This study was conducted to analyze long-term trends in moisture content and regional distribution characteristics of winter forages produced in Korea. A total of 14,204 samples collected from forage production farms and TMR facilities across 128 Si/Gun units nationwide from 2015 to 2024 were analyzed for moisture content, and annual, regional, and species-specific trends were examined accordingly. The overall mean moisture content was 34.82 ± 16.68%, with a declining trend from 46.70% in 2015 to 30.71% in 2024. Among the forage species, Italian ryegrass showed the lowest mean moisture content (29.44 ± 13.31%), decreasing consistently from 41.16% in 2015 to 23.91% in 2024, contributing substantially to the overall declining trend. Regional variation in moisture content was associated with differences in forage storage type composition, with Gangwon province showing higher moisture content corresponding to a greater proportion of silage, while Jeonbuk province showed lower moisture content with a higher proportion of hay. No statistically significant correlations were found between moisture content and environmental factors including precipitation and drainage installation rate (p>0.05), suggesting that final moisture content is likely influenced by multiple factors beyond regional precipitation, highlighting the need for further studies including direct variables like post-harvest management. The proportion of hay increased from 7.8% in 2015 to 32.3% in 2024, while silage decreased from 43.9% to 15.0%, a trend that coincides with the implementation of the national forage quality grading system initiated in 2015, suggesting a possible association. These results provide baseline data for developing region-specific forage production and quality management strategies in Korea.

This study demonstrated that inlet moisture content is a critical factor influencing drying efficiency, production rate prediction accuracy, and feed value changes of Italian ryegrass (IRG) in a multi-stage conveyor-type hot-air forage dryer. The experiment was conducted by uniformly loading IRG at a fixed drying height of approximately 25 cm with four different inlet moisture contents (30, 40, 50, and 60%). Drying time increased exponentially with increasing inlet moisture content, and a strong linear relationship was observed between inlet moisture content and the time required to reach 15% moisture, enabling the development of a reliable drying time prediction model. The proposed model showed high applicability and prediction accuracy at inlet moisture contents of 30–40%, where predicted and measured production rates were in close agreement. However, at inlet moisture contents of 60% or higher, the model substantially overestimated production rates, indicating limitations under high-moisture conditions. This behavior was attributed to reduced airflow penetration and diminished heat and mass transfer efficiency caused by increased material thickness and particle mass at high moisture levels. Feed value analysis revealed that crude protein content decreased by 12–20% following hot-air drying compared with fresh material, while ether extract, crude ash, and fiber components were not significantly affected. No significant differences in crude protein loss were observed among treatments with inlet moisture contents of 60% or lower. In conclusion, the multi-stage conveyor-type hot-air dryer and the proposed prediction model are suitable for drying Italian ryegrass at inlet moisture contents of 40% or lower and can be effectively applied under practical operating conditions. However, at inlet moisture contents of 60% or higher, improvements in airflow distribution within the dryer or the incorporation of moisture-dependent correction factors are required to enhance drying performance and prediction accuracy.

인공 감미료는 화학적 합성물로, 설탕과 달리 칼로리가 매우 낮거나 없으면서도 강한 단맛을 나타내는 물질이다. 본 연구에서는 제주지역에서 유통 중인 음료 및 주류 101 건을 대상으로 아세설팜칼륨, 사카린나트륨, 아스파탐, 수 크랄로스, 네오탐의 함량을 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (HPLC)로 분석하여, 기준규격 이하로 안전하게 사용되는 지 여부를 평가하였다. 음료에서는 수크랄로스(100%)와 아 세설팜칼륨(79.0%)이, 주류에서는 아스파탐(48.7%)과 아세 설팜칼륨(46.2%)이 주로 검출되었으며, 네오탐은 모든 시 료에서 검출되지 않았다. 음료에서는 액상차(158.60 mg/kg) 에서 아세설팜칼륨 함량이 유의하게 높게 나타났으며(P<0.05), 사카린나트륨, 아스파탐, 수크랄로스는 각각 3.15-6.27, 10.89-219.92, <LOQ-306.49 mg/kg 범위에서 검출되었다. 주류에서는 기타주류(93.04 mg/kg)와 일반증류주(83.06 mg/ kg)에서 아세설팜칼륨이 유의하게 높게 나타났고(P<0.05), 아스파탐, 사카린나트륨, 수크랄로스는 각각 22.03-205.09, 43.60-45.80, <LOQ-93.16 mg/kg 범위에서 검출되었다. 병 용 사용 분석 결과, 전체 101건 중 64건(63.4%)에서 2종 또는 3종 이상의 인공감미료가 함께 사용되었으며, 특히 아 세설팜칼륨과 수크랄로스의 조합이 53건(52.5%)으로 가장 많았다. 이러한 결과는 인공감미료가 기준규격 이하로 안 전하게 사용되고 있으나, 병용 사용에 대한 명확한 규제 가 부재함을 시사하며, 이에 관한 병용 사용 기준 설정의 필요성을 나타낸다.

This study developed a calibration model using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) for the rapid and non-destructive prediction of functional components—total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activities—in sweetpotato. Analysis of 473 sweetpotato genetic resources revealed significant variation and diversity in total polyphenols (4.67 to 2,419 mg/100g, CV 74.26%), total flavonoids (7.71 to 1,057.67 mg/100g, CV 122.88%), DPPH radical scavenging activity (7.83 to 532.56 mg/100g, CV 111%), and ABTS radical scavenging activity (11.84 to 615.87 mg/100g, CV 70.02%). The NIR spectra (400 to 2,500 nm), following pretreatment and modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression, were utilized to create the calibration model. Cross-validation indicated high predictive performance for total polyphenols (R2 cv 0.895), total flavonoids (0.940), DPPH (0.955), and ABTS (0.940). External validation yielded R2 ev values ranging from 0.623 to 0.726 and RPD values between 1.58 and 2.13, confirming the model's practical applicability for large-scale screening and classification. However, further enhancements are needed to improve the accuracy of quantitative analysis. Future studies should focus on refining the predictive model by incorporating samples from diverse genetic resources and cultivation environments. This research demonstrates that NIR spectroscopy can be effectively employed for the rapid, non-destructive evaluation of sweetpotato functional quality, facilitating the efficient selection of high-value cultivars.

This study presents an approach to estimate the measurement uncertainty in food moisture and vitamin C analyses by applying the top-down factor to the bottom-up method, following the GUM (Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement) and the EURACHEM guide. Uncertainty sources were identified as measurement repeatability, weight of dish, and pre- and post-drying weight for moisture analysis; and measurement repeatability, weight of sample, final volume of sample, standard solution preparation, and calibration curve for vitamin C analysis. Each source was evaluated as type A or type B, and the combined uncertainty was calculated. The applicability across diverse food matrices was confirmed by assessing the measurement uncertainty using three representative samples, each from a different food group. For the moisture content, the measurement results and expanded uncertainty were 11.76±0.17% for whole wheat, 63.57±0.45% for peeled chestnut, and 91.44±0.15% for green onion. The vitamin C content was 8.56±0.35 mg/100 g for peach, 10.51±1.65 mg/100 g for seaweed fusiforme, and 104.72±3.31 mg/100 g for bell pepper. The proposed approach simplifies the calculations and is applicable across diverse food matrices, facilitating a cost-effective and efficient estimation of the measurement uncertainty in food nutrient analyses and enhancing the reliability of the analytical results.

Nannochloropsis oceanica has been recognized as a valuable source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) for nutraceutical applications. In this study, the effects of temperature on the growth and fatty acid production of N. oceanica were investigated to determine the optimal conditions for maximizing both growth and EPA production. The growth responses of N. oceanica exhibited a wide temperature range of 5-30°C, with the maximum cell density at 25°C (35.9×105 cells mL-1). Biomass production, as measured by dry weight in N. oceanica culture, was the highest at 20°C (86.2 mg L-1). In N. oceanica cultures exposed to relatively low temperatures (5-10°C), cells did not grow significantly; however, the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids including EPA (22.3, 26.0% of total fatty acid), was significantly high. These results indicate that the optimal temperature conditions for promoting growth and EPA accumulation of N. oceanica are different. Based on these results, a temperature-dependent two-stage cultivation strategy was proposed to optimize both biomass and EPA production in N. oceanica cultures, which included an initial phase at 20°C to achieve high biomass, followed by a second phase at 5-10°C to maximize EPA accumulation.

Grapevine l eaf rust (GLR) c aused b y Phakopsora euvitis diminishes fruit quality and reduces yield in viticulture, making it one of the world’s most significant fruit crop threats. To develop GLR-resistant grape varieties, substantial efforts have been made to select rust-resistant genes and determine effective strategies f or achieving durab le resistance in grapevines. This study aims to identify genetic resources resistant to GLR by investigating disease incidence in vineyards and symptom development in grapevines inoculated with pathogens. Fifty-seven genotypes from Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, Vitis acerifolia, V. aestivalis, V. amurensis, V. cinerea, V. coignetiae, V. flexuosa, V. labrusca, V. labruscana, V. rotundifolia, and V. vinifera were evaluated for rust disease incidence over four years (2021 –2024) at Yeunganm University. Three plants per genotype were potted and sprayed with a pathogen suspension to assess disease incidence on their adaxial leaf surfaces in a greenhouse. Variation in resistance to GLR was observed among genotypes within each species. Resistant genotypes of V. coignetiae exhibited no symptoms on their leaves, while severe infections were noted in the leaves of susceptible genotypes of A. brevipedunculata, V. amurensis, V. flexuosa, V. labruscana, and V. vinifera. None of the tested V. rotundifolia genotypes displayed yellow pustules and remained unaffected for three weeks after artificial inoculation. These findings highlight the potential of V. rotundifolia and V. coignetiae as valuable genetic resources for breeding rust-resistant grapevines. Chlorophyll content was comparable across all uninfected genotypes. While resistant genotypes maintained relatively stable chlorophyll levels, the average chlorophyll content in the majority of susceptible genotypes was significantly lower following inoculation than before. This negative relationship indicates a general decline in photosynthetic capacity due to disease development in grapevines. Identifying resistant genotypes among both resistant and susceptible genotypes across different Vitis species provides crucial insights for developing new grape varieties with improved resistance to GLR.

본 연구는 합성 점증제를 보완할 수 있는 천연 소재로서 셀룰로오스 나노크리스탈(Cellulose Nanocrystals, CNC)의 활용 가능성을 평가하는 데에 목적이 있다. 합성 점증제의 사용량을 크게 줄이면서 도 고점도 형태의 에멀젼을 안정적으로 유지하는 능력을 확인하는 것이다. Carbopol 940과 CNC의 조성 을 각기 달리하여 총 4가지 에멀젼을 제조하였고 냉·해동 순환 안정성 시험, 온도 순환 안정성 시험, 가속 안정성 시험을 통해 각각의 물리·화학적 특성을 비교하였다. 현미경 분석 결과 0.5% CNC가 단독 첨가된 에멀젼이 가장 균일한 분산도를 보였고, CNC 함량이 증가할수록 응집 현상이 나타났다. 에멀젼 분석 결과 백색의 에센스, 로션, 크림 제형이 제조되었고 그중에서도 CNC 0.5%와 소량의 Carbopol 940이 혼합된 에멀젼은 Carbopol 940 0.5%가 단독 첨가된 샘플과 흡사한 수준의 고점도 크림 형태로 제조되었다. 두 에 멀젼은 모든 안정성 시험에서 상 분리가 발생하지 않았고, 나머지 CNC 단독 첨가된 두 에멀젼은 크리밍 현상이 나타났다. 종합적인 크리밍 분율 결과에서는 가장 극값들을 기준으로 50.49∼71.00%, 91.42∼ 96.77%로 CNC 농도가 증가함에 따라 높게 측정되었다. 각 pH 값이 화장품 안전기준에 속하는 범위인 pH 3.0∼9.0 사잇값으로 이전 Cycle 대비 ±0.2 이내의 변화가 나타나 안정함을 확인하였다. 점도 변화 결 과 부문에서 CNC와 소량의 Carbopol 940이 혼합 조성된 에멀젼이 Carbopol 940이 단독 첨가된 에멀젼에 비해 비교적 적은 변화 폭을 보여 안정적인 유변학적 특성을 갖는 것을 확인하였고, CNC가 단독 첨 가된 에멀젼들은 점도가 낮게 측정되었으나 그 변화 폭이 상당히 미미하여 매우 안정적인 것을 확인하 였다.

The recent development of small modular reactors (SMRs) and the adoption of higher-enrichment fuels have intensified the need for advanced burnable absorbers to ensure effective reactivity control and extended fuel cycles. Among various designs, UO2 fuels with high Gd2O3 (gadolinium oxide) content provide notable benefits; in particular, they are compatible with established fabrication methods for burnable absorber fuels. However, achieving a homogeneous dispersion of Gd2O3 at high loading levels remains challenging, and the frequent occurrence of phase segregation and non-uniform microstructures can limit fuel reliability and performance. Overcoming these limitations requires an understanding of the powder characteristics and mixing behaviors during fabrication. In this study, we investigate the effects of the initial particle size and mixing method of UO2 and Gd2O3 powders on the microstructure and mixing homogeneity of high-Gd2O3-content fuels. The findings indicate that both the mixing method and the preparation state of the starting powders significantly affect the resulting microstructure and mixing uniformity.

본 연구는 경남지역 휴게음식점에서 판매되는 디저트류 를 대상으로 타르색소의 함량을 조사하고 위해성을 평가 하고자 수행되었다. 분석 대상은 2024년 3월부터 10월까 지 수거한 마카롱, 머랭쿠키, 케이크, 음료, 캔디 등 총 100 건의 시료였으며, 국내 허용 타르색소 9종을 UPLC-PDA 로 정량 분석하였다. 전체 평균 검출률은 59.0%였으며, 마 카롱(96.2%)과 케이크(76.5%)에서 높은 검출률을 보인 반 면, 캔디류에서는 타르색소가 검출되지 않았다. 평균 함량 은 머랭쿠키(56.05 mg/kg)와 마카롱(46.99 mg/kg)에서 높 게 나타났고, B1과 R40 색소가 가장 빈번히 검출되었다. 총 39건의 시료에서 2종에서 5종의 색소가 병용 검출되었 으며, 특히 머랭쿠키에서는 병용 기준을 초과한 사례가 확 인되었다. 기준 초과한 품목을 포함한 위해도 평가 결과 0.00-17.72%의 수준으로 나타나 안전한 범위 내에 있었다. 다만, 식품섭취량 자료에 마카롱, 머랭쿠키 등 특정 품목 의 세부 섭취량이 포함되어 있지 않아, 이와 유사한 제품 군(snack)의 평균 섭취량을 대체 자료로 활용하였다. 이에 따라 평가 결과는 실제 섭취 수준과 차이가 있을 수 있으 며, 일부 섭취량은 과대 또는 과소 평가되었을 가능성이 있 다. 그러나 색소 병용 사용의 빈도와 기준 초과 사례는 자 가품질검사 의무가 없는 휴게음식점에서의 안전성 관리 취 약성을 반영하며, 향후 이들 업소를 대상으로 한 타르색소 사용 기준 교육 및 체계적인 모니터링 등 안전 관리가 필 요하다고 판단된다.

In this study, domestic soybean cultivars were extracted using water, 70% ethanol, and 100% ethanol. The contents of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of these extracts were measured. For the water extracts, the polyphenol content was significantly higher in the Daewon cultivar compared to the others. Ethanol extracts contained lower levels than the water extracts, and, unlike the water extracts, there was no significant difference between the cultivars. The flavonoid content in the Jinpung cultivar was the highest among the water extracts, and this content was greater in the water extract than in the ethanol extract. In terms of ABTS radical scavenging activity, Daewon and Taekwang exhibited significantly higher activity in the water extracts. The Jinpung cultivar showed the highest activity in the 70% ethanol extract, which was slightly lower than that of the water extract. DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to be higher in Taekwang than in the other cultivars. In the 70% ethanol extract, Taekwang demonstrated high antioxidant activity, similar to that of the water extract. A correlation analysis of antioxidant components and antioxidant activity in soybean cultivars revealed the highest r value of 0.9326 between the contents of flavonoid compounds and polyphenol compounds.

본 연구는 비방사성 SrCl2를 이용하여 Sr 농도를 50, 100, 200mg·kg-1 및 토양 유기물 함량을 5%, 10% 및 15%로 달리하여 배추의 생육, 생체중, 엽록소 함량에 미치는 영향을 생육 시기별로 분석하였다. 그 결과, Sr 농도가 증가할수록 초장, 근장, 엽면적, 생체중 및 건물중이 유의하게 감소하였으며, 특히 Sr 200mg·kg-1 처리에서 생육 저 해가 뚜렷하였다. 반면, 엽록소 함량(SPAD)은 처리 간 유의한 차이를 보이지 않아 광합성 색소에는 Sr의 영향이 제 한적인 것으로 나타났다. 유기물 함량이 높은 토양에서는 Sr 처리에 따른 생육 저해가 완화되었으며, 특히 유기물 15% 조건에서 완충 효과가 가장 크게 나타났다. 이는 유기물이 Sr의 생물유효도를 감소시켜 식물체 흡수를 억제하 는 기작에 의한 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 비방사성 SrCl2를 이용한 실험을 통해 작물의 Sr 독성 반응과 유기물 기 반 토양 완충 효과를 정량적으로 규명하였으며, 향후 방사성 오염 토양의 생물학적 복원 및 안전 농산물 생산 전략 수립에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.

본 연구는 프로판탈수소(PDH) 공정의 배가스내에 포함되어 있는 탄화수소(HC)를 이용하여 질 소산화물(NOx)을 저감하는 Metal Corrugated HC-SCR 촉매 개발을 목적으로 하였다. 산성도(Si/Al 비) 가 다른 제올라이트계 Chabazite 3종을 Metal Corrugated에 워시코팅하였고, 가장 우수한 NOx 저감 성 능을 나타낸 Chabazite에 구리 함량을 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, 6.0%로 함침하여 촉매를 제조하였다. 제조된 촉 매의 NOx 저감 성능은 실험실 규모의 마이크로 상압반응기상에서 측정하였으며, 촉매 특성분석은 BET, XRF, ICP를 이용하여 분석하였다. 측정 결과, 산성도가 가장 낮은 A-Chabazite가 가장 높은 NOx 저감 성능을 보였고, 구리 함량이 높을수록 Total NOx 저감 성능은 증가되었지만 NO2 저감 성능은 감소되는 것으로 확인되었다. 3.0-A-CHA 촉매는 NO2가 완전 저감되었고, Total NOx 저감에도 큰 효과를 나타내 상용 PDH 공정에서 NO2를 중점적으로 저감하고자 한다면 충분히 적용 가능할 것으로 보인다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the germination rate, chemical composition, and in vitro digestibility of sprouted barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sprouts depending on cultivar and growth duration. Four cultivars Keunalbori1ho, Saekeumkang, Arijinheuk, and Jokyoung were tested under hydroponic and nutrient solution conditions. The germination rate was significantly higher under hydroponic conditions compared to nutrient solution treatment. Sprouts were harvested at 0, 4, 6, and 8 days for subsequent analysis. Chemical compositions, such as dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and crude ash (CA), were analyzed following AOAC (2005) protocols, while neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were determined according to the method of Van Soest et al. (1991). In vitro digestibility was assessed by incubating ground samples with rumen buffer in DaisyII incubators for 48 h. At day 6 of growth, Keunalbori1ho showed the highest NDF and ADF concentrations (48.6% and 26.2%), reflecting its high structural fiber and the lowest digestibility (IVDMD 52.2%, IVNDFD 37.2%). However, it maintained consistent nutritional characteristics across all growth stages, suggesting potential as a stable forage source. In contrast, Saekeumkang exhibited the highest IVNDFD (59.1%) along with relatively low NDF (30.5%) and ADF (16.7%) values (p<0.05), indicating superior digestibility likely attributed to a simpler cell wall structure and higher NFC availability. Notably, digestibility sharply declined by day 8, implying that the optimal harvest window lies around day 6. Therefore, this study suggests that the cultivars Keunalbori1ho and Saekeumkang possess complementary strengths in terms of chemical composition and digestibility, underscoring the importance of optimizing cultivar selection and harvest timing to enhance the potential of cereal sprouts as high quality forage.

Laetiporus sulphureus, commonly known as ”chicken of the woods”, due to its chicken-like flavor, texture, and aroma, is a species of mushroom with high potential as an alternative to meat, given its reported protein content of 11% to 21%. This study was conducted to determine the optimal substrate composition for efficient mycelial production of L. sulphureus for use as an alternative to meat. Two types of sawdust, Populus deltoides and Quercus acutissima, and eight nutrient sources were applied in single and mixed compositions. Analysis of mycelial growth revealed that the media containing P. deltodies and Q. acutissima, only supplemented with beet pulp, had the highest mycelial extension, of 106.7 mm and 101.3 mm, respectively. In addition, protein content analysis revealed that the combinations with the highest protein content in mycelia were cultivated on P. deltodies sawdust supplemented with a mixture of beet pulp and corn (21.3%), and on Q. acutissima sawdust supplemented with cottonseed hull (22.0%). The optimal substrate compositions identified in this study will serve as fundamental data for the large-scale production of L. sulphureus mycelia as an alternative to meat.