Environmental changes play a significant role in the introduction, dispersal, and establishment of invasive species. This study aims to predict the habitat suitability of the newly invasive pest P. absoluta in South Korea by thoroughly considering key environmental factors, including climate and land cover changes. First, the MaxEnt model was developed to simulate changes in habitat suitability using global occurrence data and future climate change scenarios. Subsequently, potential risk areas (PRAs) for P. absoluta within agricultural regions were analyzed based on land cover changes. The results indicated that under all Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenario combinations, the PRA for SSP1 and SSP3 in 2055 were similar, with values of 47.85% and 48.62%, respectively. However, by 2085, these areas showed a marked decrease to 39.28% and 28.52%, respectively. These findings suggest that the PRA for P. absoluta is expected to be most critical in the near future as climate and land-use changes continue to progress. This study emphasizes the urgent need for ongoing monitoring and management to prevent further invasion and spread of P. absoluta into new regions of South Korea. Additionally, it provides scientific evidence to support the development of effective control and management strategies. By thoroughly evaluating the impact of climate and land cover changes on invasive species management, this research presents a foundational framework for predicting the spread and risks of P. absoluta under future climate scenarios.

식품의 가공 및 조리에 정제 가공유지를 사용하면 2- monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters (2-MCPDEs), 3-monochloropropane- 1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDEs)와 glycidyl esters (GEs)가 다양한 유형의 식품에 포함될 수 있다. EU뿐만 아니라 최근 대만에서는 식용 혹은 식품가공원료로 공급 하는 시중 판매 식용유지에 대해 GEs 1 mg/kg 이하, 홍콩 에서는 3-MCPDEs에 대해 영유아 분유 50 μg/kg 이하, 영 유아 액상 분유 6 μg/kg 이하로 기준·규격을 관리하고 있 다. 최근 다양한 한국 식품의 수출이 확대되고 있어 많은 식품에 사용되는 식용유지류의 국외 기준·규격에 대한 검증이 필요하다. 본 연구는 시중에서 판매되고 있는 식용유 지류 샘플을, AOAC Cd 29a-13 방법 및 EFSA 방법을 참 고하여 GC/MS를 사용하여 시험법을 검증하고, 지방산 유 래 유해물질(2-MCPDEs, 3-MCPDEs 및 GEs)을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 시험법의 결정계수(r²) 평균은 0.9999, 검출한계 (limit of detection, LOD)와 정량한계(limit of quantification, LOQ)는 각각 9.6-20.4 μg/kg와 29.0-62.0 μg/kg이었다. Intraday 및 inter-day 정확도는 2-MCPDE 93.07%±9.58%- 107.92% ±5.19%, 3-MCPDE 92.14%±11.05%-108.60%±2.86% 및 GEs 87.68%±9.32%-105.66%±8.50%이었고, 정밀도는 각각 5.91- 11.72%RSD, 2.63-11.99%RSD 및 7.50-12.96%RSD로 AOAC 가이드라인에 적합함을 확인하였다. 또한 Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme (FAPAS) 국제 숙련도 시험 에 참가하여 적합한 z-score를 얻었으며, Quality Control (QC) material의 회수율은 89.16-108.14%로, 외부 및 내부 검증을 통해 분석 결과의 신뢰성을 확보하였다. 확립된 시험법을 토대로 시판 중인 식용유지류(n=272)를 분석한 결과, 2- MCPDEs는 N.D.-1,753 μg/kg, 3-MCPDEs는 N.D.- 2,492 μg/kg, 그리고 GEs는 N.D.-985 μg/kg이었으며, 이는 EU 기준·규격에 적합한 수준이었다. 샘플의 특성에 따라 liquid oil과 semi-solid oil로 구분하였으며, 지방산 유래 유 해물질 검출 결과가 EU 기준·규격에 근접(90-100%)한 샘 플은 각각 3-MCPDEs는 3개, 13개이고, GEs는 1개, 6개 로, liquid oil보다 semi-solid oil에서 근접하는 샘플이 더 많았다. 따라서 본 연구는 국내 유통 중인 식용유지류의 지방산 유래 유해물질을 모니터링함으로써 식용유지류의 안전 확보를 위한 기초자료로 활용되고, 수출품목 유지 및 기업체 저감화 연구에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구에서는 2023년 전라남도 내 유통 수산물 중 동 물용의약품 모니터링을 하였다. 수산물 124건에 대하여 동 물용의약품 136종을 식품공전 수산물 중 동물용의약품 동 시 다성분 시험법으로 모니터링 하였다. 검사결과 잔류허 용기준 이하로 검출된 시료는 16건(13%), 검출되지 않은 시료는 108건(87%)으로 나타났다. 동물용의약품이 검출된 수산물은 광어, 조피볼락, 도미, 미꾸라지 4종으로, 검출된 잔류동물용의약품은 엔로플록사신, 옥시테르라사이클린, 트리메토프림, 아목시실린이 각각 검출되었다. 동물용의약 품 잔류허용기준이 초과한 수산물은 없었으나 동물용의약품이 잔류한 수산물이 꾸준히 검출되고 있어 안전한 수산 물 유통을 위해서는 모니터링을 강화하여야 할 것으로 생 각된다.

In the middle to late 19th century, the traditional tributary system centered around China began to show signs of instability due to external pressures, and the suzerain vassal relationship between China and Korea also entered a crucial transitional period. Prior to 1879, the Zongli Yamen always consistently maintained in its correspondence with foreign countries that the suzerain-vassal relations between Modern China and Korea was “vassal but autonomous” relationship. However, this concept of “vassal autonomous” began to change after Japan annexed Ryukyu in 1879. Officials of the late Qing Dynasty represented by He Ruzhang, engaged in multiple discussions about the East Asian situation and the suzerain-vassal relationship between Qing and Korea, and gave birth to the argument that “vassal≠autonomy”, and their positioning of the Korea began to take on the color of Elements International Law. Subsequently, the Qing government’s policy towards Korea gradually shifted from the traditional suzerain-vassal relationship to the modern treaty system, and public law in the “vassal state” is increasingly strong.

본 연구에서는 국내 유통 유제품 중 안식향산, 소브산, 프로피온산 함량을 HPLC와 GC로 분석하였다. 분석 결과 유제품 25건 중 안식향산은 7건, 소브산은 2건, 프로피온 산은 1건에서 검출되었으며, 검출률은 각각 28%, 8%, 4% 였다. 안식향산, 소브산, 프로피온산은 각각 최고 농도 14.19, 416.91, 244.03 mg/kg까지 검출되었다. 소르빈산 칼 륨이 표기가 된 시료는 총 3건으로 그 중 2건에서 소브산 이 검출되었으나 국내 유제품 중 소브산 사용 기준에 모 두 적합한 수치였고 프로피온산이 첨가되었다고 표기된 시료는 없었다. 안식향산과 프로피온산이 검출된 시료의 경 우 천연에서 유래할 수 있는 메커니즘이 알려져 있고 미생 물 최소 저해 농도 이하의 수치로 검출되어 보존 효과를 나타낼 수 없기 때문에 의도적으로 첨가되지는 않았을 것 으로 사료된다. 본 연구는 향후 유제품 중 보존료 사용에 대한 소비자의 불안감 해소와 보존료의 안전성 관리 및 천연유래를 판단하기 위한 중요한 기초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Ecological characteristics of the brown alga Ishige okamurae Yendo in its natural habitat at Janggam, Shinan on the southwestern coast of Korea were investigated from March 2023 to February 2024. The population of I. okamurae formed extensive patches along the shoreline. Environmental factors such as seawater temperature, pH, salinity, and dissolved oxygen were monitored during this study. Growth and maturation of the I. okamurae population were assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This alga showed a peak growth in October when the seawater temperature was 19.9°C. It had a mean length of 7.6±1.4 cm, a mean density of 4,466.6±288.9 ind. m-2, and a mean biomass of 663.9±85.3 fresh-wt. m-2. The effective cumulative temperature required for the alga’s maturation was estimated based on growth data with a biological zero temperature of 9.2°C. Sporangia were observed from June to November when seawater temperatures ranged from 20.5°C to 14.0°C. Unilocular sporangia first appeared in June, followed by simultaneous appearance of unilocular sporangia and plurilocular sporangia from July to September. From October to November, only unilocular sporangia were observed. Thallus development began at temperatures above 9.2°C. Maturation required approximately 577 degree-days for unilocular sporangia and 801 degree-days for plurilocular sporangia.

In this study, 41 individuals in 7 locations within CP, MG, UC, and DN map sheets were observed. The MG map sheet had the highest number (n=13) of individuals, while the CP-3 site on the CP map sheet had the lowest number (n=1) of individuals. Land use analysis indicated that the MG site with the highest number of individuals had a high percentage (70.56%) of forest land areas with a small percentage (12.63%) of farmland areas. The CP-3 site with the lowest number of individuals had a small percentage (26.47%) of farmland areas. It also had the highest percentage (32.13%) of residential and commercial areas, covering 19,616 m2. Measurement results of the physical habitat environment for B. karubei indicated a mean substrate of -2.1 (Φm), an average water depth of 63.0 cm, and a flow velocity of 0.2 m s-1. The association rule analysis for co-occurring species revealed that Semisulcospira coreana, Ecdyonurus kibunensis, and Goera japonica had the highest associations among lotic species, while Limnodrilus gotoi and Calopteryx japonica demonstrated the highest association among lentic species.

This study was conducted to establish a range of sodium reduction acceptable to consumers through collaboration between food and nutrition experts and franchise restaurants to reduce sodium in franchise restaurants. This study was conducted sequentially in 2018 using focus group interview and in-depth interview with experts, development of low-sodium pizza. Sodium content of low-sodium pizza was then analyzed along with preference evaluation of low-sodium pizza. Results of expert interviews showed that gradual sodium reduction was desirable. Sodium-reduced pizzas were manufactured using sauces and toppings that gradually reduced refined salt and soy sauce. Results of physicochemical analysis showed that sodium contents of pizzas were reduced by 5.3%, 7.9%, and 12.7% in the experimental groups P1, P2, and P3, respectively, compared to the control group (487.43 mg/100g). As a result of evaluating the intensity of pizza taste, saltiness and greasiness were lower in sodium-reduced pizza group, while sweetness and spiciness were higher. The preference and willingness to recommend sodium-reduced pizza were the highest for pizza with a 12.7% reduction. A 7-12% reduction in sodium in currently commercially available pizzas had no effect on taste preference. It is viewed positively by consumers. Thus, such reduction can be applied at a realistic level in franchise restaurants.

This study was conducted to analyze New Zealand’s beekeeping industry and Manuka honey grading system to suggest characteristics and development plans for Korea’s honey grading system. Manuka honey in New Zealand is harvested from the Manuka tree (Leptospermum scoparium). It is known for its various bioactive properties, including antimicrobial activity and antioxidants. Since 2017, the New Zealand government has been implementing national certification and grading for all exported Manuka honey. For this purpose, compositions of Manuka honey across New Zealand have been investigated and four chemical indicators and one biological indicator have been established. Currently, Korea has been fully implementing a honey grading system since September 2023, which divides honey (acacia honey, chestnut honey, and miscellaneous honey) into 1+ grade, 1 grade, and 2 grade according to Enforcement Rules of the Livestock Act. The following seven indicators are used: carbon isotope consumption, moisture content, sugar ratio, hydroxytmethylfurfural, flavor, chromaticity, and defects, similar to Codex standards or European standards. However, details are modified to suit Korean conditions. To make the Korean honey grading system more stable, it is necessary to develop and introduce different indicators for honey functionality and honey grading system maturity. In addition, it is necessary to expand the participation of farmers in the honey grading system, secure consumer trust in the honey grading system, and continue to promote it.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the carbon storage capacity of broad-leaf forests in Republic of Korea through the analysis of studies related to carbon storage and carbon uptake, and to analyse the relationship between climatic factors affecting carbon storage capacity. We analysed the results of each previous study by summarising the research results of 55 previous studies collected through search, and organised the study area information and climate factors (elevation, average annual temperature, annual precipitation, etc.). And the carbon storage and net primary production of the above and below-ground and the whole plant were evaluated and the correlation with the climatic factors was statistically analysed. The analysis showed that the carbon storage of broad-leaved forests was positively correlated with altitude and negatively correlated with precipitation. These results mean that carbon accumulation in plants is more effective at higher altitudes with lower temperatures, and that broad-leaf forests are able to adapt and perform carbon storage functions in areas with low precipitation. Carbon uptake was negatively correlated with altitude and positively correlated with temperature. This means that the carbon absorption capacity of broad-leaved forests is greatly affected by temperature, and that the carbon absorption potential is greater in lowlands. Therefore, policies should be actively established to increase and preserve the carbon storage capacity of forests by considering the characteristics of the ecosystem functions of broadleaf forests and climate factors. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the understanding of the carbon cycle of broad-leaved forests and to the development of management measures, and to provide scientific data for carbon neutrality.

표본벌레과(Ptinidae) 빗살수염벌레아과(Anobiinae)의 미기록속(Priobium속)에 속하는 Priobium carpini (Herbst, 1793) (목재빗살수염 벌레, 신칭)을 형태적 특징과 함께 한국에서 처음으로 보고하고, 한국산 빗살수염벌레아과에 속하는 종들의 목재 유물에 있어서 피해 사례들을 정리 하여 보고한다.

This study reassessed two KBA sites in the Republic of Korea following the KBA guidelines. Both sites met the sub-criteria A1a, A1b, and D1a, confirming their status as KBA. These assessments provide a scientific foundation for discussions on designating new protected areas or expanding existing ones. Through this study, we confirmed that continuous biodiversity conservation is essential for Geum-gang river and estuary and Yubu-do to maintain their KBA status. This KBA reassessment provides an important scientific foundation for discussions on the designation of new protected areas or the expansion of existing ones. Furthermore, this study was based on a previously evaluated taxonomic group, birds, highlighting the need for future assessments to include other biological taxa and evaluation criteria, such as Criteria B or E, for a more comprehensive analysis.

Tricholoma matsutake, one of the most famous edible mushroom in Asia, has been cultivated in red pine forest. Because of its difficulty in artificial cultivation, T. matsutake cultivation has relied on foraging in the forest. Under certain environmental conditions, T. matsutake form the Shiro, the condensed mycelium, and develop into fruiting bodies. Among the certain environmental conditions, fungal communities play a major role in the mushroom development. Therefore, fungal community investigations for Bonghwa and Yangyang have been conducted on soil with fairy rings in the past, soil with existing fairy rings, and soil with presumptive fairy rings developing in the future. From the six soil samples, total 163 genera of fungi were detected and species diversity and species abundance of each sample were also analyzed. In result, the species diversity and species abundance of the fairy rings in Yangyang were lower than those in Bonghwa. In comparison with the fairy rings in Yangyang and Bonghwa, the dominance of the genus Tricholoma was higher and that of the genus Motilella was lower in Yangyang. Through the continuous study, establishment of optimal environmental conditions to promote the T. matsutake cultivation is highly expected.

Fish require movement for feeding, spawning, growth, and evading predators, making swimming ability a critical factor in their survival. Swimming speed in fish are generally classified into sustained, prolonged, and burst speed. This study assessed the swimming capabilities of native benthic freshwater fish and provided data to inform the design and construction of fishways. Three fish species were examined: Pseudobagrus fulvidraco (family Bagridae), Tridentiger brevispinis and Rhinogobius brunneus (family Gobiidae). Measurements of total length, standard length, body weight, and body height were collected for each species, and swimming ability was evaluated using a swimming tunnel apparatus. Swimming ability was determined by measuring burst speed to calculate the critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and the relative swimming speed (TL s-1). The mean critical swimming speeds were 0.73±0.15 m s-1 for P. fulvidraco, 0.75±0.1 m s-1 for T. brevispinis, and 1.34±0.12 m s-1 for R. brunneus. Additionally, a significant correlation was found between swimming ability and total length, indicating that swimming capabilities may vary based on body type and behavior. These findings contribute essential insights into the swimming abilities of native freshwater fish, offering valuable data for improving fishway design. Further research is suggested to evaluate the swimming capabilities of a broader range of freshwater fish species to enhance fishway efficiency.

This study explores the introduction and applicability of the Species Protection Index (SPI) as a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation. Specifically, the SPI was recalculated for amphibians in Korea and compared with the internationally provided SPI results. The pilot evaluation of SPI for amphibians showed an increase from 41.52, based on international data, to 44.25, indicating that SPI calculations using domestic data can reflect conservation status more accurately than international SPI results. The findings suggest that SPI can serve as an important scientific basis for formulating national biodiversity conservation policies and managing protected areas, contributing to the development of more effective conservation strategies.

The genus Xylaria, a large and diverse group within Ascomycota, plays an important role in forest ecology as decomposers. Several new Xylaria species have been recently identified. In this study, the morphological and molecular characteristics of Xylaria species found in Korea were analyzed based on the latest classification systems. Notably, species with characteristics similar to Xylaria cubensis and X. rogersii, which were not previously reported in Korea, were identified. X. cubensis grows on rotten wood and is characterized by brownish clavate stromata with rounded apices and small, dark ascospores. X. rogersii, found in Magnolia spp., has long stromata with a dark-brown, fine-striped outermost layer and subhyaline to yellowish single-celled ascospores. Genetic analysis using a combined dataset of internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin, and RPB2 sequences revealed that these species form a distinct group separate from other known species. Further investigations included detailed macro- and micromorphological studies, as well as molecular analyses to establish their taxonomic positions more precisely.

Tricholoma matsutake is a commercially valuable fungus that produces gourmet mushrooms. The artificial cultivation method that is currently used to produce fruiting bodies involves the transplantation of pine trees infected with T. matsutake from their natural habitats and the successful infection of young pine trees and mushroom production have been reported in Hongcheon. In this study, T. matsutake genetic diversity and relationships in this region were investigated. A genotype analysis was conducted on 25 fruiting bodies collected from an area approximately 2.56 km2 in size using 10 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The analysis revealed 25 genotypes and 23 alleles with mean observed (HO) and expected (HE) heterozygosities of 0.312 and 0.293, respectively. The average polymorphism information content (PIC), which indicates marker polymorphism, was 0.257. A phylogenetic analysis showed no clear correlation between collection location and genetic distance; a spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated no significant genetic structure within 1600 m; and the Mantel test showed no significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances. These results were consistent with previous reports on Japanese populations. This study provides insights into the genetic diversity and structure of T. matsutake at a local scale and highlights the need for further studies across broader geographical ranges.

The Institute for Planning and Evaluation of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (IPET) is a quasi-governmental agency established under the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs that efficiently supports the planning, management, and evaluation of research and development projects to foster food science and technology for agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. The results of this study were used to prepare basic data and identify research trends to help understand Korea's mushroom industry by analyzing the related research published in the final report of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry from 1995 to 2020. The annual research trends are as follows: 1 in 1995, 7 in 1998, 6 in 2000, 9 in 2003, 9 in 2006, 10 in 2008, 5 in 2012, 3 in 2015, 8 in 2018, and 4 in 2020. They increased rapidly from the second half of 1990 to the second half of 2010 but decreased thereafter. The research fields were as follows: quality and postharvest management (45 articles, 32.3%), cultivation and production (41 articles, 29.5%), facilities (19 articles, 13.7%), genetic breeding (14 articles, 10.1%), biotechnology (14 articles, 10.1%), and others (6 articles, 4.3%).

한국의 전근대 시기 전통 천문 지식의 면모를 파악하기 위한 연구의 일환 으로 천문 이변 현상에 대한 인식과 해석을 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 천동상 위고(天東象緯考)』를 대상으로 우주(하늘)와 해, 그리고 달에 나타난 이상 징 후에 대한 인식은 어떠했으며 이에 대한 해석은 어떠했는지를 알아보았다. 천동상위고에서는 천문 이변을 그 대상과 점사에 따라 유형화하고 유형에 따라 다시 현상을 세분하여 각각의 해석을 붙였다는 점에서 천문 지식으로서 의미가 크다. 천동상위고에 나타난 우주, 해, 달과 관련된 천문 이변의 유형 표에 따르면, 천변과 일변, 월변의 유형으로 나뉘어지며 그 하위 부류는 전체 120여 종에 달한다. 또한, 천문 이변에 따른 점사는 국가 멸망이나 왕의 사망에서부터 병란이 나 역모, 각종 재난과 재해 등 다양하다. 이러한 점사는 하나의 천문 이변에 2 개 이상의 점사가 서술되기도 하고 동일한 점사가 2개 이상의 천문 이변에 적용되기도 한다. 대체로 나라의 변고나 재난을 예고하는 내용이지만 경사스 러운 일을 예고하는 내용도 있다. 천동상위고에 나타난 구체적인 천문 이변 사례에서는 이변이 한 가지만 나 타나지 않고 두 가지 이상의 현상이 같이 나타나면서 점사 역시 더욱 복잡하게 제시되기도 한다. 이처럼 전근대 시기에는 우주(하늘)와 해, 그리고 달을 중심으 로 일어나는 이변 현상을 세세하게 구별하였고 이에 대한 점사 역시 그 이변 현 상에 따라 각기 다르게 부여했다. 이러한 연구를 통해 전근대 시기 천문 현상에 대한 지식, 즉 천문 이변에 대한 인식과 해석의 일단을 볼 수 있었다.

본 연구는 병역의무를 이행해야 하는 Z세대인 대학생이 인식하는 현행 한국의 병역제도와 여성 징병제를 분석한다. 이를 위해서 2022년부터 2024년까지 4개 학기에 걸쳐 전쟁 관련 교양과목을 수강한 학생 중 190명을 연구대상자로 선정하 여 병역제도와 여성 징병제에 대해서 설문 조사하는 방법으로 실시하였다. 분석 의 방법으로 SPSS 26.0의 통계 프로그램을 활용하여 기술통계 하였다. 분석 결 과 한국의 병역제도는 모병제 전환이 필요하고 효율적이라고 답변하였다. 또한 남녀가 비슷한 수준으로 여성의 병역의무 이행을 위한 징병제 시행에 찬성하였다. 이러한 분석을 통해서 여성에게 적합한 병역의무 이행의 방법에 대해서도 제언하 였다. 본 연구를 통해서 병역의무 대상자의 인식을 조사함으로써 한국 병역제도 발전 방향에 중요한 자료를 제공하고 병역의 당위성을 확보하여 국방정책의 수립 과 모병제 전환을 위한 논의의 시발점이 되리라 기대한다.