprout was lower than that of the first sprout. Therefore, additional research is needed on the cultivation condition required to maintain the nutritive values and the antioxidant activities of these sprouts.

Anthocyanin pigments from three pigmented rice varieties, Hongjinju, Sintoheugmi and Josaengheugchal pigmented by black color, were quantified to evaluate effects of transplanting and harvesting time during seed development. Hongjinju, a rice variety of grains pigmented by red color, contains only two kinds of anthocyanins, delphinidin and cyanidin. Meanwhile, delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin were identified in Sintoheugmi and Josaengheugchal. Anthocyanidin contents in pigmented rice variety Hongjinju under different planting times were decreased with prolonged harvesting times. The Sintoheukmi showed that cyanidin content was the highest among analyzed pigments during seed development. Two anthocyanins (cyanidin and pelargonidin) in Josaengheugchal recorded highest contents at 20 days after heading in three transplanting times. Cyanidin content was also slightly increased with prolonged transplanting time. Total anthocyanidin contents in Hongjinju were always lower than that of Sintoheukmi and Josaengheukchal. In two rice varieties, Sintoheugmi and Josaengheugchal, a* values were commonly slightly decreased by late transplanting and harvesting times. Changes of a* and b* values in waxy rice varieties, Sintoheugmi and Josaengheugchal varied more than those in Hongjinju. In Josaengheugchal, early harvesting before maturity showed lower brown rice yield and late harvesting in the each transplanting times resulted in highest brown rice yield.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of shifts in sowing time on the ecological responses, growth and yields of major soybean cultivars in a southern region of South Korea. Experiments were carried out in Naju, Jeonnam Province (latitude 35° 04'N, longitude 126° 54'E) for three years from 2008 to 2010. The test cultivars included Saeol-kong and Tawon-kong of the summer type, Taekwangkong and Pungsannamul-kong, and Cheongja3 of the autumn type. Sowing took place on May 15 and 30, June 15 and 30, and July 15 of each year. Of the summer type soybean cultivars, Saeol-kong showed a smaller curtailment in days from sowing to flowering, days from flowering to maturity, and days from sowing to maturity according to sowing time postponement than Tawon-kong. Of the autumn type soybean cultivars, Taekwang-kong exhibited a lower photoperiodic response in reproductive growth period than Pungsannamul-kong and Cheongja3, both of which recorded higher level photoperiodic responses in vegetative growth stages and reproductive growth periods than other test cultivars, with the former exhibiting higher levels than the latter. Most of the test cultivars tended to decrease in stem length, node numbers of the main stem, and stem diameter according to postponed sowing time, but there were no significant differences in stem length and node numbers of the main stem of the Saeol-kong cultivar. Differences in sowing times did not affect the first setting pod node order of Saeol-kong and Tawon-kong summer type cultivars of internode lengths of all of the test cultivars. All of the test cultivars tended to show decreases in pod number per plant due to postponement of sowing time except for the Saeol-kong cultivar. The variation was more prominent in small grain cultivars such as Tawon-kong and Pungsannamul-kong with the latter autumn type cultivar showing especially large variation. Yields were the greatest for the Tawon-kong, Taekwang-kong, and Pungsannamul-kong cultivars sown on May 30 and Cheongja3 sown on May 30 and June 15. There were no significant differences in the yields of Saeol-kong for different sowing times from May 30 to July 15, with the yields lowest for the batch sown on May 15.

전라남도 담양에 위치한 우리나라의 대표적인 원림인 소쇄원은 1520년대 후반과 1530년대 중반 조성되었다. 본 연구에서는 1548년 소쇄원 48영과 1755년 소쇄원도에 등장하는 수목 및 1976년 정동오, 1999년 유재은에 의해 조사된 수목에 대한 시대별, 공간별 수종과 수량의 변화에 대해 비교 조사하였다. 소쇄원 48영과 소쇄원도에는 각각 12종의 수종이 등장하였고, 1976년의 현장조사에서는 25종 73그루, 1999년의 현장조사에서는 24종의 수종이 식재되어 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 2012년 7월의 본 현장조사에서는 공간을 보다 세분화하여 전정(前庭), 원정(垣庭), 계정(溪庭), 오정(塢庭), 후정(後庭), 내정(內庭) 등 총 6개 구역으로 나눠서 조사하여 26종의 99주가 식생하고 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 200~300년 전과 비교해서는 수목의 식재가 많이 다른 것으로 파악되었고 현재와 1900년대에 조사한 자료와 비교하여도 수목의 종류와 수량은 다소 차이가 나는 것으로 파악되었다. 따라서 소쇄원 원림식생의 전통적 원형유지와 보존을 위해 지속적인 모니터링과 적정한 관리가 필요하다.