Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus spp. are recognized as a major concern in animal and human health. In pigs, ingestion of aflatoxin-contaminated feeds causes immunosuppression, hepatotoxicosis and poor feed efficiency. In this study, we screened the contaminated level of aflatoxins in 449 pig feeds from 12 swine farms in Korea. For rapid and efficient screening of aflatoxins in pig feeds we evaluated the feasibility of three commercial ELISA kits for the screening of aflatoxins in pig feeds. Twenty-nine pig feed samples were examined for total aflatoxins using three ELISA kits, simultaneously. From three repetitions of each assay, the average intra-assay precisions and the average inter-assay precisions expressed as coefficient of variation (CV, %) for VeratoxⓇ Quantitative Aflatoxin test were 6.90 and 12.29, respectively. A statistical comparison of the results between HPLC and ELISAs showed that the correlation coefficient values for VeratoxⓇ was 0.96. The results demonstrated that we can apply the VeratoxⓇ Quantitative Aflatoxin test for the detection of aflatoxins in pig feed from the field. The screening of field samples with this ELISA kit showed that 11 out of 265 pig feeds for growers and weaners were contaminated with total aflatoxin levels exceeding 10 ppb, maximum tolerable limits for their compound feeds and the aflatoxins levels of remaining 184 pig feeds for other age groups of pigs were confirmed as below 20 ppb. The results from the screening indicated overall low levels of aflatoxins contamination in pig feeds.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) has been recognized as a significant food-borne pathogen around the world. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from raw fishes. A total of 64 samples of raw fishes purchased from a traditional seafood market in Seoul, Korea. were examined for the presence of V. parahaemolyticus using intestines, gills, and fins. Twenty five grams of all samples were enriched in 225ml of alkaline peptone water at 37℃ for 24h and then streaked onto thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agar. Suspected colonies were inoculated into triple sugar iron agar for biochemical screening test and were finally confirmed with API 20NE strip. Antimicrobial resistance tests were performed with disc diffusion method in accordance with National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard. Thirty three V. parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from raw fishes among 33 out of 64 (51.6%). Among 33 isolates, 16 isolates (48.5%) were resistant to ampicillin, 7 isolates (21.2%) were resistant to amikacin, and all isolates were not resist to other antibiotics such as amoxicillin & clavulanic acid, sulfamethoxazole & trimethopenem, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime and cefepime. Although the prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus was high in raw fishes compared to other studies, antimicrobial resistance rate of the isolates was relatively low. These results could be useful information for risk assessment of V. parahaemolyticus in raw fishes.

To determine the prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in meats, a total of 4,161 samples (1,953 domestic and 2,208 imported) were collected from 304 slaughterhouses nationwide and registered cold storages for imported meats in Korea during 2005～2009. The isolation rates of C. jejuni and C. coli in domestic beef, pork, chicken and duck meats were 0.1% (1/630), 0% (0/630), and 0.1% (1/644), 0% (0/644) and 20.5% (125/609), 10.2% (62/609) and 25.7% (18/70), 20.0% (14/70), respectively. In the case of imported meats, C. jejuni were isolated from 0.1% (1/943) and 15.2% (83/546) of pork and chicken meats, respectively, and C. coli were detected only from 4.8% (26/546) of chicken meats. Neither C. jejuni nor C. coli were detected from imported beef, and C. coli were also not detected from imported pork. In conclusion, chicken meats had much higher rate of contamination with Campylobacter compared to beef and pork. Therefore, HACCP system that is now mandatory for slaughterhouses should be actively practiced for safe and sanitary processing, handling, and marketing of chicken meats. In addition, all critical control points should be determined by processing procedures at processing plants as well as farms and slaughterhouses, and monitoring should be carried out at regular intervals.

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Silicon quantum dots (Si QDs) in a superlattice for high efficiency tandem solar cells were fabricated by magnetron rf sputtering and their characteristics were investigated. SiC/Si1-xCx superlattices were deposited by co-sputtering of Si and C targets and annealed at 1000˚C for 20 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere. The Si QDs in Si-rich layers were verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction. The size of the QDs was observed to be 3-6 nm through high resolution TEM. Some crystal Si and -SiC peaks were clearly observed in the grazing incident X-ray diffractogram. Raman spectroscopy in the annealed sample showed a sharp peak at 516 cm-1 which is an indication of Si QDs. Based on the Raman shift the size of the QD was estimated to be 4-6 nm. The volume fraction of Si crystals was calculated to be about 33%. The change of the FT-IR absorption spectrum from a Gaussian shape to a Lorentzian shape also confirmed the phase transition from an amorphous phase before annealing to a crystalline phase after annealing. The optical absorption coefficient also decreased, but the optical band gap increased from 1.5 eV to 2.1 eV after annealing. Therefore, it is expected that the optical energy gap of the QDs can be controlled with growth and annealing conditions.

A study was conducted to determine the effects of the cattle manure (CM) application on the botanical composition and micro-mineral contents (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) of grazing pasture at the experimental field of Livestock Division, Subtropical Animal Experiment Station, National Institute of Animal Science from year 2003 to 2005. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatment consisted of T1: 100% chemical fertilizer (CF 100%), T2: 50% CF +50% CM, T3: 25% CF +75% CM, T4: 100% cattle manure (CM 100%), T5: 100% CM (1st yr.)+ 100% CF (2nd yr.) + 100% CM (3rd yr.), T6: 100% CM (1st yr.)+ 100% CF (2nd yr.)+ 100% CF (3rd yr.). The botanical composition of grassland for grass, legumes, and weeds showed that the rate of legumes was increased in all treatments. The weeds rate in T4 was the highest in comparison to the other treatments. For micro-mineral contents T5 showed the highest average Fe contents of 262.08 ppm and T1 showed the lowest (199.20 ppm). Mn contents was the highest in T1 among the other treatments. Zn contents was the highest in T3 as compared with other treatments. Cu contents was the highest in T6 as compared with other treatments. The results of this experiments indicated that micro-mineral contents of change was effect of legumes increased than treatment

단감 수출에서 종종 문제를 일으키며 주요 해충으로 등장한 식나무깍지벌레 의 방제법을 구명하기 위하여 발육조사를 2009년에 수행하였다. 과원에서 발 육조사를 위하여 2009년 4월 초순부터 11월까지 매주 간격으로 진주시 문산에 서 수행하였다. 발육조사는 식나무깍지벌레가 발생하는 현장에서 감나무의 가 지, 잎, 과실 등을 채취하여 실내에서 실체현미경으로 조사하였다. 식나무깍지 벌레에 대한 방제약제 시험은 사천시 용현에서 2009년 6월 9일부터 일주일 간 격으로 2회 방제후 7월 21일 방제결과를 조사하였다. 월동성충의 산란은 4월 8 일부터 14일 사이에 시작하여 산란 최성기는 5월 8일에 도달하는 것으로 나타 났다. 이때부터 약충이 부화하여 가지나 잎으로 이동하는 것으로 나타났고 5월 14일에 월동세대로부터 부화약충의 발생이 최성기에 도달하는 것으로 나타났 다. 깍지벌레의 특성을 감안하여 방제기간은 이시기를 기준으로 비교적 잔효 력이 우수한 약제를 선정하여 방제하면 방제효과가 높을 것으로 생각되었다. 1 세대 성충에 의한 산란최성기와 가지에서 약충이동 최성기는 7월 27일로 여름 철 고온임을 감안하면 거의 동시적으로 이루어지는 것으로 나타났다. 잎에서 수컷의 우화는 9월 3일 전후로 발생하여 9월 29일경까지 거의 모두 우화하는 것으로 나타났다. 방제시험 결과 뷰프로페진 ․ 디노테퓨란 수화제가 방제가 90% 이상이었다. 당해연도에 발육조사와 방제시험을 동시에 수행한 결과 여 타약제 등에서 약효가 다소 낮았던 것을 고려하면 적기방제로 방제가를 제고 할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

단감 수출재배단지에서 발생하는 깍지벌레류의 주요 우점종과 이들의 단감 수체 내에서와 과수원내에서 분포를 조사하여 방제에 활용코자 조사를 수행하 였다. 단감 재배단지는 순천시 외곽의 농가, 진주시 문산면, 창원시 동읍에서 단감재배 10농가 선정하여, 농가 당 10주 정도를 깍지벌레가 주로 활동하는 5 월부터 10월까지 매월 간격으로 조사하였다. 감나무 수체에서 발생하는 깍지 벌레류는 과실, 잎, 가지, 주간에서 조사하였다. 과원 내에서 발생하는 깍지벌 레류는 과원 중심에서 외곽으로 3방향을 나누고 다시 각각의 방향 별로 5등분 한 지점을 중심으로 9월에 조사하였다. 주로 발생하는 깍지벌레 종은 식나무깍 지벌레로 향후 주요해충으로 방제할 필요가 있었다. 그 외 깍지벌레류로 감나 무주머니깍지벌레, 거북밀깍지벌레, 뿔밀깍지벌레가 조사되었고 검역해충인 온실가루깍지벌레는 관찰되지 않았다. 단감 수체 내에서 식나무깍지벌레는 잎, 과실, 4년생 이하의 가지(세지)에서 주로 발생하였고 주간에서는 발생하지 않았다. 종전까지 주요해충으로 인식되던 감나무주머니깍지벌레는 잎, 과실, 가지, 주간 등에서 모두 발생하나 주로 주간에서 발생하였다. 과원 내 발생은 외관상 관찰되는 과수원 외곽과 달리 비교적 골고루 분산하여 발생하는 것으 로 나타났다.

경남지역 진주, 하동, 고성 자운영 재배지에서 알팔파바구미의 발생을 포충 망조사, 육안조사, 식물체 수거 후 밀도조사를 통해 년중 발생생태를 조사하였 다. 자운영 포장에서 효과적인 알팔파바구미의 초기 유충의 조사방법으로 초 기 발생하는 유충은 포충망 조사로 확인이 어려우므로 10×10cm 넓이 면적의 식물체를 자른 후 용기에 담아 흔들어서 떨어진 유충 및 식물체에 남은 유충을 조사하는 것이 효과적이었다. 초기에 발생하는 유충은 식물체의 아래부분에 발생하고 크기가 작아서 포충망 조사로는 4월중순까지 발생확인이 안되었으 나 식물체 수거후 용기에 흔들어서 조사하는 방법으로는 3월중순부터 확인이 되었다. 산란을 위해 자운영답으로 이동한 성충을 조사하는데는 Pitfall trap을 이용 하는 것이 좋은 결과를 얻었다. 육안조사와 포충망 조사로는 확인할 수 없었으 나 Pitfall trap에서는 1월부터 발생을 확인할 수 있었다. 알파파바구미의 발생생태는 이동성충이 전년도 10월 하순경 자운영답으로 이동하여 산란을 시작하였고 유충은 3월상중순, 번데기는 4월하순, 1세대 성충 은 5월중순부터 발생하며 벼의 정식이 시작되면 주변 새로운 기주로 옮겨가서 서식하다가 다시 10월하순경 자운영이 올라오면 이동하여 산란을 개시하였다

This paper investigates the dependence of a-Si:H/c-Si passivation and heterojunction solar cell performances on various cleaning processes of silicon wafers. It is observed that the passivation quality of a-Si:H thin-films on c-Si wafers depends highly on the initial H-termination properties of the wafer surface. The effective minority carrier lifetime (MCLT) of highly H-terminated wafer is beneficial for obtaining high quality passivation of a-Si:H/c-Si. The wafers passivated by p(n)-doped a-Si:H layers have low MCLT regardless of the initial H-termination quality. On the other hand, the MCLT of wafers incorporating intrinsic (i) a-Si:H as a passivation layer shows sensitive variation with initial cleaning and H-termination schemes. By applying the improved cleaning processes, we can obtain an MCLT of 100μsec after H-termination and above 600μsec after i a-Si:H thin film deposition. By adapting improved cleaning processes and by improving passivation and doped layers, we can fabricate a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunction solar cells with an active area conversion efficiency of 18.42%, which cells have an open circuit voltage of 0.670V, short circuit current of 37.31 mA/cm2 and fill factor of 0.7374. These cells show more than 20% pseudo efficiency measured by Suns-Voc with an elimination of series resistance.

본 연구에서는 장애인기업이 공공조달시장 진입을 통해 성장할 수 있는 기반 마련하고 장애인기업의 판로지원을 위해 공공기관의 장애인기업 생산물품 구매 활성화 방안 모색하여 공공기관의 장애인기업 생산품 구매촉진 방안 및 정책 제언을 제시하는 것을 그 목표로 하고 있다.

기업의 소유와 경영에 관한 논의는 기업의 사회적 역할과 윤리의식이 결부되면서, 기업과 사회 환경이 소유와 경영에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대한 관계를 모색하고자 하는 논의가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 이러한 논의가 진행되는 이유는 기업의 사회적 책임이 강조되면서 기업의 경영체제가 장기적으로는 기업의 경영성과를 결정하는 중요한 이슈 중의 하나로 인식되고 있기 때문이다. 기업경영에는 여러 가지의 유형이 있지만, 그 중 하나가 가족경영(family busine

본 연구는 직무자율성이 자기효능감과 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향과 자기효능감의 매개작용을 연구했다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 직접판매회사에 종사하는 판매원 183명의 응답을 표본으로 SPSS 12.0와 AMOS 5.0을 이용하여 검증되었다. 연구결과, 직무자율성은 자기효능감과 조직시민행동에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤으며, 자기효능감은 직무자율성과 조직시민행동 간에 부분매개작용을 하였다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 시사점과 연구의 한계점 및 향후 연구방향을 제시하였다

This study was conducted to investigate the fruit damage according to the number of released stink bugs and date of adult introduced on non-astringent persimmon. The fruit damage differed significantly by the number, date, and the source of feed for Riptortus clavatus. Damages on the fruits appeared when five bugs were released to mother branches bearing fruits. Damages to the fruits was heavy in the case that bugs were introduced in September and October, compared with in June, July and August. Persimmon fruit damage was influenced significantly by the available sources to R. clavatus, persimmon fruit alone or additional supply of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and water. Characteristic damage symptoms by R. clavatus showed only scars on the fruit skin, without fruit dropping. Halyomorpha halys (=mista) showed significantly higher fruit damage when they were released in July, August, and September compared with other periods. Number of H. halys to the fruit also showed significant differences in fruit damages. Five H. halys in July showed 100% damaged fruits. The fruit damage by Plautia stali was not significantly different according to dates of introduction but the number of insects gave significant differences in the fruit damage ratio at the level of 1, 3, 5 bugs introduced to the mother branche bearing friuts. The damage symptoms by P. stali was fruit dropping in July and August but from September damaged fruits were found in the branches.

In this study, toluene catalytic oxidation was investigated using various metal components (Cu, Ce, Ni, La and Zr) supported on Used FCC zeolite for the application of the waste recycling and odor reduction. Among the metals, 5 wt% Cu/zeolite showed the best catalytic activity. 100 % conversion was achieved at 300℃ which was 50℃ lower than that of other metal components. As increasing the amount of doped Cu, the CuO was formed and the surface area and pore size were decreased. By the reduction treatment before toluene oxidation, the catalytic activity of the oxidation below 250℃ was improved. No decrease of conversion was observed during the continuos reaction at 300℃ for 48 h.