Due to the rapid advancements in power distribution, television, and telecommunication, aerial cables have been rampant in urban cities. Aerial cables, while cost-effective, contribute to visual pollution, pose safety hazards, and complicate urban planning. To solve these challenges, many cities are exploring new ways to construct these cables without the use of high poles and one of the solutions is transitioning to underground cable by minitrenching method. Minitrenching offers a less invasive, more efficient solution for underground cable deployment. This study highlights the potential of innovative minitrenching materials to enhance underground cable protection while addressing the limitations of aerial cable installations in urban settings. Three minitrenching materials were evaluated to determine their effectiveness in protecting underground cables from heavy truck loads using finite element method (FEM). The materials tested were: (1) sand backfill with asphalt concrete surface, (2) cement mortar backfill with self-compacting mastic asphalt surface, and (3) cement mortar backfill with asphalt concrete surface. Results showed that the proposed materials (cement mortar and self-compacting mastic asphalt) significantly reduced strain on the underground cable compared to traditional materials (sand and asphalt concrete). The strain values decreased from 713 microstrains with traditional materials to 333 microstrains with the proposed materials, representing a reduction of approximately 53%. The third combination, intended as a maintenance material, yielded an intermediate strain value of 413 microstrains, demonstrating its acceptability as a minitrenching material.

For safe disposal of radioactive wastes, accurate analysis of nuclear isotopes is important. It is known that there are 14 nuclides that have to identify nuclide-specific concentration levels. 63Ni, one of non-volatile nuclear isotopes which is included in those 14 nuclides, has to follow chemical separation for exact analysis. As various analysis methods were developed, various methods for analyzing 63Ni also emerged. Past method has used measurement specimens of 59Ni, after 59Ni measurement has been done. It used HClO4, known as strong oxidizing agent, to dissolve DMG, an organic substance used to form 59Ni precipitates. Nowadays, we analyze 59Ni and 63Ni simultaneously, which enables short analysis time, without use of HClO4. But high accuracy is just as important as short measurement time and efficiency. So, this paper compare 63Ni specific activity value used new method with the value, past method used, using real sample’s data. As a result, all sample data from new method’s relative 63Ni specific activity is within the uncertainty range of past ones based on past specific activity value. Consistency of new method’s result and past method’s data increased the reliability of the data and accuracy of those methods.

Since the implementation of the Odor Prevention Act in 2005, the number of odor complaints has continuously increased due to the increased interest in the living environment. The current odor control means is a concentrationbased method for the source of odor. That is why there is a difference between the odor sensitivity and the result of the odor measurement in the odor damage area. The government is considering the introduction of the grid method, which is the odor management method of Germany, as the method of odor investigation in the odor damage area in the second comprehensive Odor Prevention Policy (2019-2028). The grid method is receptor-based odor measurement method that investigators use to judge odors in the field, task that expensive and requires substantial manpower and time. To study an odor measurement method that is suitable for domestic conditions, this study compared the correlation between results based on the odor frequency concept grid method around the livestock facilities and the result of ammonia concentration measured by passive air sampler. The correlation coefficient (R) that is between the frequency of odor per spot for the entire odor and the ammonia concentration that was measured by passive air sampler was 0.65 which is relatively good. Among the entire odor detected by the grid method, the correlation coefficient (R) between the odor frequency selected only for livestock odor and the ammonia concentration was significantly increased to 0.80. In addition, the correlation between odor exposure (ECPexist) and the ammonia concentration for the overall odor was 0.81 (linear) and 0.86 (index). If only the livestock odors were selected, the correlation between odor exposure and the ammonia concentration was very high at 0.96 (linear) and 0.95 (index).

Recently, the demand of wire quality improvement has been increasing due to the development of the textile market, and the demand for round type flat wire having superior performance compared to the existing reed wire is also increasing greatly. The round wire requires equal spacing and precise alignment of the wire at reed knitting. So, there is a need for a method for measuring the flatness of Reed in real time. In this paper, it is shown how the contact and non - contact methods for the flatness of Reed used in a power loom are easy to measure in real - time process. The contact-type method provides excellent measurement accuracy and precision because it directly touches the object. The non-contact type does not touch the object, so it does not scratch the surface, and the result can be obtained faster than the contact type. Contact type measuring device was used as contact type and laser displacement sensor was used as non - contact type. It was confirmed that the measurement method using the laser displacement sensor (non-contact type) is suitable for the real time process.

두 종류의 Cronobacter 선택배지(DFI agar, R&F agar) 의 분유 및 건조호박 내 Cronobacter의 선택 분리능을 realtime PCR법과 함께 비교하였다. 분유에서의 Cronobacter 검출률은 세 가지 방법에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으나(p < 0.05), 건조호박의 경우 R&F배지와 real-time PCR법이 DFI에서보다 유의적으로 높은 검출률을 보였다 (p < 0.05). 배지 간 선택성에 있어서도, R&F 선택배지는 건조호박에서 DFI에 비해 유의적으로 높은 선택성을 나타냈다(p < 0.05). Real-time PCR 및 R&F배지의 사용은 분유뿐만 아니라, 건조 호박 등의 높은 경쟁세균총을 갖는 영유아식의 원료로 사용될 수 있는 식품군에서도 Cronobacter를 효과적으로 검출할 수 있는 방법으로 사료된다.

In the first century, Sinographs and Chinese culture were transmitted to Japan, Korea and Vietnam, simultaneously had profound impact on countries they passed by, and then, formed the vast Sinographic Cosmopolis. During the contact with Sinographs and culture, the people of all three nations had created their writing systems that based on these elements of Sinographs. Based on script evidences recorded in Kokuji no Jiten, this article will analyze the characteristics and suggest the historical divergence of the Waji system (also called the Kokuji), conduct comparisons with the Vietnamese Nom script, develop the model of the structure of these scripts, and specifically point out the similarities and differences of these two writing systems.

Global buckling is a bending of pipeline and it occurs when the stability of pipeline is distributed by excessive axial force. Subesea pipeline is subjected to axial force induced by temperature and pressure from well and resulting phenomena should be controlled in appropriate manner. Global buckling of subsea pipeline is still ongoing research subject and is studied various organization. In this study, various control methods such as buoyancy module, sleeper, and snake lay for global buckling of subsea pipeline were numerically investigated with various design parameters. From the numerical simulation results, the global buckling control method using sleepers shows better results than buoyancy module and snake lay control methods in the sense of combined stress after buckling. Furthermore, the global buckling of full scale pipeline of 80km with uneven seabed profile were successfully managed when the sleeper was installed.

목 적 : 기존 Single RF source에서는 환자의 해부학적 차이에 따른 영상신호의 불균형으로 인해 dielectric shading artifact가 발생하여 최근 이를 개선하고자 dual RF source를 사용하고 있다. 본 논문은 dual RF source 사용 시 필요한 B1 calibration scan의 호흡방법 변화에 따라 영상에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 복부질환이 없는 건강한 지원자 14명을 대상으로 검사장비는 Archieva 3.0T TX(philips medical system, Netherlands)를 사용하였고, 신호수집 코일은 32channel sense cardiac coil을 사용하였다. 검사방법은 호흡을 실제 검사와 동일한 expiration, 변형한 방법인 free breathing과 inspiration하는 방법으로 B1 calibraion scan을 각각 실시하여 호흡방법의 변화에 따라 B1 calibration scan 후 3D dual echo, e-THRIVE sequence/Axial 영상을 획득하였다. 평가방법은 정량적 방법으로 liver를 9개 구역으로 나누어 SNR과 CNR을 비교 측정하였고, 정성적 평가방법은 방사선사 3명이 영상의 homogeneity와 background noise 발생 정도를 3점 척도로 상대평가 하였다. 평가된 값은 Wilcoxon signed rank test(SPSS 18.0K for windows)로 통계처리 하였다. 결 과 : 정량적 평가는 expiration, Free breathing, inspiration 일 때 3D dual echo의 SNR은 251.05/167.07/183.53, e-THRIVE 161.08/117.22/128.38로 나타났고, CNR은 3D dual echo에서 73.68/56.4/55.69, e-THRIVE 62.61/40.34/35로 나타났다. 정성적 평가는 3D dual echo 2.30/1.76/1.94, e-THRIVE 2.56/1.46/1.98로 나타났다. 통계적 분석은 expiration 일 때 통계적으로 유의하였으나(p<0.05), free breathing과 inspiration 사이에서는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(p>0.05). 결 론 : 실제 검사와 동일한 호흡방법인 expiration으로 B1 calibration scan을 하였을 때 3D dual echo와 e-THRIVE에서 영상이 제일 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 다른 호흡방법으로 실시한 경우에는 SNR과 CNR이 저하되고 심할 경우 dielectric shading artifact가 발생하여 영상의 질을 감소시킴을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 복부 MRI 검사 시실제 검사방법과 동일한 호흡방법으로 얻은 B1 calibration scan이 보다 진단학적 가치가 높은 영상을 구현함을 확인 할 수 있었다.

이번 연구에서는 식용 및 약용버섯 자실체를 가지고 버 섯의 주요 기능성 성분인 총 당의 함량을 추출방법을 달 리하여 비교분석하였다. 열수추출, 산추출, 알칼리 추출을 통해 총 당 측정법으로 미량의 시료에 적합한 페놀-황산 법으로 측정하였다. 표준 곡선은 glucose solution을 사용 하여 작성하고 측정한 흡광도를 표준곡선에 적용하여 시 료의 농도를 얻었다. 열수추출에서는 동충하초가 658.4 (μg/g)로 가장 높았고, 산추출과 알칼리 추출에서는 운지 버섯이 각각 649.7(μg/g)와 679.0(μg/g)로 가장 높음을 알 수 있었다. 추출방법별로 열수추출과 마이크로웨이브 추출로 총 당 함량을 정량한 결과 열수 추출에서는 동충하초, ASI 7025가 높았고, 1 hr 마이크로웨이브 추출 및 2 hr 마 이크로웨이브 추출에서는 운지버섯, 꽃송이가 높게 나타났 다. 이러한 결과를 통해 각기 다른 추출용매와 추출방법에 따라서 추출되는 총 당 함량이 다름을 알 수 있었다.

이번 연구에서는 중형저서동물의 생태학적 연구에 사용하는 Ludox와 Rose Bengal을 처리하였을 때, 고정액의 종류에 따른 DNA (mtCOI)의 추출 효율을 비교하고자 하였다. 실험을 위해 저서성 요각류 Tigriopus japonicus s.l.를 실험동물로 사용하였으며, 99% 에탄올과 4%포르말린의 두 종류의 고정액을 사용한 뒤 이들을 각각 대조구로 삼았다. 그리고 (1) Ludox HS40, (2) Rose Bengal, (3) Ludox

To evaluate the performance of a new automated coliform enumeration system (TEMPO® CC) for the quantitative test of coliform bacteria contaminated in domestic livestock processed foods, a total of 507 samples of livestock foods were tested by the TEMPO® CC method, the most probable number (MPN) method, and Petrifilm method, respectively. The results of those three methods were compared to each other. Of 507 samples of livestock processed foods used in this study, 217 samples were contaminated artificially with coliform bacteria and the rest (n=290) were contaminated naturally. The results of the TEMPO® CC method for all samples were equivalent to those obtained from the MPN method, except 8 samples. In addition, 496 (97.8%) out of 507 samples made agreement between the TEMPO® CC method and the Petrifilm method. The correlation coefficients between TEMPO® CC and MPN methods as well as between TEMPO® CC method and Petrifilm method were above 0.9, and the slope and intercept of the linear regression model was different in less than 1 value. In conclusion, there were statistically equivalent levels of performance between the TEMPO® CC and the reference and alternative methods for the enumeration of coliform bacteria in livestock processed foods in this study.

This paper is presented for the analysis results of the bending problems of the anisotropic cylindrical shells. In the numerical analysis of various mechanical problems involving complex partial differential equations, Finite element method is used to analyze the governing equations of anisotropic cylindrical shells. Both thin shell theory and thick shell theory are used as the basic governing equations of bending problems in the anisotropic cylindrical shells. The analysis results are compared between the anisotropic thick cylindrical shells and the anisotropic thin cylindrical shells. The results of this study will be contribute to analyze the bending behavior of anisotropic cylindrical shells.

Nowdays, implant treatment became a branch of universal dental treatment and results in mOI‘ e success by surface con dit ioning and continuous improvements. Recently, a method to extract crystal shows sirnilar Ca/P ratio as HA has introduced which is anodizing electrolyte pure titanium anodize by electrolyte ß -glycerophosphate disodium salt hydrate and calcium acetic acid on pure t itanium before hydrothermal treatment ln t his study fixu res have divided in 3 group: Machined(Group 1), Anodized(Group 1I), implant whi ch has a surface containing Ca and P formed by anodization and hyd rothermal treatment( Group m). Total 18 fixtures were impla nted on rabbit which sacrifi ced on week 2 and week 4 for the histological specimens. By t hese specimens polarized microscopic view‘ ll1icro CT view‘ EPMA, ISQ value were ll1easured, cOll1pa red and a nalysed by each group to f igure out the possible clinical use of titanium implant containing Ca and P by hydrothe rll1al treatment and anodizing electrolyte. ISQ value had no s ignifïcance differences between each 3 groups, However in each group 4 , 8 weeks had hi gher ISQ value than 2 weeks 1n polarized rni croscope, calcification level was following Group 1I ‘ Group m, Group 1. 1n rnicro CT‘ formation of cancellous bone level was following ‘ Group 1I , Group m, Group 1. 1n EPMA, distribution and concentration of Ca was following : Group 1I was two t ill1es more higher than Group 1 , Group m. Group m were higher level t han Group 1. In distribution and concentration of P Group 1I was high er than the other group. but th e re were no statical s ignifi cances. Finally, anodi zed implant was the most exellent on the early bone for ll1a tion Containing Ca and P implant by anodizing and hydrotherma l treatment was more better than machined surface implant, but there is no effi cience at ear ly bone formati on

국내의 각종 시방서 및 지침에 수록되어 있는 기존 마샬 배합설계 방법은 일본 도로공단의 규격을 도입하여 사용한 것이다. 이러한 배합설계 방법은 최근의 도로 포장의 공용성에 많은 문제점을 야기시키는 원인 중의 하나로 인식되어지고 있다 따라서 현재 외국의 배합설계 과정에서 가장 많이 이용되고 있는 용적 개념의 도입을 통해 개선된 마샬 배합설계 방법을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구를 통해 개선된 배합설계 방법은 공극률 4%에 해당하는 아스팔트 함량을 예비 최적 아스팔트 함량으로 결정한 후 포화도, VMA(골재 간극률), 안정도, 흐름값의 마샬 물성치를 만족하면 이를 최적 아스팔트 함량으로 정하는 방법이다. 이러한 배합설계 방법은 기존 방법에서는 고려하지 않는 VMA 값을 도입하였으며, 현장에서 오차가 많이 발생되는 마샬 안정도 시험을 설계 요소가 아닌 검토 요소로 정함으로써 배합설계의 오류를 줄이는 방법이다. 실내 실험을 통한 기존 방법과 개선 방법의 비교 결과. 공극률을 제외한 최적 아스팔트 함량, 밀도, 안정도, 그리고 흐름값의 마샬 물성치에서는 비슷한 결과값을 나타내었다. 이는 개선 방법을 적용할 때 다른 마샬 물성치들은 큰 변동이 없이 일정한 공극률을 가지는 혼합물 생산이 가능하다는 것을 나타낸다. 따라서 개선된 마샬 배합설계 방법은 현장에서 일정한 공극률(4%)을 가지는 혼합물의 생산을 가능하게 하고, 이는 아스팔트 혼합물의 품질 향상에 큰 도움을 줄 것으로 생각된다.

만 18세에서 30세 사이의 남녀 102 명 (204안)을 대상으로 자각적굴절검사를 실시하 였다. 자각적굴절검사는 운무법 (fogging method)으로 실시하였으며， 자각적굴절검사 에서 일반적 방법인 편안가림검사와 양안개방검사방법의 한 가지인 편안 +3.00D 운 무검사를 실시하여 결과를 비교 • 분석하였다. 편안운무상태검사와 편안가림상태검사 결과， 둥가구면굴절력차이는 :t O.50D 이하인 경우가 92.16%, :t0.625D 이상인 경우가 7.84%로 나타났으며， 구면도수차이는 :tO.50D 이하인 경우가 94.12%, :t0.75D 이상 인 경우가 5.88%로 나타났다. 난시도수차이는 :tO.50D 이하인 경우가 98.53%, :t0.75D 이 상인 경우는 1.47% 였으며， 난시축차이는 :t 15。이하인 경우가 87.10%, :t 20。이상인 경우가 12.90%로 나타났다. 난시축차이가 둥가구면굴절력 · 구면도수 · 난시도수의 경 우에 비해 큰 것으로 나타났는데， 이는 대부분 -0.25D 난시도수에서 나타났다. 두 검 사의 선호도 비교에서는 비슷하다고 웅답한 경우가 45.1%, 편안가림상태검사가 편하 다고 응답한 경우가 29.41%, 편안운무상태가 편하다고 한 경우가 25.49% 로， 두 검사 법 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다.

For many social scientists, the comparative method has been a part of the common enterprise of describing, explaining, and developing theories about socio-cultural phenomena. However, it is rare that comparison has been methodologically considered in architectural history in spite of the usefulness for understanding the similarities and differences among architectural styles. This research emphasizes the importance of comparative methodology in architectural history and proposes an example which can be introduced from the comparative method for social studies. The application in this study is based on the assumption that an architectural phenomenon is a kind of social phenomenon and comparative method in social study can be applied to architectural history. The method is to generate and test hypotheses through establishing functional correlation between variables treated as the objective facts that differentiate one type of building from another.

이 글은 초등 사회교과서와 중, 고등학교 역사 교과서의 대몽항쟁 관련 서술을 언어학적 접근 방식으로 분석하였다. 분석한 결과, 학교급별로 행위자의 유형, 행위자와 프로세스 관계 제시 방식이 달랐다. 행위자의 유형은 초등의 경우 다른 학교급에 비해 추상적이고 일반적인 행위자가 제시된 반면 중, 고등학교 역사교과서는 행위자가 구체적 인물부터 집단과 세력 그리고 명사화된 추상적 행위자에 이르기까지 다양하였다. 행위자와 프로세스 관계를 보면, 초등은 행위자와 프로세스 유형이 단일하게 연결되었지만 학년이 올라갈수록 행위자와 연결된 프로세스 유형이 복합적으로 제시되었다. 한편, 시간성과 인과관계를 보여주는 문법 장치는 학교급별 차이가 보이지 않았다. 학생들의 이해 수준을 고려한 서술방식은 행위자의 유형이나 행위자와 프로세스의 관계를 단순화시키는 것보다 시간성이나 인과관계를 문법 장치로 명확하게 보여줄 필요가 있다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the method of estimating the areal precipitation reflecting the altitude of the mountainous terrain on Jeju Island by comparing and analyzing the areal precipitation using the Thiessen polygon method and the isohyetal method in mountainous streams. In terms of constructing the Thiessen polygon network, rainfall errors occurred in 94.5% and 45.8% of the Thiessen area ratio of the Jeju and Ara stations, respectively. This resulted in large areal precipitation and errors using the isohyetal method at altitudes below 600 m in the target watershed. In contrast, there were small errors in the highlands. Rainfall errors occurred in 18.91% of the Thiessen area ratio of Eorimok, 2.41% of Witseoreum, and 2.84% of Azalea Field because of the altitudinal influence of stations located in the highlands at altitudes above 600 m. Based on the areal precipitation estimation using the Thiessen polygon method, it was considered to be partially applicable to streams on Jeju Island depending on the altitude. However, the method is not suitable for mountainous streams such as the streams on Jeju Island because errors occur with altitude. Therefore, the isohyetal method is considered to be more suitable as it considers the locations of the rainfall stations and the orographic effect and because there are no errors with altitude.