Lentic ecosystems, including lakes, reservoirs, and marshes, are vital ecological assets increasingly threatened by anthropogenic pressures, necessitating robust tools for assessing their biological integrity. This study aimed to develop and apply an aquatic plant-based Multi-metric Index (MMI) to evaluate the biological integrity of 90 lentic systems (primarily lakes and reservoirs) across the Republic of Korea, using a standardized dataset from a three-year national monitoring program (2022~2024). We selected eight metrics based on their ecological relevance, sensitivity to disturbance, and scientific robustness. These were organized into three categories: Species richness (30% weight), eutrophication and disturbance (30%), and habitat integrity (40%). Scoring criteria for each metric were established using cumulative distribution functions, and the final MMI scores were used to classify the ecosystems into five integrity classes (A: Excellent to E: Very Poor). The assessment revealed that the majority of the surveyed ecosystems (87.8%) were in a moderate to slightly poor state (Classes B, C, and D), with only 4.4% classified as excellent. Widespread loss of submerged and floating leaved aquatic plants suggests that many domestic lentic systems may be approaching or have already undergone a regime shift to a turbid, phytoplankton-dominated state. This MMI provides a scientifically-defensible tool for managing lentic ecosystems, underscoring the urgent need to restore aquatic plants communities by improving underwater light conditions and rehabilitating littoral habitats.

To confirm the industrial applicability of crabapple (Malus prunifolia; MP), which shows greater potential than conventional apples (Malus domestica; MD) as a raw material for developing immunostimulants, we compared the macrophage-activating effects of hot-water extracts (MP-HW and MD-HW) and fractionated the active components to identify their characteristics. MP-HW significantly enhanced the secretion of macrophage-activating factors such as NO, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-12, stimulating macrophages more effectively than MD-HW. Subsequently, when MP-HW was fractionated into a low-molecular-weight fraction (MP-L) and crude polysaccharides (MP-CP) through ethanol precipitation, MP-CP exhibited significantly higher activity than the other fractions. Furthermore, MP-CP, the macrophage-activating crude polysaccharides, was further fractionated into four sub-fractions (MP-CP-0, -I, -II, and -III) using DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B (Cl－ form), with MP-CP-III identified as the active fraction responsible for macrophage stimulation. In HPLC molecular analysis, the active fraction MP-CP-III displayed a nearly purified single peak around 115 kDa, and its main component sugars were identified as galacturonic acid, rhamnose, galactose, and arabinose, suggesting that they are pectic-like polysaccharides. In conclusion, polysaccharides derived from crabapple promote macrophage activation, confirming their industrial applicability as immunostimulants.

서울의 1.4배 면적인 포천시에서는 코로나로 인한 모임 제한에 따라 사회복지 분야에서도 찾아가 는 서비스가 필요한 상황이 발생되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 전문화된 웰다잉서포터즈가 찾아가는 일대일 서비스를 기본으로 초고령재가노인에게 신체적, 정신적, 영적 어려움을 완화시켜 죽음인식 변 화에 긍정적 영향을 주는 것을 그 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 포천노인복지센터에서 시행한 ‘2023년 도 어르신인생노트사업’ 참여 장년봉사자집단 및 고령재가노인집단 그리고 전문화된 웰다잉서포터즈 와 함께 ‘2024년도 어르신인생노트사업’에 참여한 초고령재가노인집단으로 분류, 세 집단에 대한 통 계 산출을 통하여 비교 검증하였다. 먼저 사례회의를 통해 세 집단의 사회인구학적 요인에 대한 조사 후 실험에서는 첫째, 선행연구와 사례회의를 통하여 구조화된 죽음불안감척도, 자아통합감척도, 좋은죽음인식척도에 대한 신뢰도를 Cro- nbach(α)로 검증한 결과 선행연구보다 높음을 확인하였다. 둘째, 기술통계결과 평균값을 기준으로 죽음불안감은 세 집단간 차이가 크나 자아통합감과 좋은죽음인식은 세 집단간 차이가 적은 것을 확 인하였다. 따라서 등분산의 동질성 검증 후 한 개 독립변수에 대한 세 집단을 활용, 일원분산분석 Fisher’s 가설을 설정하여 수행한 결과 세 집단 중 한 집단 이상 차이가 있음을 재확인하였다. 셋째. 이 같은 가설 결과는 집단간 표본수 차이에 따라 Scheffe로 사후 검증하였다. 웰다잉은 인생의 행복한 끝맺음을 위해 신체적, 정신적, 영적영역이 잘 공유된 임종 준비에 관한 것으로 특히 정부수혜 형태인 초고령재가노인은 전문화된 과정을 이수한 웰다잉서포터즈와 장기간 친밀감이 형성되어야할 필요가 있음을 확인하였다. 이에 추가하여 웰다잉서포터즈의 구성원인 베이비 부머세대를 활용하여 웰다잉으로 초고령재가노인에 대해 새롭게 정의되는 노년가치에 따라 소수를 찾아가는 현장실천사업을 장려할 필요가 있음을 제언한다.

This study aimed to establish a marker compound in roasted Astragalus membranaceus (AM) water extract and to validate its analytical methods. The roasting process significantly enhanced the isoflavone content in AM. Among the four isoflavones analyzed, calycosin 7-glucoside (C7G) emerged as the most abundant, with a concentration of 847.88 μg/g in the AM extract. Due to its concentration and representativeness, C7G was designated as the marker compound, and its analytical method was thoroughly validated. Specificity was confirmed by the consistent retention time of the C7G peak at 15.2 minutes across both the sample and the standard compound. High absorbance was recorded at UV wavelengths of 220, 250, and 260 nm. The method exhibited excellent linearity, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9999 across a concentration range of 0.2 to 50.0 μg/mL. The limits of detection and quantification were determined to be 0.029 μg/mL and 0.088 μg/mL, respectively. Precision assessments revealed intra-day and inter-day variations of 0.812% and 1.650%, respectively. Recovery tests yielded values ranging from 99.419% to 104.861%, with relative standard deviations between 1.152% and 2.215%. These results affirm that the analytical method for C7G is highly specific, linear, accurate, and precise. This validated method may serve as a valuable tool for the standardization of roasted AM water extract.

The leaves and stalks of sweet potato have attracted considerable interest as a health food due to numerous studies reporting the presence of functional compounds and various physiological activities. This study analyzed the functional components in the aerial parts of six domestically developed sweet potato cultivars and compared their antioxidant activities. The total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and total phenolic acid content ranged from 76.9 to 148.6 mg GAE/g, 3.98 to 11.90 mg CE/g, and 44.19 to 93.56 mg/100 g, respectively. Among the cultivars examined, 'Gogeonmi' and 'Tongchaeru' exhibited high levels of these compounds, and their DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were superior to those of the other cultivars. The GABA content ranged from 0.59 to 2.55 mg/g, with 'Tongchaeru' and 'Jinhongmi' showing the highest levels. Lutein content ranged from 0.10 to 0.24 mg/g, with 'Tongchaeru' reaching its maximum concentration 90 days post-cultivation. Extracts from 'Tongchaeru' significantly inhibited the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) inflammatory cytokines, with the water extract demonstrating a stronger effect than the pretanol extract. These findings suggest that the aerial parts of sweet potato could serve as excellent functional vegetables and bioactive ingredients for health food applications.

The Ansan Reclaimed Wetland, reclaimed in 1986 and maintained for 38 years, underwent two wetland function assessments to develop strategies for enhancing biodiversity and conservation. The biota of the reclaimed wetland showed an increase in the number of species observed across most taxa, while the number of amphibian and reptile species decreased. Among legally protected species and specific species, Aix galericulata and Lefua costata were not observed, whereas Libellula angelina were introduced. The results were categorized into “protection or improvement” and “enhancement.” Proposed conservation measures include removing planted shrubs, maintaining waterways, and installing gabion structures and wildlife corridors.

This study evaluated the quality characteristics of Flammulina velutipesduring storage using modified atmosphere films of different thicknesses (20, 40, and 60 μm). The films included high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). F. velutipeswere stored at 1°C for six weeks, and quality was assessed based on weight loss, respiration rate, firmness, color parameters, β-glucan content, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] radical scavenging activities). All HDPE and LDPE films were more effective than the conventional film (polypropylene) at maintaining mushroom quality, particularly in the later stages of storage. In particular, LDPE films with thicknesses of 20 and 40 μm showed superior performance at reducing respiration rates and weight loss, while mushrooms packaged with these films retained higher TPC and antioxidant activities. The β-glucan content also remained more stable in mushrooms stored using HDPE and LDPE films. Although we did not evaluate changes in sensory properties or nutritional components, such as vitamins, our results suggest that the type and thickness of packaging films significantly influence the preservation of the quality of F. velutipesduring storage. Additionally, LDPE films with thicknesses of 20 and 40 μm were found to be the most suitable packaging materials for the distribution and storage of F. velutipes. Furthermore, these findings are expected to provide valuable insights into the selection of optimal packaging materials to extend the shelf life and maintain freshness during the postharvest handlingof F. velutipes.

Flammulina velutipesis highly valued and widely consumed because of its nutritional and functional benefits, and its global demand is steadily increasing. However, rapid quality deterioration and short shelf life create an urgent need for effective preservation and advanced quality assessment of Flammulina velutipes. The aim of this review was to identify methods that reduce postharvest quality loss, extend shelf life, and optimize storage and distribution practices for Flammulina velutipes. Chemical treatments (including antioxidants, 1-methylcyclopropene, and edible coatings), low-temperature plasma, and innovative nanocomposite-based packaging have been effective in maintaining Flammulina velutipesquality after harvest. Nevertheless, further discussions on the economic feasibility, safety, and sustainability of these technologies are essential for their practical and industrial applications in Flammulina velutipespreservation.

본 연구는 포천노인복지센터에서 2022년도에 경기특화사업으로 실행한 ‘융복합 재가노인 맞춤형영 양지원사업’의 연속으로 고령재가노인을 대상으로 집합교육 및 치과내원, 재가서포터즈단을 활용한 재택멘토링 교육 등 구강관리사업 수행 사전, 사후 측정과 비참여집단과의 비교 결과를 정량적으로 검증하고 정성적으로 도출하는 것을 목적한다. 연구대상은 포천노인복지센터 재가노인지원서비스 수혜자 중 사례관리를 통해 30여명을 선정하여 먼저 참여자의 사회인구학적 요인의 정규분포성으로 Shapiro-Wilk 활용 결과 연구가설이 채택되었다. 자료의 수집은 10개월 사업기간 전후반에 설문을 통해 실행되었으며, 비 참여자의 경우 사업 종료후 에 설문자료를 수집하였다. 첫 번째 연구문제의 실험1에서는 참여 전체집단(N=30)은 고령으로 인한 정규분포성 불안정과 소수 집단으로 비모수통계 Wilcoxon(W)로 사용 척도에 대해 사전/사후 차이 정도를 확인하였다. 실험2에서 참여 틀니집단(N=17)과 비틀니집단(N=13)의 사전비교와 사후비교 차이는 동질성 Levene(F) 확인 후 두 독립표본의 Mann-Whitney(U)를 활용한 결과로 확인하였다. 두 번째 연구문제에서는 구강관리사업 참여 전체집단(N=30)과 비참여 집단(N=30)에 대한 추후 구 강보건인식 척도를 동질성 Levene(F) 확인 후 두 독립표본의 Mann-Whitney(U)를 활용하여 확인하였다. 이에 추가하여 정성적인 평가로 각 단위프로그램별 진행과 성과에 대해 FGI를 기술하였다. 본 연구 결과 저소득 고령재가노인의 구강관리 인식 미흡으로 표본집단의 정규분포성이 불안정하 며 위드코로나 고려 소수 재가서포터즈단이 재택멘토링을 수행하였기에 비모수통계방식 적용 및 일 부 영가설이 기각되지 않아 효과크기(Effect Size)를 적용한 검증으로 사업에 효과가 있음을 정량적으로 도출하였다.

횡성 포동습지의 어류상 및 어류군집 특징을 밝히기 위해 6개 지점을 선정하여 2023년 4월부터 10월까지 3회 조사를 실시하였다. 어류의 채집은 하천에서는 족대와 투망, 일각망을, 호내에서는 족대와 투망, 삼중자망, 삼각망을 사용하였다. 조사결과, 6개 지점에서 5목 12과 33종 5,616개가 채집되었으며, 우점종은 참붕어(29.5%), 아우점종은 피라미(24.1%)였고, 그 다음으로 참갈겨니(10.3%), 빙어(8.3%), 붕어(5.7%), 돌고기(4.0%), 긴몰개(3.7%), 떡붕어(2.8%) 등의 순으로 우세하였 다. 환경부지정 멸종위기 야생생물은 II급 한강납줄개와 돌상어 2종이 채집되었고, 한국고유종은 한강납줄개, 쉬리, 긴몰개, 돌상어, 돌마자, 참갈겨니, 참종개, 새코미꾸리, 눈동자개, 퉁가리, 꺽지, 얼록동사리 12종(고유화율 36.4%)이 확인되었다. 회유성(강하형) 어종은 뱀장어 1종, 육봉형 어류는 빙어와 밀어 2종이 채집되었으며, 외래어종은 이스라엘잉어와 떡붕어, 배스 3종이 채집되었는데, 이중 배스는 생태계교란 생물로 지정된 종이다. 횡성 포동습지는 하천생태계와 호소생태계가 함께 있기 때문에 다양한 어류 서식지를 제공하고 있어 멸종위기종 한강납줄개와 돌상어를 포함하여 많은 종이 서식하여 보존가치 가 높은 곳으로 판단되었다. 하지만 교란요인으로 하천공사와 하천내에 설치된 보, 생태계교란 생물 배스의 서식 등이 확인되어 종합적인 보존대책이 요구되었다.

PURPOSES : The skid resistance between tires and the pavement surface is an important factor that directly affects driving safety and must be considered when evaluating the road performance. In especially wet conditions, the skid resistance of the pavement surface decreases considerably, increasing the risk of accidents. Moreover, poor drainage can lead to hydroplaning. This study aimed to develop a prediction equation for the roughness coefficient—that is, an index of frictional resistance at the interface of the water flow and surface material—to estimate the thickness of the water film in advance to prevent human and material damage. METHODS : The roughness coefficient can be changed depending on the surface material and can be calculated using Manning's theory. Here, the water level (h), which is included in the cross-sectional area and wetted perimeter calculations, can be used to calculate the roughness coefficient by using the water film thickness measurements generated after simulating specific rainfall conditions. In this study, the pavement slope, drainage path length, and mean texture depth for each concrete surface type (non-tined, and tined surfaces with 25-mm and 16-mm spacings) were used as variables. A water film thickness scale was manufactured and used to measure the water film thickness by placing it vertically on top of the pavement surface along the length of the scale protrusion. Based on the measured water film thickness, the roughness coefficient could be back-calculated by applying Manning's formula. A regression analysis was then performed to develop a prediction equation for the roughness coefficient based on the water film thickness data using the water film thickness, mean texture depth, pavement slope, and drainage path length as independent variables. RESULTS : To calculate the roughness coefficient, the results of the water film thickness measurements using rainfall simulations demonstrated that the water film thickness increased as the rainfall intensity increased under N/T, T25, and T16 conditions. Moreover, the water film thickness decreased owing to the linear increase in drainage capacity as the mean texture depth and pavement slope increased, and the shorter the drainage path length, the faster the drainage, resulting in a low water film thickness. Based on the measured water film thickness data, the roughness coefficient was calculated, and it was evident that the roughness coefficient decreased as the rainfall intensity increased. Moreover, the higher the pavement slope and the shorter the drainage path length, the faster the drainage reduced the water film thickness and increased the roughness coefficient (which is an indicator of the friction resistance). It was also evident that as the mean texture depth increased, the drainage capacity increased, which also reduced the roughness coefficient. CONCLUSIONS : As the roughness coefficient of the concrete road surface changes based on the environmental factors, road geometry, and pavement surface characteristics, we developed a prediction equation for the concrete pavement roughness coefficient that considered these factors. To validate the proposed prediction equation, a sensitivity analysis was conducted using the water film thickness prediction equation from previous studies. Existing models have limitations on the impact of the pavement type and rainfall intensity and can be biased toward underestimation; in contrast, the proposed model demonstrated a high correlation between the calculated and measured values. The water film thickness was calculated based on the road design standards in Korea—in the order of normal, caution, and danger scenarios—by using the proposed concrete pavement roughness coefficient prediction model under rainy weather conditions. Specifically, because the normal and caution stages occur before the manifestation of hydroplaning, it should be possible to prevent damage before it leads to the danger stage if it is predicted and managed in advance.

씨고자리꽃파리(Delia platura)는 온대지역의 해충으로 콩과, 백합과, 십자화과 작물뿐만 아니라 옥수수, 감자, 당근 등 기주범위가 매우 넓 은 해충으로 알려져 있다. 씨고자리꽃파리는 여름철 이후 발생이 급격히 감소하거나 사라지는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 씨고자리꽃 파리의 특이한 연간 발생양상을 이해하기 위하여 몇 가지 온도와 광조건에서 발육실험과 야외에서 성충발생양상을 조사하였다. 광조건(16L:8D, 12L:12D)과 관계없이 처리온도 21, 24, 27°C에서 하면증상 없이 성충까지 성공적으로 발육하였다(번데기 생존률 : 93.5~100.0%). 고온(광조 건 16L:8D)인 30 및 33°C에서도 하면이 유도된 발육단계는 관찰되지 않았다. 따라서 씨고자리꽃파리의 여름철 후 감소현상은 하면가설로 설명 이 어려웠다. 2021년과 2022년 포장조사(제주)에서 7월 중순부터는 성충이 점착트랩에 거의 유살되지 않는 양상을 보였다. 고도별 트랩을 설치 한 2023년 조사에서 높은 고도인 620미터 트랩에서는 전체적으로 발생량이 적었고 연간 특별한 양상을 보이지 않았다. 저고도 70미터와 중간고 도 300미터는 2개의 발생최성기(peak)가 관측되었으며, 보다 서늘한 지점의 300미터 트랩의 발생최성기는 70미터 트랩과 비교하여 약 40일 정 도 지연되어 나타났다. 특히 300미터 트랩에서는 여름철 이후 9월 중순까지도 트랩에 유살되는 성충이 관찰되었다. 아직은 완벽하지 않지만 고온 회피설이 씨고자리꽃파리의 후기 발생을 부분적으로 설명할 수 있었다. 더 정확한 해석을 위해서는 앞으로 고온 산란임계온도와 더불어 생식적 휴면(하면)의 여부, 고온회피행동의 구체적 양상 등에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다.

In this study, we investigated the vertical distribution and vascular plants on Joryeongsan Mountain in Baekdudaegan, Korea. The results of four field surveys from April to September 2023 identified a total of 552 taxa, representing 491 species, ten subspecies, 43 varieties, six forms, and two hybrids in 314 genera and 101 families. The elevational distribution ranges of 360 taxa of vascular plants were also identified. Among them, 19 taxa were endemic to Korea, and two taxa were rare plants. The floristic target plants amounted to 100 taxa, specifically two taxa of grade V, seven taxa of grade IV, 25 taxa of grade III, 33 taxa of grade II, and 33 taxa of grade I. Seventy-eight taxa were northern lineage plants. In all, 29 taxa of alien plants were recorded in the investigated area, with a naturalized index of 5.3% and an urbanization index of 7.4%. Two plants disturbed the ecosystem. Species richness along the elevation showed a reversed doublehump shape with peaks at low, mid, and high elevations. The results of a cluster analysis showed a high degree of similarity between adjacent elevation sections, except in lowlands. Detrended Correspondence Analysis ordination also supported distinct groups by elevation. Warmth index values ranged from 62.1ºC·month to 92.9ºC·month on Joryeongsan Mountain. Our results provide primary data on vascular plants and valuable information on the current distribution ranges of plant species on Joryeongsan Mountain. These data could serve as a baseline for comparing species shifts at elevations under future climate changes.