There is also a reverse cavity in the back of the domestic subway and railways and roads, which cause a rift in tunnel structures due to stress concentration and strain. As a result, the balsaeng of the tunnel on the back of the tunnel was interpreted as a method to determine the method of a structural structure which greatly affects the stability of the tunnel structure.

Early maturing glutinous rice lines with giant embryo were developed using anther culture. Deuraechan, mid-late maturing high-yielding japonica rice variety with resistance against rice stipe virus (RSV), bacterial blight (BB), and lodging, and Chenghyangna ge, early maturing glutinous rice germplasm with giant embryo were used the parents. F2 seeds from the cross between Deuraechan and Chenghyangna ge with glutinous endosperm and giant embryo were selected and propagated to F2 population. In F2 population, anther culture was conducted using the panicles from the early maturing plants. All doubled haploid (DH) lines showed early maturing, glutinous endosperm, and giant embryo phenotype. Through marker-assisted selections to Stvb-i and Xa3, 17 DH lines carrying both resistance genes were selected. Among 17 DH lines, six lines with more embryo size and better agronomic traits were selected and analyzed their characteristics. These lines were early maturing glutinous rice with giant embryo and showed enhanced yield, resistance against RSV and BB, and lodging, compared to previously developed giant embryo rice varieties. But they were vulnerable to preharvest sprouting which is important trait in early maturing rice. According to the texture and rapid viscosity analysis, DH lines were considered to have appropriate properties of cooked brown rice. They showed less hardness, gummniess, chewiness, and setback. Developed DH lines could be useful materials for diversification of cropping system and enhancing the brown rice consumption but the breeding efforts to improve the vulnerability against preharvest sprouting is required to apply for practical variety.

본 연구에서는 모바일 게임의 자동플레이 기능을 사용하는 사용자의 태도 분석을 통해 유희 적 감성의 변화를 확인하고자 한다. 분석을 위해 주관성 연구에 적합한 Q 방법론을 사용하였 고, 분석에 근거하여 두 가지의 태도별 유형 그룹을 분류하였다. 편의 기능 의존비율이 높은 유 형의 경우 수집과 성장을 통한 유희를 위해 자동플레이를 적극적으로 활용하고 게임 관리자와 같은 역할을 선호한다. 반대 유형은 게임 내 문제를 해결하는 과정의 경험과 이를 반복하여 얻 는 능숙한 조작감을 유희로 인식하고 자신을 게임 속 주체와 동일화하는 경향이 있다. 그리고 두 유형 모두 모바일 게임에 한하여 자동플레이(auto-play) 기능 활용에 긍정적이었다. 이는 모 바일 게임 사용자의 유희적 감성을 분석하는 사용성 평가로 이어져 게임 제작에 중요 데이터로 활용될 것으로 기대한다.

In this research, the adverse effect of various oils when the mortar including fly ash was submerged into the oils. From the experimental results, the highest length and mass changing rates were observed when the mortar was submerged into the biodiesel and in the case of relative dynamic elastic modulus, soy oil and biodiesel caused the most decreasing. Additionally, the mortar with fly ash was influenced more than ordinary Portland cement when it submerged into the oil.

In this research, the influence of using the combined aggregate including low-quality aggregate of exploded debris and sea sand on the fundamental properties of concrete was experimentally evaluated. First, when the low quality aggregate was used as a combined aggregate for concrete, the required unit water content was decreased and the compressive strength was improved rather than the low quality aggregate was used solely.

In this study, the method of estimating impact coefficient is studied by dynamic load test using the results of inspection for railway bridge that have few errors that may occur in case of running of trains because trains move on the railway bridge.

The 'Misomi' is a rice variety derived from a cross between ‘Sobi’ which has adaptability of low fertilizer cultivation and SR21110 (Ilpum/Jinbu19) by the rice breeding team at National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2013. The heading date of ‘Misomi’ is August 14 and six days later than check variety, ‘Hwaseong’. It has 83 cm of culm length and 121 spikelets per panicle. It showed weaker cold tolerance than that of ‘Hwaseong’ during exposed to cold stress. ‘Misomi’ showed resistance to blast disease, K1, K2 and K3 race of bacterial blight and stripe virus, but susceptibility to K3a race, other viruses and planthoppers. The milled rice of this variety exhibits translucent, clear non-glutinous endosperm and short grain shape. It has low protein content (6.2%) and similar amylose content (19.4%) to that of ‘Hwaseong’. ‘Misomi’ showed better palatability index of cooked rice than that of ‘Hwaseong’. Particulary, ‘Misomi’ showed excellent processing adaptability than ‘Chucheong’ and ‘Hwaseong’ on palatability index of cold and aseptic cooked rice. Its milled rice recovery rate is similar to those of ‘Hwaseong’. However, whole grain rate of milled rice is higher than that of ‘Hwaseong’. 'Misomi' has 5.68 MT/ha of milled rice productivity in ordinary cultivation, which was 12% higher than that of ‘Hwaseong’. 'Misomi' could be adaptable to the middle plain area and Midwest coast area in Korea (Grant No. 5635).

This research, sponsored by the Korean Ministry of Environment in 2014, was the first epidemiological study in Korea that investigated the health impact assessment of radon exposure. Its purpose was to construct a model that calculated the annual mean cumulative radon exposure concentrations, so that reliable conclusions could be drawn from environment-control group research. Radon causes chronic lung cancer. Therefore, the long-term measurement of radon exposure concentration, over one year, is needed in order to develop a health impact assessment for radon. Hence, based on the seasonal correction model suggested by Pinel et al.(1995), a predictive model of annual mean radon concentration was developed using the year-long seasonal measurement data from the National Institute of Environmental Research, the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, the Hanyang University Outdoor Radon Concentration Observatory, and the results from a 3-month (one season) survey, which is the official test method for radon measurement designated by the Korean Ministry of Environment. In addition, a model for evaluating the effective annual dose for radon was developed, using dosimetric methods. The model took into account the predictive model for annual mean radon concentrations and the activity characteristics of the residents

The subject of this experiment is to supply basic data to inhibit non-productive tillers which are uneconomical for mechanical harvesting and to evaluate optimum planting density and sowing date in central district. Total number of tillers and effective first and second of tillers according to different planting density was higher in 80 ㎝ ridge than 60 ㎝ ridge in proso millet. The wider between plant distance on the ridge, the more increased total number of tillers and effective first and second of tillers. The highest effective tillers (91.7 %) in the first tillers was obtained from the second sowing date (23 May) among different sowing date and next is in the order of 3 rd (13 June, 89.8%) > 1 st (2 May, 85.6%) > 4 th (4 July, 85.2%). The percentage of effective tillers in the second tillers was decreased in the order of 2 May (53.7%), 23 May (40.7%), 13 June (22.2%), 4 July (0%) as the sowing date was delayed. There was no significant difference in days to heading and days to ripening according to different planting density. Although culm length was increased as planting density was increased, whereas number of tillers, stem diameter, ear length, grains per ear and 1000 grain weight was decreased. In the growth and yield characteristics of proso millet according to different sowing date, days to heading and days to ripening, culm length, stem diameter, ear length, grains per ear and yield per 10a were decreased. After the sowing date of 13 June, the reduction of growth and yield characteristics were higher because of excess-moisture injury.

Potentilla kleiniana is a perennial herb beloning to Rosaceae family. Herein we investigated the effect of light intensity, light quality and chemical elicitor on plant growth and the accumulation of bioactive compounds in P. kleiniana. After 60 days of cultivation under different shading level [0% (200 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ), 35% (95 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ), 55% (65 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ), 75% (40 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 )] in the greenhouse, chlorophyll and carotenoid content were the highest under 35% treatment, however, plant height, leaf number and biomass were the highest under non-shading. As a result of cultivation among strong light condition as a control, florescence and three mixture light sources [red:white:blue (RWB) = 8:1:1, red:blue (RB) = 8:2, red:green:blue (RGB) = 8:1:1] as treatments in plant growth chamber (25 ± 2℃, 185 ± 3 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ), growth, biomass, chlorophyll content low difference between total phenolic compouds and flavonoid content were higher under RWB treatment. DPPH radical elimination ability was the highest under all treatments especially florescence and RGB treatment except control. As a result of treating chemical elicitor [salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA)] concentration (0, 50, 100, 200 μM) respectively, plant height, petiole diameter and biomass were higher under non-treatment, MeJA 50 μM. It was investigated that fresh weight and dry weight under MeJA 50 μM treatment were especially a little high. Total phenolic compounds and flavonoid content of SA 50 μM treatment was the highest but DPPH radical elimination ability was significantly the highest under MeJA 200 μM (88.65%) and MeJA 50 μM (87.84%) treatment. Thus, this study suggested that we determined optimal shading and light quality in the greenhouse and plant growth chamber also confirmed bioactive compound content, antioxidant ratio increase according to different chemical elicitation concentration.

게임 애플케이션에서 사용하는 데이터의 크기가 점차 커짐에 따라 물리적인 게임 서버 자원은 점차 늘어 가고 있다. 이에 따라 서버의 I/O 성능을 향상시키기 위해 게임 서버에 I/O 가상화 기술 을 도입하고자 하는 요구가 점차 증가하고 있다. 그러나, I/O 지연 시간이 수시로 변하는 게임 서버 는 I/O 응답성을 쉽게 보장하기가 힘들다. I/O 가상화 효과를 극대화하기 위해 I/O 응답성 보장은 매우 중요하며 가상 머신의 우선순위에 따라 I/O 지연 시간을 관리할 수 있는 I/O 스케줄링 기법이 반드시 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 가상화 환경에서 최대 I/O 지연 시간을 보장하는 효율적인 지연 제약 스케줄링 기법을 제안한다. 또한 제안한 기법을 이용하여 지연시간을 보장하는지 실험을 하여, 패킷의 손실량이 줄고 스케줄링의 공정성이 증가한 것을 확인하였다.

This study provides experimental results of pH restoration of acidified desulfurization seawater by the addition of the alkalinity enhanced seawater and additives (limestone and fly ash). The conservative seawater desulfurization processes use chemical solutions such as caustic soda (NaOH) or calcium hydroxide(Ca(OH)2). The method proposed in this study was aimed at reducing usage of chemicals. A control test was conducted to simulate the existing process without addition of the alkalinity-enhanced seawater and additives (limestone and fly ash). The pH of desulfurized seawater was increased by pH 5.84 through the conservative restoration process (i.e., adding raw seawater and NaOH solution followed by aeration). The 20%, 50%, and 80% of added raw seawater was replaced by the alkalinity-enhanced seawater. From the experimental result, 0.28, 0.89, and 1.05 m3/hr of 48% NaOH solution could be saved when applying the proposed method of the alkalinity enhanced seawater addition. When desulfurized seawater with pH 3.5 was mixed with raw seawater at a ratio of 1:1, the pH of seawater was increased up to pH 6. Therefore, the seawater restoration goal was set as pH 3.5. Experiments were conducted to increase pH of desulfurized seawater to pH 3.5 using additives (fly ash and limestone). Based on these results, the addition of fly ash and limestone to seawater was proved effective for pH restoration of desulfurized seawater.

Improvement of winter hardiness, lodging resistance and good quality have been recently received more attention by covered barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) breeders than ever in Korea. ‘Hyeyang’, a new covered barley cultivar with early maturing and high yield was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2010. It was derived from the cross between‘Milyang87’and‘Wolsung8120’with good quality. The initial cross was done in 1999 and the selected line, ‘Iksan432’ (YB4494-B-B-21-2), showed high yield and good quality characteristics under yield trial test from 2008 to 2010. The following is the characteristics of‘Hyeyang’that is characterized as the vernalization of Ⅰ, green leaf, compact spike and long rough awns. The heading date of‘Hyeyang’were similar to‘Olbori’. The culm length was 82 cm which was 6 cm shorter than‘Olbori’. It showed the spike length of 4.3 cm, 798 spikes / m2, 56 grains / spike and 26.7 g for 1,000 grains weight. It showed similar winter hardiness and stronger resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) compare to‘Olbori’. It showed higher diastatic power 235DP than that of check cultivar, ‘Olbori’. Average yield of ‘Hyeyang’ was 4.44 MT/ha in the regional yield trials carried out in four location at double cropping system in Korea from 2008 to 2010, which was 8 percent higher than ‘Olbori’. ‘Hyeyang’would be suitable for the area above –8℃ of daily minimum temperature in January in Korean peninsula.

Four bacterial blight resistance genes, Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21, pyramid elite japonica rice lines were developed for enhancing the resistance of rice against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Korea. Seven doubled haploid (RDL1-7) and ten F6 lines (RPL1-10) having Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 which were derived from the cross between Ilmi, high grain quality japonica rice cultivar carrying Xa1, and Iksan575, elite line carrying Xa3+xa5+Xa21, were developed using marker-assisted selection for resistance genes and phenotypic selection for bacterial blight resistance and agronomic traits. Among resistance genes combinations in F2 population, four resistance genes combination, Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21, showed the highest resistance and conferred the enhanced resistance than three genes combination, Xa3+xa5+Xa21. Four genes pyramid lines (RDL and RPL) showed broad-spectrum resistant against 16 Korean bacterial blight isolates and the yield and quality of the lines did not alter by the inoculation of K3a, the most virulent race in Korea. In addition, these lines had excellent plant type and exhibited more enhanced yield than previously developed resistant cultivars. Four bacterial blight resistance genes combination, Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21, was efficient and promising combination and developed lines with four genes could be useful materials and will be applied to the breeding programs for enhancing the resistance of japonica rice against bacterial blight.

본 연구에서는 PSC I거더교에 대한 외부강선을 이용한 보강 방법 중 V자형 보강방식의 효용성을 검증하기 위하여 공용중인 교량 을 대상으로 보강장치를 시공하여 보강효과를 분석하였다. 따라서 PSC I거더교의 보강 전과 후 각각의 경우에 대하여 정적 및 동적 재하실험 을 실시하였다. 그리고 재하실험에서 측정된 결과를 면밀히 분석하고, 구조해석을 통해 얻은 결과와도 비교분석하여 외부 프리스트레스 도입 을 통한 보강효과를 검증하였다. 본 연구에서 외부강선을 이용한 보강방법을 적용하여 보강효과를 검토한 결과, 본 연구에서의 V자형 외부강선 보강방법을 적용할 때 횡방향 하중분배계수 곡선이 완만해져 상부구조의 건전성이 증진됨을 알 수 있었으며, PSC I거더교의 휨 성능 및 전단 성능개선뿐만 아니라 동적구 조거동에도 크게 도움을 줄 수 있는 것으로 판단되고, 본 연구에서의 탄성패드를 적용할 때 동적보강효과가 극대화 된다는 것을 확인하였다.

In construction sites there are many cases that concrete is cured in a dry condition, without being moistured, after form have been removed. Consequently such curing condition causes cracks on concrete. In this study is to observe when applied ERCO(Emulsified Refined Cooking Oil) coating on concrete surfaces after removal of form, affects water evaporation and Shrinkage of high-strength mortar.

We developed the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model(PRISM)-based Dynamical downscaling Error correction(PRIDE)-Wind speed(WS) model version 3.0 to produce highresolution( 1km) grid data at a monthly time scale by using observation and Regional Climate Model(RCM) wind speed data. We consequently produced monthly wind speed grid data during the observation period(2000~2014) and the future period(2021~2100) for Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP) 2 type scenarios by using the PRIDE-WS model. The PRIDE-WS model is constructed by combining the MK(Modified Korean)-PRISM-Wind, the RCM anomaly and Cumulative Density Function(CDF) fitting, basically based on Kim et al.(2016)’s algorithm applied for daily precipitation. The upper level wind(80m altitude) was estimated by Deacon equation using surface wind speed that was produced by the PRIDE-WS model. The results show that the wind speed at the upper level generally increased during the summer season while it decreased during the spring, autumn and winter seasons.

This study was conducted to evaluate maize downy mildew resistance using spreader row technique in Cambodia. A total of forty maize lines were used in this experiment. Seven Korean varieties and seven breeding lines showed high infection rates (80~100%) and highly susceptible (HS) to downy mildew disease in both spring and fall. Also most of nested association mapping (NAM) parent lines were highly susceptible (HS). Meanwhile three inbred lines, Ki3, Ki11, and CML228, showed highly resistant (HR) or resistant (R) in spring and moderately resistant (MR) in fall. These three lines were already known as resistant inbred lines against downy mildew disease. It appears that spreader row technique was suitable for selection of maize downy mildew resistance in Cambodia. The incidence of downy mildew was influenced by weather conditions, especially relative humidity and temperature. Among several inoculation methods to screen for downy mildew resistance, this spreader row technique is effectively and easily used in the field of Southeast Asia.

‘온다미’는 국립식량과학원 상주출장소에서 중산간지 재배 에 알맞은 고품질 벼를 육성하고자 2003년 하계에 고품질인 히토메보레를 모본으로 하고 중산간지 적응성 조생 상주27호 를 부본으로 인공교배하여 F3이후 계통육종법에 의하여 육성 선발하면서 주요 농업형질 조사 및 병해충, 미질검정을 실시 하였다. 2010 ~ 2011년 생산력검정을 실시한 결과 내도복이 며 수량성이 우수한 YR24905-129-3-1-1-3 계통을 선발하여 ‘상주46호’로 계통명을 부여하였다. 2011 ~ 2013년 지역적응 성시험을 실시한 결과 대조품종에 비해 수량성이 높고 내도 복성, 내수발아성 및 도열병에 강하며 외관품위와 도정특성이 매우 우수하여 2013년 12월 농촌진흥청 직무육성 신품종선 정위원회에서 신품종으로 선정하고 ‘온다미’라 명명하였고, 남부중산간지, 남부고냉지 및 동해안 북부해안지에 적응하는 품종으로 보급하게 되었다. 보통기 재배에서 평균 출수기가 7 월 27일로 ‘오대’와 같은 조생종이다. 간장은 70 cm로 ‘오대’ 와 같고 수장은 19 cm로 ‘오대’보다 2 cm 작다. 주당 이삭수 와 이삭당 입수는 16개, 78개로 각각 ‘오대’보다 각각 3개, 2 개 많았다. 등숙비율은 88.8%로 ‘오대’보다 높으며, 현미천립 중이 21.7 g으로 중소립종이다. 불시출수율은 낮으나 수발아 율은 10.5%로 ‘오대’보다 높은 수준이었고, 내냉성 검정 결 과 출수지연일수가 7일로 ‘오대’보다 3일 짧았으며, 냉수구 임실률이 35%로 ‘오대’보다 낮았다. 재배포장에서의 도복은 ‘오대’와 비슷한 수준이었다. 도열병에는 강하나 흰잎마름병, 줄무늬잎마름병 및 해충에는 약하다. 쌀알은 심복백이 없이 맑고 투명하며, 단백질 함량이 6.6%로 높았지만 아밀로스 함 량이 18.8로 ‘오대’보다 밥이 부드러우며, 식미관능검정 결과 0.24로 ‘오대’와 비슷한 수준이었다. 제현율, 현백율, 도정률 은 ‘오대’와 비슷한 수준이었지만 도정된 쌀의 완전립률과 완 전미 도정수율이 각각 96.5, 73.1%로 ‘오대’보다 우수하였다. 수량성은 보통기 표준재배 5개소에서 평균 5.29 MT/ha로 ‘오대’보다 4% 증수되었다(등록번호: 제5570호).

Recently, renal traumas caused by traffic and industrial accidents have risen sharply due to rapid industrialization and an increase in automobiles. The evaluation of patients with suspected renal trauma relies mainly on clinical assessment, urinalysis and imaging studies. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 76 patients who presented to our hospital with renal trauma between January 2008 and December 2014. According to the review, A total of 76 patients presented to our hospital with suspected renal trauma. There were 61 male and 15 female between 2 and 83 years old. By cause, traffic accident was the most common cause of injury, accounting for 39 cases. The remaining injuries were caused by falls in 26 cases, assault in 8 cases and sports-related trauma in 3 cases. Surgical exploration was required in 18 patients for renal or associated injuries. We are of the opinion that close and prompt cooperation with other associated medical departments is mandatory in order to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by multiple injury. Accurate renal injury staging was essential to successful management of traumatized patients.