Makgeolli’s fermentation characteristics and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were investigated to examine the effect of Prunus mume extract addition. Makgeolli, with the addition of various levels (0, 1, 3, and 5%) of Prunus mume extract (PME), was brewed with fermenting agents, Ipguk and Nuruk. The alcohol content of all samples remarkably increased during the initial 3 days and then gradually increased up to over 18% by the end of fermentation (7 days for Nuruk and 15 days for Ipguk). Although the alcohol content was slightly reduced and acidity was increased with the concentration of PME, there was no other negative effect of PME on the fermentation of Makgeolli. The contents of total phenols and flavonoids for Ipguk samples were higher than those for Nuruk samples, and these values significantly increased at over 3% PME addition. As the PME content increased, the antioxidant activity increased for both Nuruk and Ipguk samples. Only Makgeolli with Ipguk had vigorous antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus at over 3% addition of PME. These results indicate that PME can be an effective natural additive for enhancing Makgeolli’s antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

본 연구에서는 항산화 효능과 관능적 특성이 강화된 막걸리 제조를 위해 통단호박을 직접 찐 후 비율별로 첨가하여 막걸리를 제조하였다. 단호박 막걸리 제조를 위해 단호박을 쌀 중량의 5%, 10%, 20% 및 30%를 첨가하였으며 발효 및 담금 후 9일간 단호박 막걸리의 이화학적(pH, 총산 및 알코올), 미생물학적(유산균 및 효모수) 및 항산 화 활성을 조사하였다. pH의 경우 모든 실험군에서 발효 및 저장기간이 늘어날수록 점차 낮아졌으며 9일차에는 단호박 무첨가군인 대조군(3.27)에 비해 단호박 첨가군(3.28- 3.52)이 다소 높은 결과를 보였다. 총산도는 1일차(0.09- 0.55) 및 3일차(0.81-0.86)에 급격히 증가하였으며, 그 후 서서히 증가하여 9일차에는 단호박 첨가군에서 1.16-1.32의 결과를 보였다. 알코올 함량은 9일차에 대조군 0%가 4.59로 가장 낮았고 단호박 5-30% 첨가군에서 5.20-5.77% 로 단호박 첨가량이 많아질수록 알코올 함량이 높았다. 유산균수 측정의 경우 발효초반에 증가하는 양상을 보이다가 5일차부터 다소 감소하거나 유사하여 9일차에는 단호박 첨가 0-30% 첨가군에서 7.95-8.09 log CFU/g로 나타났으며, 효모수의 경우 발효가 진행될수록 증가와 감소를 다소 반복하였으며 9일차에는 7.68-7.99 log CFU/g으로 측정되었다. DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거능은 단호박 30% 첨가군에서 85.96 및 78.97%로 각각 측정되어 단호박 무첨가군의 DPPH (48.29%) 및 ABTS (62.12%) 결과와 비교 시 높은 항산화 활성도를 보였다. 따라서 추후 단호박 첨가에 따른 각종 비타민류, 무기질 및 β-carotene 등의 영양·기능성 성분의 분석과 더불어 소비자의 관능평가 등을 통해 항산화 기능이 강화된 단호박 막걸리의 실용화를 위한 구체적인 연구개발의 확대가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

The biosorption characteristics of SRCM 120569 biomass on anionic Congo red (CR) dye. SRCM 120569 strain isolated from Korean turbid rice wine (makgeolli) was identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis as Bacillus licheniformis. Bacillus licheniformis SRCM 120569 (Genbank Accession No. MW819861) showed superior CR dye biosorption capacity in an aqueous solution. Maximum adsorption capacities of 61.2 and 133.1 mg/g were obtained at pH 3.41 and 0.01 g/50 mL dried cell dosage, respectively. The CR dye adsorption properties by the Bacillus licheniformis SRCM120569 strain were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), point of zero charge (pHpzc) analysis, and phylogenetic analysis. The biosorption isotherm and kinetic models are well described with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models.

This study examined the quality characteristics of Makgeolli to investigate the availability of Korean sweet potato cultivars as alcoholic beverages. The following sweet potato varieties were used: Gogunmi, Daeyumi, Shingunmi, Shinyulmi, Shincheonmi, Jinyulmi, Jinhongmi, Jeungmi and Pungwonmi; their alcohol contents ranged from 12.20% to 14.20%, with the lowest value in Makgeolli made with Jeungmi and the highest value in Makgeolli made with Jinhongmi. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was in the range of 37.51~77.02%, with the lowest value in Makgeolli made with rice (control) and the highest value in Makgeolli made with Gogunmi. As a result of analyzing the aroma component of sweet potato Makgeolli, 27 kinds of aroma components were detected, and six kinds of alcohols, 13 kinds of esters, four kinds of acids, and four kinds of other compounds were found. Regarding the number of aroma compounds, Makgeolli made with Shinyulmi showed the lowest number with 14 kinds, while Makgeolli made with Pungwonmi showed the highest number with 27 kinds.

This study investigated the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of Makgeolli (a traditional Korean rice wine) made with Etteum bell flower root (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% with steamed rice) during fermentation. The pH values of Makgeolli with Etteum bell flower root powder decreased after 3 days of fermentation and then increased after 5 days of fermentation. Sugar content decreased after 3 days of fermentation. Color evaluation showed the L values of these drinks decreased during fermentation, whereas a and b values both increased. The alcohol content of Makgeolli increased after fermentation, reaching a maximum concentration of 7.90-8.07% by the end of fermentation. Total phenolic compound contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities increased as the ratio of Etteum bell flower root increased. Sensory scores of Makgeolli fermented with 1.5% Etteum bell flower root ware greater than those of Makgeolli prepared by other treatments. Therefore, Makgeolli added with 1.5% Etteum bell flower root added considered to be the most suitable for manufacturing.

Aronia makgeolli was manufactured using Asp. kawachi (AK) and Asp. awamori (AA) with tannase activity, and physicochemical properties were examined during the fermentation period. The pH was decreased during the fermentation period after the first day, while the acidity increased. Reducing sugars increased highly on the first day of fermentation, and then they gradually decreased as the fermentation period elapsed. On the 7th day of fermentation, it was in the range of 0.38~0.61%. The alcohol content gradually increased during the fermentation period and it ranged from 13.4~14.2 v/v% by the 7th day of fermentation, and the alcohol content of makgeolli added with Aronia was somewhat lower than that of makgeolli prepared without aronia. The L value increased as the fermentation period elapsed, and the L value of makgeolli added with aronia increased rapidly. The a value gradually decreased, while the b value gradually increased as the fermentation period elapsed. The content of total polyphenols increased during the fermentation period of AK makgeolli. However, the AA makgeolli was not significantly increased, as compared to the initial stage of fermentation, and it was lower than that of the AK makgeolli. The radical scavenging activity of the DPPH was higher in the makgeolli added with aronia, and the antioxidant activity of AA makgeolli was higher than that of AK makgeolli. In the sensory evaluation, in the AK makgeolli, the palatability deteriorated due to the bitter taste and the astringent taste derived from the aronia. However, in the AA makgeolli, astringent taste was very weak and the sensory quality was good.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of alcohol content in Makgeolli made with Chinese matrimony vine (M-CMV) on the sensory profile and consumer acceptability. The M-CMVs were prepared with 6, 7, 8, and 9% alcohol content. Descriptive analysis of M-CMV was performed with six trained panelists. Thirteen attributes were generated and their intensities were alcohol content dependent. The consumer acceptance test was conducted with 57 consumers. M-CMV samples with 7% alcohol had the highest acceptance rate (5.8) followed by 6% M-CMV (5.6). Commercial rice Makgeolli (CRM) had the lowest consumer acceptance. Consumers were divided into two groups by clustering analysis. The majority of consumers (n=38) preferred M-CMV and did not like the commercial sample. Only 19 consumers indicated high acceptance ratings for CRM. However, these consumers also preferred 6 and 7% M-CMV. Partial least-squares regression analysis revealed moderate attribute intensities were related to greater consumer acceptability. The optimal alcohol content for the greatest consumer acceptance predicted by linear regression was 6.7%.

This study aimed to evaluate the fermentation characteristics of mixed Makgeolli with barley and wheats under, fermentation at different temperatures (20, 25, and 30℃) and time (3, 6, and 9 days). The pH and sugar of mixed Makgeolli were 3.68~4.26 and 12.30~17.31 ∘Brix, respectively. The total acidity showed proportionate increase with fermentation temperature and time; whereas, reducing sugar contents decreased with increasing fermentation temperature and time. The alcohol contents of mixed Makgeolli varied significantly by fermentation temperature and time (p<0.05). In terms of color values, the L value decreased with increasing fermentation temperatures, and a value increased significantly with increasing fermentation time. The number of microorganisms (yeast, total bacteria and lactic acid bacteria) in mixed Makgeolli decreased progressively with increasing fermentation temperature and time. Among the organic acids (citric, lactic, malic, and pyruvic acids) in mixed Makgeolli, citric and lactic acid was present at the highest concentrations. From these results, the optimum fermentation conditions of mixed Makgeolli with barley and wheat were 20~25℃ for 6 days.

This study aimed to evaluate the quality characteristics of wheat-Makgeolli (WM), a traditional Korean cereal alcoholic drink, using three varieties of wheat, namely Jokyoung (JK), Baegjoong (BJ) and Keumkang (KK). Samples of WM brewed from 100%, 85% and 70% milling rates of the three Korean wheat cultivars were analyzed for alcohol, pH, coloring degree, total acids, soluble solid, free sugars, and organic acids. As the milling rates in wheat decreased, total sugar content in WM increased while the pH of all samples decreased. The WM exhibited 0.95~1.27% in acidity, 10.2~12.5 °Brix in total sugar, and 14~16% in alcohol content. The most organic acids in WM was lactic acid, ranging in all the samples from 85.3~650.3 mg%. The results showed that BJ under a 70% milling rate had the highest reducing sugar contents and 15.97% in alcohol content. The carbohydrate content increased with the milling rate of wheat. Resulting in a positive correlation between carbohydrate content of wheat and total acids, reducing sugars (p<0.001), and alcohol content (p<0.05) in WM. Total sugar content is positively correlated with alcohol and reducing sugar content (p<0.001). Considering the yield, the milling rates will be adjusted to raw material prices.

Makgeolli is rich in nutrients such as beneficial microbial species, essential amino acids, oligosaccharides, and organic acids. The lactic acid bacteria contained in Makgeolli provides a healthy function as probiotics for customers. The purpose of this study was to enhance the nutritional properties, lactic acid bacteria propagation and alcohol contents of makgeolli by controlling redox potential balance. An automatic control system was created using ORP sensor, Labview control kit, and air supplier, in which air concentration was controlled by on & off mode. Makgeolli was fermented at three different redox potentials -50 mV, -100 mV, -150 mV. Regulating of aeration according to the redox potentials could give prominence to nutritional benefits of Makgeolli. The profiles of redox potential appeared bathtub curves, and related to lactic acid bacteria growth curve and byproducts. We could find the optimum redox potential balance that affects the factors such as LAB’s, alcohol contents and byproducts. In conclusion it was essential to control redox potential balance in order to produce nutrients rich Makgeolli.

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality of barley (Huinchalssalbori) and domestic wheats (Keumkangmil, Baegjoongmil, Jogyeongmil). The pH and total acidity of mixed Makgeolli were 4.04~4.12% and 0.94~1.06%, respectively. The total acidity, sugar and alcohol contents of Makgeolli, but not pH, varied significantly by wheat cultivar (p<0.05). In terms of color values, the L-value of Baegjoongmil, a-value and b-value of Keumkangmil were highest. The reducing sugar contents was approximately 5.65~7.85 mg/mL, and those of Jogyeongmil and imported wheat were approximately 5.70 mg/mL lower. The yeast cell numbers did not differ significantly, with the exception of in the rice Makgeolli (p<0.05). Among the organic acids (citric, malic, pyruvic and lactic acids) in Makgeolli, citric acid was present at the highest concentration. Regarding the sensory characteristics of Makgeolli mixed with barley and wheat, taste and overall acceptability were highest in Baegjoongmil, and appearance and flavor were highest in Keumkangmil. The rice Makgeolli showed the lowest sensory values, with the exception of appearance. The results of this study suggest that mixing Makgeolli with barley and wheat is an expected to replace the wheat materials in the domestic wheat to be imported.

Makgeolli is a health beneficial food for diabetes compared to other alcoholic beverages. We examined the effect of Makgeolli on blood glucose level and survival rate in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model. We force fed 30 male STZ-induced diabetic ICR mice Makgeolli consisting of 6% alcohol (DM-MAK), 6% ethanol (DM-EtOH), or distilled water (DM-DW) for 4 weeks. In the DM-MAK group, food intake and water intake were higher than those of other groups after 4 weeks. Body weight, however, was not different among the experimental groups. We also found no significant difference in blood glucose level among the experimental groups. In normal ICR mice fed Makgeolli for 1 week, the area of the blood glucose curve was higher than those of other groups fed 6% ethanol, 2% glucose, or distilled water. Survival rates of STZ-induced diabetic mice fed Makgeolli, 6% ethanol, or DW for 4 weeks were 100%, 25%, and 62.5%, respectively. In conclusion, Makgeolli had no beneficial effect on blood glucose in a STZ-induced diabetic mouse model, although their survival rate was high. These results show that Makgeolli has an effect on type 1 diabetes through other mechanisms than blood glucose control.

The objective of this study was to determine the quality characteristics of fermenting mash and pasteurized ginseng Makgeolli added with different concentrations of ginseng powder. Total aerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria counts of mash added with 0, 1, 2, and 4% ginseng powder during 4 days of fermentation significantly increased, whereas yeast count decreased. Viable cell count remarkably decreased after pasteurization. Pasteurized 4% ginseng Makgeolli (4.30) showed a higher pH than 0, 1, and 2 % ginseng Makgeolli (4.09, 4.08, and 4.06, respectively) after 15 days of aging. After aging, amylase activity of pasteurized Makgeolli decreased, and 0% and 1% ginseng Makgeolli (22.35, 21.55oBrix) showed higher Brix content than 4% ginseng Makgeolli (20.15 °Brix). Before aging, alcohol contents of 0, 1, 2, and 4% pasteurized ginseng Makgeolli were 5.80, 5.50, 5.20, and 5.10%, respectively. After 15 days of aging, 0% ginseng Makgeolli (7.00) showed higher alcohol content than 1, 2, and 4% ginseng Makgeolli (5.90, 5.80, and 5.60%, respectively). The results of the sensory evaluation show that 2% ginseng Makgeolli after 3 days of aging at 4oC had the highest scores for taste (5.19), flavor (5.04), and overall acceptability (5.22) among the samples.

본 연구에서는 경남지역에서 생산된 수집막걸리의 품질특성을 조사하였다. 주원료에 따라 쌀 막걸리 10종과 과일 등 식물소재 첨가 막걸리 5종에 대한 품질특성을 비교하였다. pH는 쌀 막걸리는 3.20-4.48의 범위로 나타났고, 식물소재 첨가 막걸리는 3.38-4.28의 범위로 나타났다. 총산 함량은 쌀 막걸리가 0.14-0.51%이었으며, 식물소재 첨가 막걸리는 0.29-0.48%였다. 환원당은 0.55-2.40% 정도로 나타난 쌀 막걸리에 반해서 식물소재 첨가 막걸리는 0.70-3.28%로 비교적 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 휘 발산은 시료간 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 유기산은 젖산과 호박산의 함량이 가장 높았으며, 쌀 막걸리보다 식물 소재 첨가 막걸리에 높게 함유되어 있었다. 유리당은 fructose, glucose, maltose가 검출되었으며, 제품간 함량 차이가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 특히 쌀 막걸리 중 E 제품과 식물소재 첨가 막 걸리 L, M, N제품의 glucose 함량이 높았다. acetaldehyde, methanol 및 퓨젤유를 분석한 결과 acetaldehyde, methanol은 검출되지 않거나 소량 함유하고 있어 품질규격에 부합하였고, 1-propanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, and iso-amylalcohol 등의 퓨젤유의 함량은 0.1-0.4mg/mL로 나타났다.

본 연구는 막걸리 제조 시 아로니아의 첨가 방법을 달리하 여 제조한 후, 발효하면서 항산화 활성 및 이화학적 품질특성 을 분석하였다. 아로니아는 생과와 마쇄한 형태로 첨가하였 고, 쌀 함량의 10%, 30% 그리고 50%로 하였다. 막걸리의 pH 는 발효 초기에 생과를 첨가한 시료가 3.9~4.2로, 마쇄하여 첨 가한 시료(3.6~3.9)보다 높았고, 발효가 진행되면서 생과로 첨가한 경우는 pH가 낮아지다가 다시 증가하는 경향성을 보 였다. 총산의 경우는 초기 발효에는 생과보다 마쇄한 시료에 서 더 높게 나타났고, 발효가 진행될수록 총산의 함량이 증가 하였다. 환원당 함량은 발효가 진행되며 대부분의 시료에서 감소하였다. 에탄올 함량은 1단 담금 시 11.4%로 나타났고, 2단 담금 6일 후에는 10~15%였으며, 특히, 아로니아를 50% 첨가한 실험구는 1단 담금 시 보다 낮은 에탄올 함량을 보였 으며, 마쇄하여 첨가할수록 더 낮은 알코올함량을 보였다. 색 도 중 a값(적색도)을 비교했을 때 생과 사용 시 천천히 a값이 높아져 마지막 날에는 생과 처리구 간 유의적으로 차이가 났 지만, 마쇄한 경우는 처음부터 마지막 발효까지 높은 a값을 가져 생과를 처리한 경우보다 높게 나타났다. 총 폴리페놀함 량 측정과 DPPH radical 소거능 측정 결과는 아로니아 첨가량 이 증가할수록 함께 증가하였는데, 생과첨가군의 경우 초기 에는 낮은 값을 가지다가 발효가 진행하며 급속히 증가하였 고, 마쇄첨가군에서는 초기에서부터 높은 값을 가졌다. 또한 아로니아를 30% 첨가하여도 50%를 첨가한 것과 같이 뛰어난 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 관능검사는 생과 30%를 첨가 한 시료가 색, 쓴맛, 전체적 기호도에서 높아 관능적 만족도 가 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 아로니아를 첨가 한 기능성 막걸리의 특성을 보았을 때 아로니아를 마쇄한 형 태보다 생과 형태로 30%를 첨가하는 것이 관능적 특성과 항 산화 활성을 고려하였을 때 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of Baeksulgi (BS) and Sulgidduk added with Makgeolli (MS, BS+ Makgeolli) during storage at 20±2 for 3 days. Moisture contents of MS were significantly higher than those of BS during storage. Reducing sugar contents (%) were higher in MS. The pH values were 6.23 and 5.93, for BS and MS, respectively. The pH of MS was lower and thus indicated higher in acidity. The Hunter color L (lightness) and a (redness) values were higher for BS, whereas b (yellowness) value of MS was lower. In the texture analysis, hardness and chewiness of MS were found to be lower, whereas springiness, gumminess, and resilience were higher than those of MS. According to DSC (Differential scanning calorimeter) analysis, enthalpy of MS appeared to be lower than that of BS during storage, which suggests retrogradation of MS was delayed. The total phenol content was higher in MS. The IC50 value of DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was lower in MS, which means antioxidant activity increased in MS. Results of the preference test showed that appearance, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability of MS scored higher than those of BS. From these results, high quality of MS was derived from Makgeolli addition.