선총원(沈從文)의 상하이 시기 소설에서 나타난 여성형상의 변화를 중심으로, 그 창조 배 경과 문학적 의미를 심리학적 관점에서 분석하였다. 칼 융의 아니마 개념, 특히 헬렌의 아니 마를 적용하여, 선총원의 여성형상이 어떻게 작가의 남성성 회복과 개인적 경험을 반영하며 변화했는지를 탐구하였다. 연구 결과, 상하이 시기의 여성형상은 선총원이 남성성을 회복하고 연애전략을 통해 애정 주도형으로 창조된 것으로 나타났다. 이 시기 헬렌의 아니마는 여성형 상을 능동적이고 주체적인 존재로 변화시켜, 그의 문학세계가 개인적 차원의 심리치료에서 벗어나 사회적 비판과 생명력 찬양을 포함하는 공리주의적 문학관으로 확장되는 데 기여하였 다. 본 연구는 선총원 문학에서 헬렌의 아니마가 여성형상의 진화 과정에 미친 영향을 조명 하며, 그의 문학적 성숙과 작품 세계를 이해하는 데 중요한 통찰을 제공할 것이라 기대한다.

본 연구는 아메리카동애등에(Hermetia illucens)의 대량 사육을 위하여 남은음식물 사료의 최적 수분 함량과 적정 사육 밀도를 조사하였다. 실 험에서는 500 g의 습식 사료의 수분 함량을 각각 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%로 조정한 후, 3,500마리의 3령 유충을 7일 동안 사육하였다. 그 결과, 90% 수분 함량에서 평균 유충 무게는 7.19 g으로 측정되었고, 70% 수분 함량에서 가장 높은 무게인 10.54 g이 나타났다. 반면, 50%와 30% 수분 함량에 서는 유충 생육이 저조한 결과가 나타났다. 적절 사육 밀도를 조사를 위해 100,000, 150,000, 200,000, 250,000 마리의 3령 유충을 70% 수분함량 의 100 kg 습식 사료에 7일 동안 처리하였다. 그 결과, 250,000 마리에서 총 유충 생산량이 22.79 kg으로 가장 높게 나타났으나, 150,000, 200,000, 250,000 마리 밀도 간에는 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 100마리당 평균 무게는 100,000 마리에서 16.90 g, 150,000 마리에서 15.20 g, 200,000 마리 에서 11.30 g, 250,000 마리에서 9.50 g으로 확인되었으며, 100,000 마리와 150,000 마리 밀도 간에는 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로, 남은 음식물 사료인 습식사료 100 kg를 급여할 경우 수분 함량을 70%로 유지하고 사육 밀도를 15만 마리로 설정하는 것이 가장 효과적임을 확인하였다.

세계적인 탄소중립 정책 추진과 수소 에너지 수요 증가에 따라 고분자 전해질 수전해 및 연료전지 기술 개발이 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 해당 기술의 핵심 소재인 과불소계 술폰산 이오노머는 우수한 전기화학적 특성과 화학적 안정성을 가지고 있지만, 높은 제조비용, 한정된 공급망, 강화되는 환경 규제와 같은 문제로 인해 효과적인 재활용 및 재제조 기술이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 초임계 분산 기술을 통해 전해질막 및 막-전극접합체의 제조과정에서 발생하는 고활성을 갖는 전해질막 스크랩을 연료전지 전극바인더로 재제조하는 방법을 제시하고자 한다.

Cold-pressed rapeseed oil (CPRO) is a rich source of bioactive components, but it is more susceptible to deterioration due to absence of chemical refining. Proper storage conditions are essential to maintain oil quality. This study evaluated the quality properties of seed-stored oil (SSO) and oil-stored oil (OSO) under various storage conditions. Both the seeds and the CPRO obtained from the ‘Jungmo7001’ and ‘Yuryeo’ varieties were stored for 24 months at 4℃, 25℃, and ambient temperature (AT). After 24 months, the acid value (AV) at 4℃ was lower than at 25℃ and AT. Additionally, the AV increased by 3.0-fold in SSO and 1.9-fold in OSO at AT compared to initial storage levels. OSO was found to be relatively more stable against oxidation than SSO. The canolol content in SSO increased with both storage temperature and period, but this was not observed in OSO. However, no changes in fatty acid composition or tocopherol content were noted based on the storage conditions, indicating that these properties remained relatively stable during storage. These results provide foundational data for the stable distribution of CPRO.

천적과 함께 천적의 서식처를 복합적으로 사용하는 Natural Enemy in First method; NEF전략을 국립수목원 열대식물자원연구센터에 적용하여 총채벌레 방제효과를 평가하였다. 그 결과 5년간 지속적인 총채벌레 밀도 억제효과를 확인하였으며, 특히 천적 적용 3년차에는 총채벌레 의 평균 밀도가 엽당 1.8마리로 전년대비 64.1%, 5년차에는 엽당 0.003마리로 전년대비 99.6%의 밀도 감소효과를 확인하였다. 또한 최초 천적 방 사 시의 천적 밀도와 비교해서 4년 후에 평균 31배 이상 높아졌다. 따라서 지속적인 천적의 적용과 해충 밀도가 증가하기 전에 예방적으로 천적을 처리하는 NEF전략이 총채벌레 방제에 효과적이었다.

In this paper, the commercial anion exchange resin (IRA900) was used to investigate the adsorption properties, comparing the anion selectivity of phosphate and sulfate in water. The phosphate removal efficiency was 29.6% less than sulfate in single condition, and significantly decreased from 44.8% to 3.47 in mixed conditions while sulfate removal efficiency remained unchanged, confirming a higher selectivity for sulfate over phosphate. In the pH effect, phosphate removal efficiency increased with increase of pH due to the increased HPO4 2- species. The total removal efficiency of phosphate and sulfate was obtained approximately 62% in mixed condition, regardless of solution pH, indicating that the total anion exchange capacity was not influenced in the pH. The values of qmL and bL derived from Langmuir isotherm equation were 11.5 and 8.10 times higher for sulfate than for phosphate in mixed conditions. In single condition, sulfate and phosphate reached to equilibrium at 6 and 3 h, respectively. In mixed condition, phosphate was desorbed by the sulfate after 1h and the time to equilibrium for sulfate was retarded to 6h. Furthermore, when comparing the separation factor (αP/S), increasing the initial concentration led to higher selectivity of phosphate.

This study aimed to compare effects of cultivation areas (upland and reclaimed land) and harvest time on contents of bioactive components and antioxidant activities of wheat sprouts. Contents of Ca and K were higher in upland, while content of Mg was higher in reclaimed land. Mineral content decreased after winter, regardless of the harvest time. Total dietary fiber increased by 24.3% in reclaimed land and improved by 45.2% after winter, with Ariginheuk showing the highest fiber content (34.41 ± 0.53 g/100 g). Total polyphenols increased by 48.6% in reclaimed, but decreased by 26.7% after winter. Similarly, flavonoids increased by 87.8% in reclaimed land but declined after winter. Content of octacosanol, a key bioactive compound, was 33.2% higher (7.75 ± 0.09 mg/g) in Ariginheuk grown in reclaimed land and decreased after winter. Antioxidant activities measured by ABTS and DPPH assays increased by 51.4% and 82.4%, respectively, in reclaimed land, with pre-winter harvests showing higher scavenging abilities. Overall, reclaimed land generally showed higher contents of bioactive components, with contents of pre-winter harvests being more beneficial. These findings highlight significant differences in wheat sprouts' physiological activities based on cultivation area and harvest time, suggesting that reclaimed land and pre-winter harvesting might offer advantages.

Following the implementation of the Act on the Prevention of Light Pollution Due to Artificial Lighting in 2013, local governments designated lighting environment management zones and conducted assessments of the impacts of light pollution on the environment to ensure compliance with acceptable light emission standards. In addition, according to the Act on the Prevention of Light Pollution Due to Artificial Lighting, local governments conduct and manage light pollution assessments every three years. However, measuring and analyzing during nighttime requires a significant amount of time and labor. Therefore, this research aims to improve the current light pollution environmental impact assessment method by utilizing aerial information from satellite data and establishing a database of light pollution assessment methods, thereby laying the foundation for light pollution management. In this study, a reference light source was installed on the ground, and the luminance measurements of the installed reference light source and the advertising light sources on-site were analyzed to derive brightness values for ground light sources using the optical band (R, G, B) values from aerial information derived from satellite images. The analysis produced predictive equations for light pollution from upward lighting and general advertising lighting. When these equations were applied to residential and commercial areas in the lighting environment management area, the results indicated that the predicted rooftop upward lighting prediction brightness exceeded the acceptable standard of light emission of 800 cd/m2 in residential areas, and the advertisement lighting prediction brightness exceeded the standard of 1,000 cd/m2 in commercial areas.

This study sought to improve the accuracy of estimating national emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from consumer solvent products (CSPs) by updating emission factors and category-specific activity data. The classification of the CSPs, which was originally proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, was reorganized to reflect domestic consumption patterns in Korea. VOC contents, product sales, and atmospheric evaporation rates of the CSPs were analyzed for subcategories including personal care products, household products, and automotive aftermarket products to update their emission factors. Additionally, the category-specific activity data, previously based on only population statistics, were newly applied to count the characteristics of each classification, such as the number of households and the number of registered automobiles. The updated emission factors were calculated to be 1.90 kg/capita·yr for personal care products, 4.37 kg/household·yr for household products, and 2.36 kg/car·yr for automotive products. An evaluation of uncertainties revealed the limitation in the product classification, the shortage of sales data, and the lack of information on VOC contents depending on the product forms (liquid, solid, and aerosol). This study highlighted the necessity of developing detailed classification systems and standardized VOC content measurement methods, ultimately contributing to more accurate and practical assessments of VOC emissions from the CSPs.

This study was conducted to analyze New Zealand’s beekeeping industry and Manuka honey grading system to suggest characteristics and development plans for Korea’s honey grading system. Manuka honey in New Zealand is harvested from the Manuka tree (Leptospermum scoparium). It is known for its various bioactive properties, including antimicrobial activity and antioxidants. Since 2017, the New Zealand government has been implementing national certification and grading for all exported Manuka honey. For this purpose, compositions of Manuka honey across New Zealand have been investigated and four chemical indicators and one biological indicator have been established. Currently, Korea has been fully implementing a honey grading system since September 2023, which divides honey (acacia honey, chestnut honey, and miscellaneous honey) into 1+ grade, 1 grade, and 2 grade according to Enforcement Rules of the Livestock Act. The following seven indicators are used: carbon isotope consumption, moisture content, sugar ratio, hydroxytmethylfurfural, flavor, chromaticity, and defects, similar to Codex standards or European standards. However, details are modified to suit Korean conditions. To make the Korean honey grading system more stable, it is necessary to develop and introduce different indicators for honey functionality and honey grading system maturity. In addition, it is necessary to expand the participation of farmers in the honey grading system, secure consumer trust in the honey grading system, and continue to promote it.

This study developed and implemented an elementary English writing program using image-generative AI to examine its effects on students’ writing abilities and affective domains. The program was designed following the ADDIE model and aligned with the 2022 Revised English National Curriculum. It used Padlet’s ‘I Can’t Draw,’ allowing students to create images based on their prompts. Eighty sixth-grade students participated, with data collected through pre- and post-writing tests, affective domain surveys, student work, reflections, and teacher interviews. A mixed-methods analysis, combining ANCOVA and content analysis, revealed the following: (1) The program improved the syntactic and lexical complexity and fluency of students’ writing, but not accuracy. (2) Students’ situational interest significantly increased, but individual interest did not. Additionally, students’ engagement and motivation in learning English improved. These findings indicate that image-generative AI is an effective tool for enhancing English writing lessons and providing feedback. The study also emphasizes the critical role of teacher competence in successfully integrating AI into language instruction.

This study reassessed two KBA sites in the Republic of Korea following the KBA guidelines. Both sites met the sub-criteria A1a, A1b, and D1a, confirming their status as KBA. These assessments provide a scientific foundation for discussions on designating new protected areas or expanding existing ones. Through this study, we confirmed that continuous biodiversity conservation is essential for Geum-gang river and estuary and Yubu-do to maintain their KBA status. This KBA reassessment provides an important scientific foundation for discussions on the designation of new protected areas or the expansion of existing ones. Furthermore, this study was based on a previously evaluated taxonomic group, birds, highlighting the need for future assessments to include other biological taxa and evaluation criteria, such as Criteria B or E, for a more comprehensive analysis.

Objectives: The main purpose of this study was to identify problems such as cooking fumes and lack of ventilation in school cafeterias and evaluate the improvement in the reduction of indoor pollutants in the cooking rooms through renovation. Methods: Three schools were selected for renovation and the spatial structures and air conditioning system of the cafeterias and cooking rooms wre investigated after renovation. The air conditioning systems were improved by the renovation work according to the characteristics of each school, and the concentration of indoor pollutants was measured and evaluated through CFD analysis. Results: The concentration of indoor pollutants in the cafeterias and cafe rooms was decreased after renovation. Conclusion: Air conditioning systems in the schools cafeterias and cooking rooms were improved in order to solve the problems of ventilation, and the indoor air quality improvement rate ranged from a minimum of 11% to a maximum of 40%. The renovation of cafeterias and cooking rooms was conducted to optimize the ventilation systems and this contributed to indoor air quality improvement by preventing the inflow of pollutants.

Oyster mushrooms were analyzed to confirm the effect of installing a convection fan on the uniformity of the environment inside the cultivation house, the quantity of fruiting bodies, and marketability for stable production. When using a convection fan, it was confirmed that the temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration were maintained more uniformly than when not used.As for the characteristics of the fruiting bodies, the quantity per bottle was 177.3 g when using a convection fan, which was 17% higher than when not used, and the individual weight was 49% higher. In addition, the cap diameter, cap thickness, and stem thickness increased slightly in the convection fan treatment, and the stem length was shorter.

This study was conducted to confirm whether domestic fruit tree pruning residues can replace sawdust, which is the main ingredient of mushroom medium. The five types of fruit tree pruning residues collected were from apples, pears, peaches, grapes, and citrus. The basic components of these residues were analyzed. The pH ranged from 5.2 to 7.0, the Total carbon(T-C) ranged from 46.0% to 47.2%, the Total nitrogen(T-N) ranged from 0.5% to 0.9%, and the moisture content ranged from 12.4% to 14.2%, which was identified as an appropriate range for growing mushrooms. In order to confirm the possibility of mycelial growth of oyster mushroom "Suhan", column tests were conducted based on the conventional medium(poplar sawdust 49.5: cotton seed hull 27.3: beet pulp 12.7: cotton seed meal 10.5, v/v). As a result of incubation at 25°C for 28 days, grape branches showed the fastest growth at 143 mm compared to the control, which showed 135 mm. The yield per bottle was comparable, with grape branches(134g/bottle) and control(139g/bottle). Additionally, the quality of the fruiting bodies was comparable across all Processed lots. It means grape branches can be used as alternative sawdust materal. In the future, it is expected that using by-products as substitutes for carbon sources and main ingredients will help reduce farm production costs and protect the environment.

This study examined domestic consumption trends in the development of mushroom-based alternative food products. It found that 85.5% of consumers were aware of alternative foods, with a higher recognition rate among younger age groups and variations based on household composition and monthly income. Additionally, 70% of consumers familiar with alternative foods had tried them. Among those who had not, taste (16%) and purchasing challenges (15%) were the primary barriers. Minced meat was the most commonly consumed alternative (25%), while dumplings (7%) and burgers (1%) were less popular. Notably, dumplings and burgers showed the highest potential for development using mushroom-based ingredients. These findings provide valuable foundational data for advancing mushroom-based alternative food products.

In this study, Pleurotus ostreatus were grown in bottles at temperatures set to 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C inside the cultivation room. Changes in temperature, CO2 concentration, and humidity inside the bottles were measured, and growth characteristics according to the temperature conditions were evaluated. CO2 concentration increased overall as the temperature increased and was particularly stable at 20°C, suggesting that 20°C is the optimal condition for the physiological respiration of P. ostreatus . While humidity was relatively constant at 15°C, it decreased over time at 20°C and was maintained at a stable level at 25°C, suggesting that water retention capacity may occur at high temperatures. As a result of the growth investigation, the yield per bottle and individual weight were the highest at 20°C, confirming that 20°C is the most suitable temperature condition for the growth of oyster mushrooms. At 25°C, the yield per bottle was maintained but the individual weight decreased and the color tended to change. These results suggest that the interaction between CO2 concentration, humidity, and temperature has a significant effect on the growth and quality of oyster mushrooms, and that it is effective to control the cultivation room temperature to 20°C for optimal growth.

본 논문은 윌리엄 버틀러 예이츠(W. B. Yeats)의 시 나는 그대의 주 (“Ego Dominus Tuus”)에 나타난 니체적 예술관과 자아 이론을 분석한다. 예이츠는 니 체의 사상을 긍정하며 자아와 반자아의 갈등을 창조적 에너지로 전환하고, 이를 통해 예술적 자아와 이상적 삶의 가능성을 탐구한다. 본 논문은 예이츠가 마스크 이론(Mask theory)을 통해 자아를 재구성하고자 한 의도를 조명하며, 자아의 분열과 대립을 예술 적 이상화 과정의 필수적 요소로 이해했음을 논의한다. 또한, 나는 그대의 주 에 나타 난 예이츠의 창조적 긴장과 자아의 변형 과정을 통해, 그의 시 세계가 지향하는 이상 적 삶과 예술의 상호작용을 규명한다. 이를 통해 예이츠가 니체의 예술로서의 삶을 어 떻게 자신의 시적 비전에 통합했는지를 밝힌다.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of various washing pre-treatments of native Codium fragile as a feed additive on in vitro ruminal fermentation and CH4 production in ruminants. Seaweed was included at 0.5% dry matter (DM) based on the experimental feed (forage : concentrate = 3:7). Treatment groups were classified as follows: experimental feed (C), no washing (T1), washing at 0°C (T2), washing at 22°C (T3) and washing at 70°C (T4) each immersed for 6 minutes in distilled water. The pH consistently fell within the ruminal stability range. In vitro dry matter digestibility was significantly highest in T2, T3, T4 and C, T4 was the lowest at 48 h (p<0.05). NH3-N concentration was significantly highest in T4 at 48 h (p<0.05). Total gas production at 48 h was 19% lower in T4 compared to C (p<0.01). CH4 production (mL/g DM) at 48 h was lower in all treatment groups compared to C, with T3 showing a 31% reduction (p<0.01). Similarly, CH4 production (mL/g dry matter degradability, DMD) at 48 h was 39% lower for T3 compared to C (p<0.01). At 24 h, total VFA was significantly highest in T1 and T4 (p<0.05). The proportions of acetate was significantly highest in C and T3 was the lowest at 48 h (p<0.01). The proportions of propionate was significantly highest in T3 and C was the lowest at 48 h (p<0.01). The acetate to propionate ratio was singnificantly highest in C at 48 h (p<0.01). The proportions of butyrate at 24 h was lower for T3 compared to C (p<0.05). Therefore, this study confirms that Codium fragile can reduce CH4 production when used as a feed additive for ruminants and this effect is not significantly influenced by the washing pre-treatment. However, if washing process is necessary, washing at 22°C is the most appropriate method to remove foreign objects.

The purpose of this study is to identify bias-adjusted efficiency estimates and the determinants of efficiency in the Marine-Bio industry. Efficiency was estimated using the Bootstrap-DEA model, and efficiency determinants were analyzed by utilizing the dependent variables such as company age, number of employees, location within Marine-Bio clusters, R&D performance, and debt ratio. The efficiency analysis revealed that most of the DMUs belonged to the inefficient group with efficiency values below 0.7. The primary cause of inefficiency was identified as pure technical efficiency, which reflects the effectiveness of input combinations. In the analysis of efficiency determinants, it was found that the number of employees and the debt ratio had a positive (+) effect on efficiency. Conversely, engaging in R&D activities was found to have a negative (-) effect on efficiency.