This current research investigated whether job stress mediates the relationship between physical environment and safety behavior of members in organization. Furthermore, we hypothesized that safety climate functions as moderator between physical environment-job stress link. In order to examine the hypotheses, 870 employees in various fields of companies were sampled. Using structural equation modeling(SEM), we conducted moderated mediation model analysis which cab elaborately test the significance of our hypotheses. The results showed that job stress mediated the link between physical environment and safety behavior of members. Moreover, the relationship between physical environment and job stress was moderated by safety climate. The implications and limitations of our study and suggestions for future research were discussed.

본 연구는 비가림하우스 재배에서 정식시기가 여주의 생육 및 과실 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 여주의 정식시기는 각각 6월, 7월, 8월에 정식하는 3처리로 하였으며, 품종은 ‘드레곤’을 이용하여 재배하였다. 여주의 유인방법은 원줄기를 적심처리하고 아들줄기를 4개로 유인하여 재배하였다. 여주 식물체의 생육조사 결과 절간장은 정식시기에 따른 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나 여주 식물체의 지제부 경경은 정식시기에 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 또한, 여주의 정식시기는 과실의 수량과 수확개수 증가에 효과적이었다. 과실의 상품과 수량은 6월 정식처리구에서 6,439kg/10a으로 가장 많았으며, 반면 8월 정식처리구에서 870kg/10a으로 가장 적었다. 과실의 상품과 수확개수도 6월 정식처리구에서 8월 정식처리구에 비하여 유의성 있게 증가하였다. 그러나, 과실의 과장과 과경은 정식시기에 따른 유의한 차이가 없었다. 따라서, 여주의 적정 정식시기는 6월에 정식하는 방법이 가장 적합하였다.

We consider a satellite mission scheduling problem, which is a promising problem in recent satellite industry. This problem has various considerations such as customer importance, due date, limited capacity of energy and memory, distance of the location of each mission, etc. Also we consider the objective of each satellite such as general purpose satellite, strategic mission and commercial satellite. And this problem can be modelled as a general knapsack problem, which is famous NP-hard problem, if the objective is defined as to maximize the total mission score performed. To solve this kind of problem, heuristic algorithm such as taboo and genetic algorithm are applied and their performance are acceptable in some extent. To propose more efficient algorithm than previous research, we applied a particle swarm optimization algorithm, which is the most promising method in optimization problem recently in this research. Owing to limitation of current study in obtaining real information and several assumptions, we generated 200 satellite missions with required information for each mission. Based on generated information, we compared the results by our approach algorithm with those of CPLEX. This comparison shows that our proposed approach give us almost accurate results as just less than 3% error rate, and computation time is just a little to be applied to real problem. Also this algorithm has enough scalability by innate characteristic of PSO. We also applied it to mission scheduling problem of various class of satellite. The results are quite reasonable enough to conclude that our proposed algorithm may work in satellite mission scheduling problem.

선근종은 간담도계와 위장관계의 양성 병변으로 주로 담낭에서 발생하며 바터 팽대부에서 발생하는 경우는 매우 드물다. 본 증례는 64세 남자 환자의 검진 초음파에서 우연히 발견된 담췌관 확장 소견으로 CT 및 MRI 검사를 시행하여 바터 팽대부의 암종을 의심하였고, 내시경 조직검사와 초음파 유도하 세침흡인술에서 악성 세포가 발견되지 않았으나 팽대부 주위암을 완전히 배제할 수 없어 유문 보존 췌십이지 장절제술을 시행하여 병리학적 검사 결과에서 선근종으로 최종 진단된 예이다. 바터 팽대부의 선근종은 팽대부 주위암과 감별이 어려워 임상 의사의 주의가 요구되며 악성 종양의 가능성을 배제할 수 없는 경우 수술적 절제를 통해 최종 진단이 가능하겠지만 내시경적 유두절제술 등의 적극적인 검사를 통해 불필요한 수술을 피하려는 노력도 필요하겠다.

The present study was carried out to explore the potential effects of novel lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus penticeous KCC-23 (KCC-23) and Lactobacillus plantarum KCC-24 (KCC-24) on rye haylage fermentation at National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan province in Korea. The experiment contains three different groups such as control without lactic acid bacteria, rye haylage with KCC-23 and rye haylage KCC-24. After experimental periods, the content of crude protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), the activity of total digestible nutrient (TDN) and In-vitro digestibility (IVD) was similar in control and LAB treated haylage (p<0.05). The pH was reduced in KCC-23 and KCC-24 treated rye haylage as compared to control (p<0.05). The lactic acid concentration in haylages was increased by L. plantarum KCC-23, and KCC-24 supplement. Whereas, the less amount of acetic acid and butyric acid was noted in KCC-23 and KCC-24 treated haylage as compared with control (p<0.05). The KCC-23 and KCC-24 were dominantly grown in experimental haylage as compared with control. It indicates, the addition of KCC-23, and KCC-24 enhances fermentation quality of haylages as compared control. The present study suggests that KCC-23 and KCC-24 are potent strains that were improving the fermentation process in rye haylage

Cu-Mn과 Cu-Zn 촉매를 침전제로 다르게 하거나, 금속의 몰비율, 소성온도를 다르게 하여 공침법으로 제조하였고 CO산화반응을 수행하여 혼합산화물 촉매에서 Cu, Mn과 Zn의 영향 및 소성온 도가 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 촉매의 물리·화학적 특성을 알아보기 위하여 XRD, N2 흡착 및 SEM 의 분석을 수행하였다. Na2CO3로 침전시켜 270℃로 소성하여 제조한 2Cu-1Mn 산화물 촉매가 저온에 서 CO 산화반응 활성이 가장 좋았으며 2Cu-1Mn 산화물 촉매는 43 m2/g으로 가장 높은 비표면적과 촉매 활성을 나타내었다. XRD로 촉매의 결정구조를 분석하였을 때 Cu0.5Mn2.5O4의 결정구조를 갖는 촉 매는 낮은 활성을 보였다. 270℃에서 소성한 촉매가 좋은 활성을 나타냈으며 Pt 촉매와 비교하여도 저 온에서 CO산화반응이 더욱 우수함을 알 수 있었다.

Soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum is a destructive disease of the fleshy storage tissues of vegetables and ornamentals that occurs worldwide. This study was carried out to find an effective method for evaluating soft rot disease on a massive scale in greenhouse and to screen resistant accession for the disease with lettuce germplasm. Spray method with 5 mL suspension of 109 colony formation unit per milliliter (CFU/mL) of P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum per plant at the 6 ~ 7 foliage leaf stage was the most effective to evaluate soft rot disease. We evaluated resistance to soft rot using this method for 812 accessions of lettuce germplasm introduced from 52 countries. As the results, withered rates for each germplasm accession ranged from 0 to 100 percent and among 812 accessions of lettuce germplasm investigated, 21 accessions showed very high resistance. Among the 21 accessions, 11 accessions were from Korea, each 2 accessions were from USA and Israel, and each 1 accession was from Afghanistan, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Pakistan, and Uzbekistan. Accessions from Israel, Syria, and Afghanistan showed high resistance level. Among very high resistant 21 accessions, 12 were landraces, 6 were cultivars, and 3 were wild relatives. The 21 accessions were consisted of 12 leaf lettuce, 5 romaine type, 3 wild relatives, and 1 butterhead lettuce. Leaf lettuce accessions showed the highest resistance level while crisphead lettuce accessions had the lowest resistance level among the cultivated lettuce types. Wild relatives had greater resistance than landraces and cultivars. These accessions which resistance to soft rot will be used for soft rot resistance breeding program in lettuce.

This study was conducted the comparative analysis on quality and rice bread process suitability properties by four particle size classification of dry-milled flours for four rice varieties. Dry-milled rice flours were prepared by dry milling and classified according to particle size using 100, 150, 200, and 250 mesh sieves. The mean particle size by four particle size classification of 60 ~ 100 mesh, 100 ~ 150 mesh, 150 ~ 200 mesh, 200 ~ 250 mesh exhibited 118.9 μm, 87.4 μm, 65.3 μm, 46.1 μm, respectively. The particle size of dry-milled rice flours was the finer, the damaged starch content was the higher (r = − 0.570*). The particle size also had significant negative correlation with the water absorption index (r = − 0.533*, r = − 0.593*), and water solubility index (r = − 0.857**, r = − 0.584*). Dry-milled rice flours with particle size of 60 ~ 70 μm, passed through 150 and 200 mesh sieves exhibited the highest specific volume of rice bread. Whereas, the dry-milled rice flour with finer particle size above 200 mesh showed the lowest specific volume of rice bread. These results will be applied as a quality standard to aid in the selection of the most suitable dry-milled rice flour for baking.

The objective of this study was to investigate the result of in vivo embryo collection and pregnancy rate after embryo transfer using sex-sorted sperm of Korean brindle cattle. Donor Korean brindle cattle superovulation treated by decreasing dose of FSH injection. Embryos were recovered on 7 days after the third artificial insemination. Control group semen straw used artificial insemination contained 20 million sperm. Sex-sorted semen straws contained 4 million sperm or 10 million sperm. As for the result of the recovery of the in vivo embryos derived from sex-sorted sperm, the number of transferable embryos was significantly highly recovered to be 6.20±2.28/donor from the control group and was significantly lowly recovered to be 1.57±1.72/donor from the group treated at a sperm concentration of 10×106 (p<0.05). The number of unfertilized embryo was 0.8±1.30/donor in control group which was significantly lower than the group treated at a sperm concentration of 4×106 (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the number of undeveloped ova between control and treatment groups. Pregnancy rate after embryo transfer was shown to be 35.00% in control group and 12.50% in treatment group. The karyotype analysis of the calf derived from sex-sorted sperm resulted in a similar chromosomal distribution pattern (2n=60, XX) compared to those of common Korean native cattle.

This paper is focused on an economic analysis of applied air pollutant control technologies used for the particulate matters present in subway. Beneficial effects such as reduction in medical expenses and prevention of productivity loss and death are achievable through the adaptation of control technologies. The result showed that the total investment expense was 97.6 billion won and the cost-benefit was 4776.8 billion won, therefore a 4.8 benefit/ cost ratio was attained.

아시아틱 나리의 인편삽으로부터 형성된 자구와 소구의 효율적인 비대를 위한 식재깊이, 배양토 및 야간온도를 구명하기 위하여 한국농수산대학에서 육성한 분화용 F1 품종 ‘Deep Red Liasong’과 ‘Yellow Liasong’을 이용하 였다. 자구(직경 8mm)를 3 ~ 4cm의 깊이로 식재하였을 때, 자구의 지름은 19.2 ~ 19.6mm, 높이는 21.5 ~ 21.9mm, 생체중은 33 ~ 3.4g으로 자구가 양호하게 비대하였다. 소구 (직경 15mm)의 6cm 깊이 식재는 구의 지름이 28.5mm, 높 이는 27.8mm이었고 무게가 9.2g으로 가장 양호하게 비 대되었다. 자구의 식재 배양토는 인공배양토 80%+부숙왕 겨20%에서 구의 지름이 21.4mm, 높이는 21.1mm였고 생 체중이7.5g으로 자구가 가장 크게 비대하였다. 소구의 비대도 인공배양토 100%와 인공배양토 80% +부숙왕겨 20%에서 양호하였다. 야간온도에 따른 자구의 비대는 10oC와 12oC에서 지름이 17.2 ~ 17.5mm, 높이는 17.8 ~ 18.7mm, 생체중은 4.2 ~ 4.9g으로 가장 양호하였다. 따라 서 자구는 인공배양토와 부숙왕겨를 80 : 20으로 혼용하여 3 ~ 4cm의 깊이로 식재하여 동절기 동안 10 ~ 12oC로 유 지하고, 소구는 인공배양토에 부숙왕겨를 80 : 20으로 혼 용하여 6cm의 깊이로 식재하는 것이 구의 비대에 효과 적이다.

국내 육성 분화용 아시아틱나리 일대 잡종 ‘Deep Red Liasong’의 효율적인 자구형성을 위하여 구의 부위와 인 편삽 조건을 조사하였다. 구의 부위에 따른 자구 발생률 은 중인편은 87.6%, 내인편은 83.0%로 외인편의 40.3% 보다 양호하였으나 자구형성 개수는 외인편이 많았다. 인 편의 식재 깊이에 따른 인편당 자구의 수는 2.6개에서 2.8개로 차이가 없었으나, 3cm 깊이에서 잎의 발생이 없 었다. 인편의 배양온도는 항온 23oC와 변온인 주간 23oC /야간 13oC에서 인편당 자구의 수가 2.4 ~ 2.6개로 다른 온도처리보다 많았고, 자구 및 뿌리의 생장도 양호하였 다. 관수 주기를 2일에서 6일까지 달리하였을 경우 인편 당 자구의 수가 2.6~2.8개로 차이가 없었으나 8일은 2.2 개로 다소 낮았다. GA3, NAA 및 IBA를 50mg • L−1에서 200mg • L−1 처리 했을 때 농도가 높아질수록 자구의 형 성이 감소하였으나 뿌리의 개수와 길이는 증가하였다. 자 구의 식재 방향에 따른 인편당 자구의 수는 1.8개에서 2.0개로 차이를 보이지 않았으나 등을 위로(upper to back) 향하게 식재 했을 때 잎이 발생하지 않았다. 인편을 상하 1/2과 1/3로 절단하였을 때 인편의 기부에서는 자 구형성이 2.3 ~ 2.4개로 대조구의 2.5개와 같은 수준이었으 나 자구의 크기 및 생장은 대조구보다 작게 나타났다. 상 단에서는 전혀 자구가 형성되지 않았다. 한편, 인편을 좌 우 2등분과 3등분을 하였을 때 인편 내에서 자구의 수 는 차이가 없었으나, 3등분보다 2등분이 자구의 수 및 생 장이 양호하였다. 분화용 아시아틱나리의 효율적인 자구 생산을 위해서는 구근에서 중인편을 3cm의 깊이로 등을 위로 향하게 식재한 후 배양 온도는 항온 23oC나 주간 23oC/야간 13oC에서 건조하지 않도록 유지해야 한다.

주박추출물을 첨가한 사과식초의 효율적인 초산발효를 위한 최적조건을 검색하고 그 품질을 조사하였 다. 정상적인 초산균의 생육을 취한 사과식초 사입액의 초기 acetic acid과 ethanol의 농도는 각각 3.0%와 6.0%였다. 사과식초 사입액에서의 초산균의 생육적온은 27℃이였고, 24℃보다 30℃에서 배양 하는 것이 초산생성능이 우수하였다. 초기 주박추출물 농도가 8.0%일 때 초산생성정도가 가장 높게 나 타났다. 초산균은 주박추출물의 첨가농도가 높을수록 유도기가 짧아져 생성되는 초산의 함량이 증가하 다가 8.0%이상의 주박추출물이 첨가되면 유도기가 길어져 생성되는 초산의 함량이 감소하는 것을 확인 하였다. 8.0%의 주박추출물을 첨가하여 발효시킨 사과식초는 대조구에 비해 유도기를 2일정도 단축시 킬 수 있으며 발효 중의 당도변화가 대조구와 거의 차이가 없었다. 유기산 함량을 분석한 결과, acetic acid와 malic acid가 주된 유기산으로 검출되었고 주박추출물을 첨가한 식초에서의 함량은 각각 8,416.9mg%, 103.5mg%로 대조구보다 높게 나타났다. 따라서 8.0% 주박추출물, 3.0% acetic acid, 6.0% ethanol을 첨가한 초기 사과식초에 균을 접종하여 27℃에서 발효하는 것이 발효기간을 단축할 수 있으며 초산과 사과산의 함유량이 높은 식초를 제조할 수 있다.

We evaluated the antioxidant properties of adzuki beans and the quality characteristics of sediment using various cultivation methods. There were significant differences in total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in beans grown using different methods of cultivation (p<0.05). Also, DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities were significantly different depending on cultivation method (p<0.05). The sediment yield before drying of Chungju-pat, Hongeon, and Arari was 296.64~339.01, 271.36~282.24, and 268.21~292.32%, respectively, and the sediment yield after drying was 71.68~85.41, 77.90~85.19, and 74.15~78.65%, respectively. The L-value of Chungju-pat and Arari sediments revealed a significant difference given different cultivation methods (p<0.05), but Hongeon sediment did not show a significant difference. There was a significant difference in the a- and b-value of adzuki bean sediments cultivated using different methods (p<0.05). The particle size of Chungju-pat, Hongeon, and Arari sediments was 66.21~98.80, 61.62~97.07, and 82.96~106.71 μm, respectively, and all were significantly different depending on cultivation method (p<0.05). There were also significant differences in the water absorption index, water solubility index, and swelling power when different cultivation methods were used (p<0.05).

This study evaluated the quality characteristics of dried noodles prepared with strawberry powder in order to determine the most preferred noodle recipe for children’s school meals. The proximate composition of strawberry powder used was as follows: moisture, 3.39%; crude protein, 1.53%; crude lipid, 0.97%; crude ash, 0.82%; and carbohydrates, 93.29%. When viscosity of the composite strawberry powder-wheat flours was measured by amylograph. Gelatinization point, maximum viscosity, viscosity at 95oC and viscosity at 95oC after 15 min decreased as the level of strawberry powder increased. As the level of strawberry powder increased, both L and b color values decreased, whereas a value increased. Weight, water absorption and volume of cooked noodles decreased, whereas turbidity of soup increased. For textural properties, addition of strawberry powder to cooked noodles reduced hardness, chewiness and brittleness. Overall preference according to the results of the sensory evaluation, noodles added with 6% strawberry powder were the most preferred. According to the results, the addition of strawberry powder can positively affect the overall sensory evaluation of dried noodles, and 6% is the optimal level for addition.

The overconsumption of dietary salt is recognized to play a negative effect on human health such as increasing blood pressure. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of hydrolyzed anchovy products (HAP) on the salty taste of dried noodle. The physicochemical properties and sensory test of dried noodle were determined at different concentrations of HAP. The lightness of the noodle samples was decreased with increasing levels of HAP whereas their redness and yellowness were increased. There were no significant changes in hardness and texture properties by HAP concentration, compared to those of the control. From the sensory evaluation, the 25% and 50% HAP samples showed a high score on saltiness, preferredness, and overall taste acceptability. Consequently, the HAP could be utilized in dried noodles or cooked noodles as a salt enhancer without significantly altering the charateristics of noodles.

The aim of this study was to investigate food culture represented by the grain yard, water well, kitchen, and meat storage space which were depicted in the mural painting of An-Ak tomb No. 3. The mural paintings of An-Ak tomb No. 3 were compared with those of ancient Chinese tombs before the 4th century in order to understand their characteristics. Above all, the tomb murals describe the form and function of the stove (buttumak) as well as the cuisine using the cauldron (sot) and steamer (siru) in a very interesting manner. The meat storage space of An-Ak tomb No. 3 shows whole carcasses of animals such as roe deer, dog, and pig. However, Chinese murals show that while small animals such as soft-shelled turtle, fish, chicken, duck, pheasant, rabbit, etc. were stored as whole carcasses without being cut into pieces, large animals such as cows and pigs were slaughtered and each piece of their carcasses such as the head, thigh, meat loaf, and cardiopulmonary part was separately depicted. These tomb murals vividly describe the food culture of Koguryo and China before the 4th century.

본 연구에서는 국내 대표 식육인 소, 돼지, 닭, 오리의4종 식육과 염소, 양, 말, 칠면조의 4종 식육을 동시에 신속하게 감별할 수 있는 2 set의 multiplex PCR법을 개발하고자 미토콘드리아 16S RNA에서 종 특이부위를 선발하고 각 종에 대한 특이도를 높이기 위하여 인위적인 미스매치를 주어 프라이머를 제작한 후 8종 식육의 274개시료를 대상으로 특이도와 민감도를 조사하였다. 그 결과소, 돼지, 닭, 오리 모든 시료에서 각각 279, 94, 192, 477 bp의 증폭산물이, 말, 양, 염소, 칠면조의 모든 시료에서 각각 152 bp, 271 bp, 670 bp, 469 bp에서 뚜렷한 PCR 유전자 산물이 확인되어 모든 축종에서 100%의 특이도를 나타내어 축종별 감별력이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 8종의 축종별로 DNA를 10 ng/μl으로 정량한 후 혼합물을 10배씩 단계 희석하여 반응여부를 조사한 결과, 소, 돼지, 오리에서는 100 fg까지, 닭에서는 1 pg까지 검출됨을 확인할수 있었다. 소, 돼지, 닭, 오리고기를 99.9%, 99%, 90%,70%, 50%, 30%, 10%, 1%, 0.1%의 비율로 혼합한 식육과 83℃ 20분, 100℃ 30분, 121℃ 10분에서 각각 열처리한 가열 혼합육에 대하여 검출한계를 조사한 결과 마지막단계의 희석 비율인 모든 혼합육의 0.1%에서 검출이 가능하였으며, 열처리 혼합육에서는 닭에서는 1% 농도에서소와 돼지의 혼합육에서 0.1% 농도에서 검출되어 민감도가 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 개발된 multiplex PCR법은 특이도 및 민감도에 있어서 국내 대표 식육을 감별하는데 있어서 유용한 것으로 평가된다.

신생대 어류 화석 4개체가 포항의 마이오세 두호층에서 발견되었다. 본 화석은 뒷지느러미의 앞쪽 담기골 (pterygiophore)이 연장되어 있고, 후의쇄골(postcleithrum)이 존재하며, 두 개의 인접한 혈관극 사이에 뒷지느러미 담기 골 두개가 거의 일정하게 존재한다. 그리고 첫 번째와 두 번째 하미축골(hypurals)이 융합되었고, 세 번째와 네 번째 하 미축골과 첫 번째 전미추체(preural centrum)가 융합되어 있다. 그리고 두부인근의 잘 발달된 판상 신경극과 낚시바늘 모양의 미설골(urohyal)이 존재하고, 그 좌골부(sciatic part)가 꺾여있다. 그리고 준하미골(parahypural)이 첫 번째 전미추 체로부터 분리되어 있다. 이를 근거로 볼 때, 이 화석은 국내 최초의 가지미목으로 동정되었다. 그간의 두호층 지질학 적 연구는 천해환경의 생물들이 육상의 큰 홍수와 같은 사건으로 떠내려가 저탁류에 의해 심해환경에서 퇴적되었다고주장해 왔다. 하지만 여태껏 천해환경 생물들만 발견되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 두호층에서 최초로 심해생물인 가자미류 가 보고되었다.

The royal astronomical observatory compiled the Astronomical Almanac during the Joseon dynasty, though there were some changes of its organization. However, the observatory underwent sudden changes in the late period mainly due to the influence of historical events such as the Gabo (甲午) and The Eulmi (乙未) Reforms in 1894 and 1895, respectively, and the Japanese invasion in 1910. In this paper, we study the changes of the compilation institution of the Korean Astronomical Almanac and of its organization for the period of 1894 to 1912. During this period, the name of the observatory had been changed several times, from Gwansanggam (觀象監) to Gwansangguk (觀象局) in 1894 and to Gwansangso (觀象所) in 1895. In addition, the affair of the Astronomical Almanac compilation was transferred to the Editorial Bureau [編輯局] of the Ministry of Education [學部] and to the Editing Department [編輯課] of the Governor-General of Korea [朝鮮總督府]. In 1907, the Gwansangso was abolished. Moreover, the affair of timekeeping was separated and the official number of personnel was reduced to less than 5% compared to that of Gwansanggam. Consequently, the royal astronomical observatory was significantly reduced in terms of its functions and the organization through the process of those changes. Therefore, we believe that this period is important when seeking to understand the transition between the traditional Astronomical Almanac of the Joseon dynasty and its modern astronomical counterpart of the present day.