In conventional construction methods, the slab-balcony junction often experiences thermal bridging. This phenomenon arises from the discontinuity of insulation materials, leading to energy loss and condensation that can compromise the structure's usability and durability. To address this issue, thermal break insulation systems were installed between the slab and balcony to effectively prevent thermal bridging and energy loss, thereby improving the overall energy efficiency of buildings. This study aims to enhance both the structural performance and thermal efficiency of slab-balcony connections in residential buildings. To assess the impact of the thermal break insulation system, two experimental specimens were prepared: one incorporating the system and the other without it. Experimental results confirmed that the inclusion of reinforcing bars significantly improved the connection's structural load-bearing capacity. Furthermore, thermal analysis revealed that the thermal break insulation system outperformed conventional insulation methods by reducing the thermal damage ratio and maintaining higher surface temperatures at the connection. In addition, a structural analysis using an FEM (finite element analysis) program was conducted to evaluate the load distribution across the specimens, demonstrating that the experimental data accurately predicted the structural behavior of the connections.

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)/titanium alloy (Ti) stacks have become a research focus in aerospace and advanced manufacturing due to their superior integrated properties. However, interfacial characteristics and interlayer gaps critically influence cutting forces and hole-making quality. So, a cutting simulation model for CFRP/Ti stacks with interlayer gaps is established, the cutting force variation with interlayer gaps during milling and the mechanistic role in interfacial defect formation are deciphered through multiscale simulations. In addition, the correctness of the simulated model is verified by helical milling experiments, and the influence of machined surface quality under different clearance conditions is also evaluated. The results reveal a four-stage nonlinear evolution pattern of interfacial cutting forces during helical milling of CFRP/Ti stacks with gaps. Further investigation indicates that this nonlinear evolution pattern results in the development of localized damage evolution regions adjacent to interlayer gaps in CFRP composites, especially. A characteristic stepped distribution pattern is observed in both hole-wall topography and burr dimensions within the affected zones.

Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder in aging dogs, sharing significant pathological similarities with human Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as amyloid-beta deposition and neuroinflammation. Yukgunja-tang (YGJ), a traditional herbal formula, has been reported to alleviate psychological symptoms via the gut-brain axis. However, its molecular mechanisms in treating CCD remain unclear. This study was about a network pharmacology approach to elucidate the multi-component, multi-target mechanisms of YGJ against CCD. Active compounds and relates of YGJ drugs and CCD targets were retrieved from the TCMSP (Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database and analysis platform) and GeneCards databases, respectively. We identified 148 common targets between YGJ drugs and CCD symptom. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed key hub genes, including TNF (tumor necrosis factor), IL1B (interleukin 1 beta), AKT1 (Ak strain transforming 1), TP53 (tumor protein 53), and IL10 (interleukin 10), which are predominantly involved in inflammation and cell survival. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these targets are significantly enriched in the age-rage signaling pathway and cancer pathways, suggesting mechanisms involving the regulation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. These findings hypothesize that YGJ exerts therapeutic effects on CCD through a holistic approach: inhibiting neuroinflammation, modulating age-related cellular stress, and regulating cell signaling cascades. This study provides a scientific basis for YGJ as a potential integrative treatment for improving the quality of life in dogs with CCD.

As the widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles is anticipated, a greater diversity of occupant postures is expected. However, current vehicle safety systems are not adequately designed to accommodate these varied postures, particularly relaxed seating positions, in which severe injuries have been reported during frontal collisions. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the biomechanical responses and injury tolerances of occupants in relaxed postures. In this study, the head kinematics and injury responses of the Hybrid-III and THOR anthropomorphic test devices, as well as the THUMS human body model, in a relaxed posture are analyzed using frontal impact sled simulations equipped with the sled system model developed in the previous study. The simulation results are evaluated through comparison with post-mortem human surrogate data. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the fundamental design of new head restraint systems for human heads in autonomous vehicles.

This study compares the shear behavior of anisotropic magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) using natural rubber (NR) and silicone rubber (Si) as matrices. The effects of magnetic flux density and compressive pre-stress on the shear modulus were experimentally investigated. Results showed that silicone-based MREs exhibited a 10–20% higher magnetorheological effect than NR-based ones due to stronger particle–matrix bonding and stable chain alignment under magnetic fields. In contrast, NR-based MREs showed greater stiffness variation under compressive stress, attributed to strain-hardening and volumetric constraint effects. These findings indicate that matrix selection significantly governs the magneto-mechanical response: silicone MREs are suitable for precision control and sensing, while NR MREs perform better in high-stress damping systems. This study provides fundamental insight for tailoring MREs according to design requirements.

This study examined the applicability of the ATP bioluminescence assay for the efficient screening of paper-based records requiring disinfection for preservation. For the investigation, microbial contamination was measured on the surfaces of six types of paper-based records (fine-print paper, medium-print paper, ground paper, newsprint paper, practice paper, and tracing paper) using two ATP luminometers (Lumitester SMART PD-30 and 3MTM Clean-TraceTM LM1) at the National Archives of Korea. Among the six paper-based record types, medium-quality paper, tracing paper, and fineprint paper exhibited the highest contamination levels, confirming varying degrees of vulnerability based on the materials. RLU values were measured in the records of old drawings from the year 1111 and in records from the year 1831. RLU values were also present in the records from the years 1904 and 1911. The records from the year 1922 showed high RLU values of 3,639 and 2,662 in both ATP luminometers, indicating a very high level of microbial contamination. The RLU of the drawings stored in NF501 storage ranged from 7 to 57 (LM1 measurement) and 64 to 524 (PD-30 measurement). Overall, measurements of records on paper materials that had not been disinfected showed microbial contamination levels ranging from low to very high, and these materials consisted of records dating from 1900 to 2003. Furthermore, the Lumitester SMART PD-30 luminometer yielded significantly higher RLU values than the 3MTM Clean-TraceTM LM luminometer, demonstrating a substantial discrepancy between the two devices. Therefore, to ensure the reliability and efficiency of the disinfection process, it is necessary to standardize the use of ATP-specific detection methods.

본 연구는 장대형 터널 입구에서 발생한 TNT 폭발로 인해 터널 내부로 전달되는 충격파 하중의 거리별 분포를 수치적으로 분석하 였다. 특히 마하파가 평면파로 전이되는 구간에서 최대 압력 및 충격량의 감쇠 특성을 정량적으로 규명하는 데 중점을 두었다. 해석에 는 고폭발물 해석에 특화된 도구인 ANSYS AUTODYN 2023R1을 사용하였으며, 25제곱미터 정사각 단면을 가진 직선형 터널을 대 상으로 TNT 중량 10kg, 50kg, 100kg, 500kg 조건을 적용하였다. 터널 중심선 상의 관측 지점을 통해 데이터를 수집하고, 거리(D)를 폭 약 중량(W)으로 나눈 환산 거리(Z = D/W)를 도입하여 중량 간 비교를 수행하였다. 분석 결과, TNT 중량에 따라 절대 응답 값은 달랐 으나 정규화된 축에서는 최대 압력과 충격량이 유사한 감쇠 경향을 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 터널 입구부 폭발 시 발생하는 하중 분포 가 환산 거리 기준으로 일정한 패턴을 갖는다는 점을 보여주었으며, 향후 방호 설계, 위험 구역 산정 및 폭발 피해 예측 등에 활용 가능 한 기초자료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study established a method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of 84 odorous compounds by determining proton transfer reaction rate constants, fragmented ion patterns, and product ion yield ratios through experiments on 33 target compounds and by incorporating previously reported data. In this research, a protontransfer- reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS), a real-time analytical instrument, was employed to quantitatively analyze odorants in process streams and final outlet gases from two wastewater consignment treatment facilities (Facility A and Facility B). The expected odor intensity (EOI) estimation method was further applied to identify the primary odor contributors. Among the final outlet gases, the top five odorcausing substances in Facility A were n-pentanal, acetaldehyde, methylmercaptan, n-hexanol, and n-butanal, while the top five odor-causing substances in Facility B were n-decanal, n-nonanal, acetaldehyde, n-butanal, and n-propanol. The cumulative odor contribution rates of these top five odorants were 94.7% and 91.9% for Facilities A and B, respectively. Although PTR-ToF-MS has inherent limitations in distinguishing isomers and isobars, their individual quantification was achieved through complementary identification and separation by TD-GC-MS. This study provides a basis for simplifying quality control in odor analysis compared with conventional trace-level odor testing methods and proposes a more scientific and effective approach for addressing odor problems.

To investigate the relationship between diseases and abnormal symptoms during the cultivation of summer Kimchi cabbage, we developed molecular markers for four pathogens: Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis (Pmm), Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc), and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. conglutianans (Foc). These markers produced specific bands for each pathogen, indicating their potential for pathogen detection. We conducted molecular diagnoses to analyze the infection status and examine the association of these four pathogens, along with Verticillium dahliae (VD), with the abnormal symptoms observed in highland summer Kimchi cabbage. The analysis successfully detected several pathogens; however, discrepancies were noted in pathogen detection for similar symptoms, highlighting the need for further research to pinpoint the exact causes. The primary pathogens identified were Foc, Xcc, and Ecc. In samples where no pathogens were detected, the abnormal symptoms were suspected to stem from boron deficiency, which can manifest as drying, or from water stress due to low humus content in soils, exacerbated by frequent rainfall. To accurately determine the causes of abnormal symptoms in highland summer Kimchi cabbage related to climate change, it is essential to expand molecular diagnostics to include a broader range of pathogens. Concurrent research on nutritional and physiological disorders is also recommended.

This study investigates the seismic fragility of nuclear power plant (NPP) auxiliary structures by incorporating material aging deterioration into machine learning–based response prediction models. An artificial neural network (ANN) was developed using 17 seismic and material parameters, achieving high predictive accuracy (R2 = 0.96) while significantly reducing computational demands compared with conventional finite element analyses. By combining the ANN with Monte Carlo simulations, fragility curves for Motor Control Center (MCC) cabinet anchors were derived at resonance frequencies of 10 Hz and 15 Hz. Results indicate that equipment with higher resonance frequency (15 Hz) exhibits lower seismic vulnerability due to reduced sensitivity to dominant low-frequency seismic components. When material deterioration was introduced, fragility curves shifted toward lower ground motion intensities, reflecting increased failure probabilities and approximately 20% reduction in median seismic capacity. These findings highlight the necessity of considering aging effects in probabilistic seismic risk assessments and demonstrate the efficiency of ML-based surrogate models for quantifying long-term safety margins of NPP structures.

Loanwords are products of intercultural exchange among different ethnic groups. They serve as mirrors reflecting linguistic integration and offer valuable insights into the evolution of Chinese vocabulary. Ancient phonetic loanwords refer to foreign words transliterated into Chinese prior to the introduction of Buddhist scriptures. As early as the Western Han period, texts such as Discourses on Salt and Iron (Yantie Lun) and Miscellaneous Records of the Western Capital (Xijing Zaji) already mention the substance “liúlí” (琉璃), recognized in Buddhism as one of the seven precious treasures of the human world. These records reveal a wealth of word forms and usage examples. The motivation behind its naming warrants exploration. Qing scholar Duan Yucai associated the term with the character “liú” (𤥗) found in the Shuowen Jiezi. Whether this connection is valid remains a subject of inquiry. This paper examines 59 distinct word forms of “liúlí” (琉璃) used in Chinese Buddhist scriptures and secular Chinese texts. It investigates the selection of Chinese characters for phonetic transliteration, aiming to shed light on Chinese speakers’ perceptions of transliterated words, the role of script in the Sinicization of foreign terms, and the impact of loanwords on the structure of the Chinese lexicon.

광역상수도 시설의 노후화가 가속화됨에 따라 체계적인 관로 상태평가와 개량의사결정이 중요한 과제로 대두되고 있다. 이러한 상수도 관로의 개량의사결정 과정에서 정확한 조사와 진단이 수행되지 않는 경우, 관로의 실제 상태를 정확히 반영하지 못해 과도한 개량이 계획되거나, 또는 충분한 안전성 확보가 이루어지지 못하는 등 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 G 광역상수도와, S 광역상수도 2개 구간에 대하여 직접조사를 통해 기존 개량계획의 적정성을 평가하고, 정확한 진단을 바탕으로 한 과학적 의사결정을 통해 물공급 안전성 확보와 유지관리 방안을 제시하였다. 직접조사 결과 G 광역상수도 사례에서는 전체적 도장재 손상으로 인해 기능이 저하되어 비구조적 갱생공법 등을 적용, 복원이 필요한 것으로 나타났으며, S 광역상수도의 경우 관로 내면에 전체적으로 분포한 수포 후면에 물이 침투, 부식차단 능력 상실로 기존 계획된 관세척에서 갱생을 통한 기능복원이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 이처럼 관로 직접조사에 기반한 진단은 맞춤형 개량방안 수립으로 관로의 기능복원과 용수공급 안전성 확보에 기여할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

해양과학조사는 해양환경 보호, 기후위기 대응, 자원의 지속 가능한 이용을 위한 핵심 수단으로 기능한다. 해양법협약은 제246조를 통해 배타적 경제수역 과 대륙붕에서의 조사를 연안국의 동의에 따라 수행하도록 규정하고 있다. 특히 ‘통상적 상황’ 하에서는 평화적이고 비상업적인 과학 조사에 대해 연안 국이 동의를 부당하게 거부하거나 지연할 수 없도록 하여, 과학 연구의 자유와 연안국의 자원 주권 간의 균형을 지향하고 있다. 그러나 최근 무인 수중 장비, 운용해양학에 사용되는 플로트, 위성 기반 원 격탐사 등 신기술의 등장으로 기존 동의제도의 전제가 흔들리고 있다. 본 논문 은 이러한 기술 변화가 ‘통상적 상황’ 개념의 해석과 적용에 어떠한 긴장을 야 기 하는지 분석하고, 대한민국의 「해양과학조사법」이 국제규범과 정합성을 갖추고 있는지를 비교법적으로 검토하였다. 그 결과, 우리나라 법제는 ‘통상적 상황’ 개념의 미수용, 묵시적 동의제도의 부재, 신기술에 대한 절차적 대응력 부족 등 여러 제도적 한계를 내포하고 있음을 확인하였다. 이에 따라 본 논문은 ‘통상적 상황’ 개념의 국내법적 명문화, 기술 유형에 따 른 조사 절차의 차등화, 국제 공동 조사에 대한 유연한 대응체계 구축 등 제도 개선 방향을 제안한다. 이를 통해 대한민국이 해양과학조사의 자유와 연안국 권익 보호라는 이중의 목표를 균형 있게 달성할 수 있도록 하는 규범적 기반을 확립할 필요가 있음을 강조한다.