병원성대장균은 설사 및 장염의 원인균 중 하나이며, 가 장 흔한 기회감염의 병원체로서 내성에 대한 지표로도 사 용되고 있는 병원체이다. 2022년부터 2024년까지 경상남 도 내 식중독 환자로부터 분리된 병원성대장균의 병원성 유형, 독성 유전자, 항생제 내성 및 내성 유전자 등 발생 경향과 분자유전학적 특성을 조사하였다. 병원성 대장균 은 월별로 6월부터 8월까지, 연령대별로 20-29세 환자에게서 가장 많이 분리된 것으로 나타났다. 분리된 총 283 건의 병원성대장균은 장병원성대장균(EPEC)(118건 [43.7%]), 장독소형대장균(ETEC)(80건 [28.3%]), 장출혈성대장균 (EAEC)(73건 [25.8%]), 장출혈성대장균(EHEC)(11건 [3.9%]) 으로 분류됐다. 암피실린(57.6%)과 세파졸린(39.3%)에 대 한 내성이 가장 높았으며, 내성균주의 다제내성률은 4제 항생제에 대한 내성균주(42.6%)가 가장 많은 것으로 확인 되었다. 내성 유전자의 분포는 blaCTX-M(48.9%), blaTEM (24.9%) 순으로 확인되었고, blaOXA는 검출되지 않았다. 이러한 연구 결과는 병원성 대장균으로 인한 식중독 발생 을 예측하고, 내성균 확산을 예방하기 위한 공중 보건 관 리의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Peppers belong to the Solanaceae family and are highly valued worldwide for their flavor, nutritional content, and economic benefits. They contain various antioxidant compounds and vitamins associated with numerous health advantages, such as boosting metabolism and reducing inflammation. In addition, peppers are an important agricultural crop, contributing significantly to income along their value chain and serving as an indispensable ingredient in many dishes. However, domestic pepper production has steadily declined, mainly due to increased production costs. Peppers require a significant amount of labor during the harvest season, leading to high labor expenses. As a result, mechanized harvesting is emerging as a potential solution to address this issue. Research on mechanical harvesting of peppers has focused on developing harvesting machines, breeding suitable varieties, and exploring innovative cultivation methods appropriate for mechanization. Although similar research has been conducted in Korea, significant results have yet to be achieved. This review summarizes cases of mechanical pepper harvesting and outlines the traits and cultivation methods required for its effective implementation. For successful mechanical harvesting, the ideal cultivar should be suitable for once-over harvesting, with characteristics such as simultaneous and uniform ripening, low plant height, narrow branching angles, resistance to lodging, and ease of pedicel detachment from the stem. Moreover, fundamental research is essential for developing cultivation methods that do not rely on stacking and for determining optimal planting distances.

Purpose: This study was aimed to explore and analyze the experiences of nurses regarding department transfers following the sudden closure of a ward due to the collective resignation of residents. Methods: Data were collected from November 1 to 29, 2024, and a qualitative content analysis was employed. The participants were 11 nurses who were transferred to different departments following a ward’s sudden closure owing to the residents’ collective resignation. Results: A total of six themes and 24 sub-themes were identified. the first theme is ‘After the resident left, the ward was closed’. The second theme is ‘Various job placements were assigned after the ward’s unfortunate closure’. The third theme is ‘Difficulty adjusting to the new environment and leaning to adapt’. The fourth theme is ‘Changes in the nurse-physician relationships’, and the subtheme is ‘Surprised by doctors seeking nurses' opinions due to the absence of residents. The fifth theme is ‘Become an expert at adapting’. The sixth theme is ‘Worries about the future and a faint glimmer of hope’. Conclusion: This study highlights the challenges nurses encountered in adjusting to new departments following the unprecedented mass resignation of residents and the ensuing ward closure. Nurses initially faced difficulties, feeling expendable in the new environment. However, through the support and collaboration of their colleagues, they demonstrated resilience and adapted effectively. The study also noted that, despite the absence of residents, direct communication between medical staff and patients continued to function smoothly, facilitating their involvement in treatment planning alongside specialists and professors. Although departmental transfers can lead to increased job stress for nurses, successful adaptation during these transitions fosters professional growth by enhancing their knowledge, skills, and influence. Furthermore, knowledge sharing among nursing staff contributes to the overall development of the organization. To promote both personal growth and organizational advancement, nursing managers must actively listen to nurses’ perspectives about departmental transfers and provide compassionate support to assist in their adaptation. Creating an organizational culture that recognizes and values the contributions of colleagues who have undergone transfers is essential. By establishing a systematic approach that facilitates successful adaptation and fostering a positive, accepting nursing culture, departmental transfers can be transformed into an effective strategy for enhancing the professionalism and capabilities of nursing staff.

This study presents the development of an algorithm that detects potential front bumper collisions caused by road inclinations and provides early warnings to drivers. The system uses a Time-of-Flight (ToF) infrared distance sensor and an obstacle detection sensor, both implemented on an Arduino-based platform. By continuously monitoring the road ahead, the algorithm measures and analyzes the slope angle to identify potential hazards. This solution offers a cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional warning systems, notifying drivers in advance of dangerous road conditions and helping to prevent vehicle damage caused by sudden changes in road gradient.

본 연구에서는 중속 충돌하중을 받는 RC 벽체의 배면파쇄 영역을 모사할 수 있는 모델링 기법을 범용 유한요소해석 프로그램인 LS-DYNA을 통해 제안하였다. 충돌해석에 주로 사용되는 요소 삭제 기능이 발사체의 하중 전달에 영향을 미치고 이로 인해 배면파 쇄 영역이 과소평가 된다고 판단하였다. 따라서 충돌 위치 주변에는 요소 삭제 기능을 사용하지 않는 모델링 기법을 제안하였다. 제안 된 기법을 적용한 해석이 실험 결과를 근접하게 모사함에 따라, 제안한 기법이 연속적인 충돌에너지의 전달에 효과적임을 확인하였 다. 추가적으로 다른 충돌 조건에 대해 해당 기법의 적용성 검토를 진행한 결과, 대칭 조건을 사용하지 않고, 철근의 결속을 함께 모사 할 경우 RC 벽체의 파괴 거동을 더욱 근접하게 모사할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

Tricholoma matsutake is a commercially valuable fungus that produces gourmet mushrooms. The artificial cultivation method that is currently used to produce fruiting bodies involves the transplantation of pine trees infected with T. matsutake from their natural habitats and the successful infection of young pine trees and mushroom production have been reported in Hongcheon. In this study, T. matsutake genetic diversity and relationships in this region were investigated. A genotype analysis was conducted on 25 fruiting bodies collected from an area approximately 2.56 km2 in size using 10 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The analysis revealed 25 genotypes and 23 alleles with mean observed (HO) and expected (HE) heterozygosities of 0.312 and 0.293, respectively. The average polymorphism information content (PIC), which indicates marker polymorphism, was 0.257. A phylogenetic analysis showed no clear correlation between collection location and genetic distance; a spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated no significant genetic structure within 1600 m; and the Mantel test showed no significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances. These results were consistent with previous reports on Japanese populations. This study provides insights into the genetic diversity and structure of T. matsutake at a local scale and highlights the need for further studies across broader geographical ranges.

The purpose of this study was to incorporate Pakistan's climatic conditions into the road design process by performing a cluster analysis using collected climate data. Monthly time-series data for six climate variables—altitude, sea level, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, vapor pressure, and precipitation—were used to cluster 24 locations. Missing values were imputed using the Kalman filter, and hierarchical and k-medoid clustering analyses were performed based on the dynamic time warping (DTW) distance. By evaluating two to five clusters using six validity indices, the optimal number of clusters was determined to be two. the optimal two-cluster classification results were confirmed to be consistent between the two methods. When the clustering results were visualized on a map of Pakistan alongside the data, the clusters were divided into areas with relatively high and low altitudes. By classifying the regions of Pakistan into two clusters using time-series data of climate variables, this study highlights the distinct characteristics of each cluster. These findings suggest that management strategies tailored to the characteristics of each cluster can be applied to various fields.

본 연구는 8종의 생약 복합추출물인 Derma Genie™-DLP121의 피부 건강 개선 효능을 확인하 고자 하였다. 이를 위해, in vitro model에서 Derma Genie™의 생리 활성 정도를 평가했으며, 4종의 피부 세포 내 항산화, 항염, 보습 증진, 주름 개선 및 미백 효능을 분석하였다. 실험 결과, Derma Genie™에는 22.577 mg GAE/g의 폴리페놀이 함유되었고, DPPH assay에서는 최대 74.947%의 radical 소거능을 보였 다. Lipopolysaccharide를 처리하여 과염증 반응을 유도한 RAW 264.7 세포에서는 Derma Genie™가 산 화 질소(NO) 뿐만 아니라, 3종의 염증성 사이토카인(Il-6, Il-1β, Tnf-α)의 농도 의존적인 감소 효과를 매개하여 상당한 항염 효능이 있음을 입증하였다. 또한 Derma Genie™는 히알루론산을 생성하는 효소인 HAS1 및 HAS2의 유전자 발현은 증가시키고, 히알루론산 분해 효소 HYAL1의 발현은 저해시켜 세포 내 보습 증진 효능을 나타내었다. 뿐만 아니라, ultraviolet B (UVB)에 의한 세포 생존율 감소 및 주름 연관 유전자(COL1A1, COL3A1)의 발현 감소가 Derma Genie™ 처리 시 개선됨을 확인하였다. 특히 최대 농도 의 Derma Genie™ (1 mg/mL)와 UVB를 병용 처리한 군에서 주름 연관 인자인 COL1A1 및 COL3A1의 발현량이 각각 55.080 및 57.103% 개선됨을 보였다. 마지막으로, α-MSH로 멜라닌 합성을 유도시킨 B16F10에서 Derma Genie™의 병용 처리는 세포 내 멜라닌 함량을 최대 95.159% 감소시켰다. 이는 Derma Genie™가 세포 내 tyrosinase 활성을 억제함으로써 미백 효능을 가지는 것으로 판단되었다. 따라 서 이러한 결과는 Derma Genie™가 피부세포 내 항산화, 항염, 보습 증진, 주름 개선 및 미백 효능이 존재 함을 보여주며, 피부건강 증진을 위한 신규 기능성 화장품 원료로의 활용 가능성을 제고하였다.

본 연구는 국내육성 사과품종들 중 대구광역시 군위지역에 재배가 적합한 품종을 선발하고자 ‘골든볼’, ‘아리원’, ‘아리수’, ‘이지플’, ‘피크닉’, ‘컬러플’사과품종에 대하여 과실특성 및 저장성을 분석하였다. 각 품종에 대해 품종등록시 과실특성과 비교하였을 때, ‘골든볼’사과는 수확시 경도가 88.4 N으로 다른 품종들에 비하여 매우 높고, 당도와 산도가 각각 14.4 oBrix와 0.37%를 보였으며, 과피색의 황색도는 44.1로 황색계통의 특성이 충분히 발현되었다. 그리고 ‘피크닉’사과는 경도가 66.2 N, 당도 14.7 oBrix, 산도 0.33%를 보였고, 과피 양광면의 적색도는 29.9로 적색계통의 특성이 잘 나타났으나, 바탕면의 적색도는 2.5로 낮아 과실 전체의 착색이 부족하였다. 그리고 ‘아리원’, ‘아리수’, ‘이지플’, ‘컬러플’과실들은 품종등록시 과실특성 기준에 비하여 당도와 산도가 모두 낮은 결과를 보였다. 저온저장중 과실품질변화를 보면, 경도는 6품종 모두 수확시와 비슷한 수준을 유지하였다. 특히, ‘골든볼’ 사과는 저장 80일 후에도 경도가 79.7 N으로 높게 유지되고, 당도와 산도, 그리고 당산비는 수확 시와 비슷하게 유지되었다. 저온저장중 과피색 변화는 품종과 관계없이 명도는 유지되고 적색도와 황색도는 저장기간에 따라 다소 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 대구광역시 군위지역에서는 과실의 유전적 특성이 잘 발현되는 ‘골든볼’사과품종의 재배가 가장 적합할 것이라고 판단되었다.

This study evaluated the changes in the quality characteristics of extracts (Quantum Energy) from Rehmannia glutinosa, ginseng, balloonflower, Poria cocos, and Adenophora stricta. The extracts were prepared through a six-day aging process, during which the pH decreased with a longer aging period while the viscosity and oBrix values were increased. The color difference (E) of the extracts ranged from 0.27 to 0.49 for all samples, indicating minimal color change with aging. The free sugar content was highest for fructose and glucose, while lactose was not detected. Furthermore, the total free sugar content ranged from 24.518 to 27.646 g/100 g, generally decreasing with the aging time. Benzo[a]pyrene in the extracts ranged from 0.040 to 0.074 g/kg, which is below the limit of quantification. In addition, all extracts were free of total aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli, and coliforms, confirming that the aging method used in this study was microbiologically safe.

중재 시술의 발전으로, 노출된 방사선으로 인한 의료 방사선 중재 시술자에 미치는 건강 위협이 증대됨에 따라 시술 중 방사선 노출을 최소화하기 위한 관심과 노력이 요구되고 있다. 이에 대한췌장담도학회에서는 투시 장비를 이용한 중재 시술 중 의료 방사선 중재 시술자에게 미치는 방사선 노출을 최소화하기 위한 권고안을 개발하였다. 본 권고안은 방사선 차폐, 방사선 투시기와 방사선량의 관리, 방사선 노출 선량 한도 및 감시, 임신과 출산 총 4가지 분야로 나누어 중재 시술자에게 방사선 노출의 위험을 이해하기 위한 지식을 전달하고 실질적으로 수행해야 하는 권고사항을 명확히 제시하여 불필요한 방사선 노출을 피하기 위한 실용적인 접근이 가능하도록 구성되었다. 본 권고안을 통해 의료 방사선 중재시술자의 방사선 노출을 최소화하여 안전하고 효과적인 중재 시술이 이루어질 수 있기를 기대한다.

세대 간 혐오와 갈등의 사회 문제 해결, 시민으로서 권리를 찾기 위 한 노인시민교육은 초고령 사회를 앞둔 한국 사회 현실에서 중요한 문 제이다. 이와 같은 문제의식에 바탕을 둔 본 연구는 노인시민교육을 2 년에 걸쳐 진행한 ‘찾아가는 실버시티즌 아카데미’ 프로그램에 대해 사 례연구를 진행하였다. 연구 결과, 영화를 매개로 한 노인시민교육은 약 화된 인지력과 신체 기능에 맞춘 영화 편집, 시민교육 내용을 시각화· 이미지화하고 서사를 가미함으로써 교육 효과에 상당 부분 기여했음이 확인되었고, 대화와 토론을 통해 시민으로서의 자각과 공동체 의식을 강화하는 유의미한 성과가 나타났다. 노인시민교육 프로그램은 노인이 공동체 내에서 주체적인 역할을 할 수 있도록 설계되어야 한다. 이를 위해 노인들이 시민교육에 지속적으로 참여하고 학습한 내용을 일상생 활에서 실천할 수 있는 지원 시스템 구축이 요구된다. 향후 노인시민교 육에 대한 다양한 접근 방법에 따른 추가 연구가 필요하다.

The present study was carried out to investigate the concentration and species diversity of airborne fungi in thermophilic mushroom cultivation houses. Fungal concentration measurements were performed in April and May 2022 for a Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation house, in July and August 2023 for a Pleurotus sajor-caju and Agaricus blazei cultivation house, and in June, July and August 2023 for a Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Calocybe indica cultivation house. The airborne fungal concentration was 2.95 × 102 CFU/m3~105CFU/m3, above 105CFU/m3, and 1.12 × 103 CFU/m3~ 9.17 × 103 CFU/m3 in the three cultivation houses, respectively. A total of 8 genera and 22 species of airborne fungi were isolated from three mushroom cultivation houses. 5 genera and 7 species were identified from P. ostreatus cultivation house. Furthermore, 4 genera 6 species were found from A. blazei and C. indica cultivation house. In addition, 5 genera and15 species were isolated from P. pulmonarius, P. sajor-caju and C. indica cultivation house. Among the fungi isolated, the class of Eurotiomycetes was the most common. Among the 22 fungal species, Aspergillus flavus, A. ochraceus A. sydowii, A. tubingensis, A. westerdijkiae, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. citrinum, and P. steckii have been reported as harmful species to mushrooms, food, and human.

Airborne bacteria in mushroom growing environments are a potential risk of contamination in commercial mushroom production. Controlling contamination in mushroom farms requires understanding the bacterial ecology in the cultivation environment. This study was conducted to investigate the concentration and species diversity of floating bacteria in a thermophilic mushroom cultivation room. Temperature, humidity, temperature, humidity, and bacterial concentration measurements were performed in April and May 2022 for a Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation house, in July and August 2023 for a Pleurotus sajor-caju and a Agaricus blazei cultivation house, and in June, July and August 2023 for a Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Calocybe indica cultivation house. The airborne bacterial concentration was 5.27 × 103~105 CFU/m3, 3.81 × 102 ~1.37 × 103 CFU/m3, and 2.55 × 102 ~1.37 × 102 CFU/m3 in the three cultivation houses, respectively. A total of 23 genera and 37 species of airborne bacteria were isolated from the three mushroom cultivation houses. 12 genera and 18 species were identified from P. ostreatus cultivation house. Furthermore, 4 genera and 4 species were found from A. blazei and C. indica cultivation house. In addition, 11 genera and 18 species were isolated from P. pulmonarius, P. sajor-caju and C. indica cultivation house. Among the bacteria isolated, the Bacilli class was the most common, followed by Gammaproteobacteria. Among the 37 bacterial species, it was determined that Bacillus cereus, B. licheniformis, Cedecea neteri, Exiguobacterium acetylicum and Raoultella terrigena could negatively affect humans or foodstuff. Cedecea neteri is also known to cause diseases among mushrooms.

In light of the expanding use of technology in education, we attempted to analyze how Korean college students perceived the use of Machine Translation (MT) tools in the classroom. Specifically, this study attempted to explore students’ perceptions of their ability to use MT tools and to measure the reliability of the MT-generated output, along with measuring students’ general sense of confidence in English learning. This research analyzed 183 EFL college students’ responses to an online survey, and a one-way ANOVA was used to test for the differences in the averages of three groups. The results of data analysis revealed that 1) Among beginners, intermediate learners, and advanced learners, those self-identifying as advanced had the highest scores on all the factors measured.; 2) There was a significant mean difference in students’ perceptions of the ability to use MT tools, their beliefs regarding MT’s effectiveness as a learning tool, and affective attitudes towards the use of MT tools between beginner and advanced groups. Based on the findings, pedagogical implications for the effective use of MT tools in the Korean EFL classrooms, and suggestions for future research were presented.

The aim of this study was to analyze the design characteristics of Chinese fashion designer Feng Chen Wang and interpret their implicit meaning from a neo-deconstruction perspective. A review of domestic and foreign literature, outlined the development of deconstruction and neo-deconstruction, with neo-deconstruction’s aesthetic features termed ‘traditional fusion’, ‘positive playfulness’, ‘open communication’, and ‘multiple inclusiveness’. These features informed an analysis of Feng Chen Wang’s fashion design. Four key findings emerged. First, ‘traditional fusion’ combines traditional Chinese colors, items, handicrafts, and patterns with modern design to break down boundaries between past and modern, tradition and fashion. Second, ‘positive playfulness’ promotes creativity and fun, using bright colors, exaggerated accessories, and playing withthe composition of traditional clothes to create a positive atmosphere. Third, ‘open communication’ emphasizes design that combines practicality and creativity in response to consumer needs, incorporating the thoughts arising from individual experiences and interest in social phenomena. Fourth, ‘multiple inclusiveness’ breaks down boundaries of sexuality, hierarchy, and body shape, embracing various ideas of beauty and respecting uniqueness through design that are seen as available to all. Using a neo-deconstruction perspective, Feng Chen Wang provides novel product planning ideas for Chinese fashion brands and reflects the values and meaning of modern design pursued by contemporary Chinese designers.

This study conducted an investigation into the effects of fruit type and cultivation practices (organic and conventional) on soil characteristics and soil arthropod communities within apple, blueberry, grape, peach, and pear orchards. The collection of soil arthropod communities was achieved through the utilization of pitfall traps, with concurrent measurements taken for soil moisture content, electrical conductivity, and temperature. The findings of this study unveiled substantial impacts attributed to fruit type and cultivation practices on soil characteristics. Specifically, within organic apple orchards, discernibly higher levels of soil moisture content, electrical conductivity, and temperature were observed when compared to their conventional counterparts. The investigation into soil arthropod communities yielded a total of 1,527 individuals, classified in to five phyla and 15 orders. The range of abundance, species richness, and diversity indices varied across conventional and organic orchards. Cultivation practices were found not to exert a significant influence on soil arthropod community characteristics. However, Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis indicated a significant differentiation in soil arthropod community structure based on cultivation practices. This study underscores the importance of considering vegetation structure and environmental characteristics that may influence soil arthropod communities comprehensively when assessing the impact of cultivation practices on soil arthropods. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need to account for both the characteristics and structure of soil arthropod communities in understanding the implications of cultivation practices on these organisms.