팽이버섯 분말을 이용하여 기능성물질인 GABA 및 probiotics를 강화시킨 천연 발효조미료를 개발하기 위해서 L. plantarum EJ2014에 의한 젖산발효 최적화 연구를 수행하였다. 팽이버섯 분말에 영양성분 0.5% YE, 1% glucose, GABA 전구물질인 5% MSG를 첨가한 후 30℃에서 5일간 젖산발효를 진행한 결과 발효 2일 동안 pH는 6.1에서 4.4로 감소하다가 발효 5일에 6.2로 다시 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 산도는 발효 2일 동안 0.5%에서 1.3%로 증가한 후 발효 5일에 다시 0.4%로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 생균수는 초기 젖산균 스타터 2.4×107 CFU/mL에서 발효 1일째 2.2×109 CFU/mL로 증가한 후 5일 동안 계속 유지되었다. 전구물질인 MSG는 발효 4일에 대부분이 이용되면서 약 2.31% 농도의 GABA로 전환되었으며 DPPH radical 소거 활성은 IC50 값이 1.24 mg/mL로, ABTS radical 소거 활성에서 IC50 값은 1.53 mg/mL로 나타나면서, 발효물의 항산화 효과가 증진되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 팽이버섯 발효물 30 g에 볶은 밀기울 1 g을 첨가하여 열풍 건조한 천연 발효조미료의 GABA 함량은 17%로 고농도의 GABA를 함유하여 probiotic 기능성이 강화되며 기호성을 갖는 발효조미료 및 건강소재의 제조가 가능하였다.

전통장류로부터 분리 된 효소 활성 및 probiotic효과가 우수한 유산균을 접종하여 제조된 콩 발효물의 품질특성을 분석하였다. 일반세균수는 유산균을 접종한 콩 발효물이 4.10×109-7.75×109 CFU/mL으로 나타났다. 유산균수를 측정 결과 유산균을 접종한 콩 발효물은 2.85×109-4.35×109 CFU/mL으로 높게 나타났다. α-Amylase 활성 측정 결과 I13과 JSA22를 접종한 콩 발효물은 1.05±0.91, 3.13±1.39 unit/mL으로 가장 낮았다. 또한 JSB22는 12.56±1.39 unit/mL으로 유산균 접종 콩 발효물 중 가장 높았다. Protease 활성 측정 결과, control이 333.13±17.68 unit/mL으로 가장 높았으며, 유산균을 접종한 콩 발효물은 JSB22를 접종한 콩 발효물이 166.67±2.37 unit/mL으로 높았다. 환원당 함량을 측정한 결과 유산균 접종 콩 발효물 중 JSB22가 1.23±0.035%로 가장 높았다. 아미노태 질소 함량 또한 JSB22가 94.52±3.86 mg%으로 높게 나타났다. 아미노산함량을 측정한 결과 glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, leusine 순으로 많이 함유하고 있었다. 유기산 함량을 분석한 결과 lactic acid, oxalic acid가 많이 측정되었다. 향기분석 측정 결과 총 39종(ester류 2종, ketose 5종, alcohol 7종, hydrocarbons 14종, heterocyclic compounds 3종, acid 4종, other 5종)이 검출되었다. 세 가지 균주에서 공통적으로 benzene(81.43-98.54 ppm)과 acetic acid, ethyl ester(44.79-56.74 ppm)가 많이 검출되었다. 본 연구는 전통장류 유래 기능성 우수 유산균주를 이용한 콩발효물의 기초적 품질특성에 관한 내용으로 미생물학적 및 이화학적 관련 특성을 분석하여 제시하였다. 유산균 이용 생물전환에 의한 다양한 기능성 물질이 생성 되었을 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구결과가 기능성 콩 발효소재 개발의 좋은 기초자료가 될것으로 생각되며, 장류 품질개선 기능성 스타터 개발에 활용 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

GABA는 glutamic acid decarboxylase에 의해서 L-glutamic acid가 탈탄산화되어 생합성된 비단백질 아미노산이다. GABA는 식물에서 스트레스에 대항한 대응반응으로 생성된다. 사 람의 중추신경계에서는 주요 억제성 신경전달물질 중 하나로 항고혈압, 항당뇨 효능이 있 다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서 우리는 보리 잎과 옥수수 수염을 유산균과 함께 발효함으 로써 GABA 생성을 증진시키고자 하였다. 보리 잎과 옥수수 수염을 다양한 무게 비율로 조 합하여 혼합하였고, 30℃에서 48시간 동안 배양기 안에서 L. plantarium과 함께 발효시켰다. 발효된 혼합물을 열수 추출한 후, thin layer chromatography와 GABase assay를 이용하여 GABA의 생산을 분석하였다. 우리는 9:1 혼합발효추출물이 다른 비율의 추출물 보다 GABA 함량이 높은 것을 확인하였는데 이것은 혼합과 발효기술이 보리 잎과 옥수수 수염 내 GABA 양 증진에 효과가 있음을 의미한다. 또한 몇 가지 생리활성을 분석한 결과 혼합 발효추출물의 항산화 효능이 비발효 추출물에 비하여 증진되었고 세포독성은 나타나지 않 음을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 보리 잎과 옥수수 수염의 조합과 이것을 유산균과 함께 발효시키는 방법이 고함량의 GABA와 증진된 생리 활성을 지닌 기능성 식품으로서의 개발 가능성이 있음을 의미한다.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are industrially important microorganisms for probiotics. The recent widespread application of LAB for preparation of functional food is attributable to the accumulating scientific evidence showing their beneficial effects on human health. In this study, we isolated and characterized plant-derived LAB that show angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The selected strain K2 was isolated from Kimchi, and identified as Lactobacillus plantarum by 16S rRNA gene analysis. The strain grew under static and shaking culture systems. They were also able to grow in different culture conditions like 25℃∼37℃ temperature, 4∼10 pH range and ∼6% NaCl concentration. L. plantarum K2 was highly resistant to acid stress; survival rate of the strain at pH 2.5 and 3 were 80% and 91.6%, respectively. The strain K2 also showed high bile resistance to 0.3% bile bovine and 0.3% bile extract with more than 74% of survival rate. The cell grown on MRS agar plate containing bile extract formed opaque precipitate zones around the colonies, indicating they have bile salt hydrolase activity. The strain showed an inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes; antibacterial activity was probably due to the lactic acid. The K2 strain showed relatively higher autoaggregation values, antihypertensive and antioxidant activities. These results suggest that L. plantarum K2 could be not only applied as a pharmabiotic for human health but also is also starter culture applicable to fermentative products.

본 연구는 꽃송이버섯 원물과 꽃송이버섯 8% 첨가하여 유산균으로 발효한 꽃송이버섯 혼합물의 이화학적 특성 및 항산화 활성을 비교 조사하였다. 유산균 발효 꽃송이버 섯 혼합물의 수분, 조지방 및 조회분 함량은 버섯 원물에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 꽃송이버섯원물 과 유산균 발효 꽃송이버섯 혼합물의 총 식이섬유소 중 불용성 식이섬유소가 각각 89.21%와 95.74%를 차지하였 다. 꽃송이버섯 원물의 β-glucan 함량은 38.03%으로 유산균 발효 꽃송이버섯 혼합물의 β-glucan 함량 5.44%에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 꽃송이버섯 원물에는 유리당 중 glucose와 fructose만 함유하고 있으며, 유산균 발효 꽃송 이버섯 혼합물은 sucrose만을 함유하였다. 총 polyphenol 함량은 꽃송이버섯 원물과 유산균 발효 꽃송이버섯 혼합물 에서 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 총 flavonoid 함량 은 유산균 발효 꽃송이버섯 혼합물이 꽃송이버섯 원물에 비하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). DDPH radical 소거능은 꽃송이버섯 원물과 발효 꽃송이버섯 혼합물에서 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았으나, 대조군인 비타민 C에 비해서는 유의적으로 낮은 DDPH radical 소거능을 나타냈 다(p<0.05). ABTS radical 소거능은 유산균 발효 꽃송이 버 섯 혼합물이 꽃송이 버섯 원물에 비해 유의적으로 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 대조군인 비타민 C와는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(p<0.05). 꽃송이버섯 원물과 유산균 발효 꽃송이버섯 혼합물의 항산화지수도 비슷한 경향을 보였고, 대조군인 비타민 C에 비해서는 낮았으나, 시료를 첨가하지 않는 음성대조군 보다는 높게 나타났다. 따라서 유산균 발 효 꽃송이버섯 혼합물은 항산화 작용에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있는 천연소재로서 산업적 활용이 가능할 수 있을 것이다.

Background : Platycodon grandiflorum root(PGR) was one of the primary herbs used in a phlegm-relieving herb from the past. Purified platycoside compounds from the roots of PGR may exhibit neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, improved insulin resistance, and cholesterol-lowering properties. To evaluate preference and functionality of PGR extracts, PGR was fermented by several lactic acid bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria used were Leuc. mesenteroides N12-4 and N58-5, L. plantarum N76-10 and 56-12, L. brevis N70-9 and E3-8. Methods and Results : This study was performed in order to investigate the changes of platycosides, as well as the antimicrobial activities on bronchus diseases inducing bacteria(C. diphtheriae, K. pnneumoniae, S. aureus, S. pyogenes) of Platycodon grandiflorum root(PGR) fermented by using lactic acid bacteria(Leuc. mesenteroides N12-4, Leuc. mesenteroides N58-5, L. plantarum N76-10, L. plantarum N56-12, L. brevis N70-9, L. brevis E3-8). Growth of L. plantarum on PGR was the most active during lactic acid fermentation by some different strains. Total platycoside, platycoside E, platycodin A, polygalacin D2, polygalacin D and diapioplatycoside E contents of PGR fermented for 96 hours at 37℃ by Leuc. mesenteroides and L. plantarum were increased, while platycodin D and platycodin D3 were decreased. The antimicribial activity on PGR fermented by L. plantarum N56-12 exhibited a strong microbial proliferation in all four kinds of bronchus diseases inducing bacteria and was higher than non-fermented PGR extract. Conclusion : Thus, this results showed antimicrobial activities on bronchus diseases inducing bacteria and platycosides content of PGR by L. plantarum N56-12 were higher than non-fermented PGR extract.

The microbial composition in Nuruk, a Korean cereal fermentation starter, is a critical factor for the quality and organoleptic properties of traditional alcoholic beverages. This study was aimed at monitoring the compositional change and enzyme activity of culturable lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in two types of Nuruk fermented at different temperatures. All culturable LAB were isolated at various time points (0, 3, 6, 10, 20, and 30 days) and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. In traditional Nuruk type A (TN-A), which was fermented at 36℃, the population of total culturable LAB during the fermentation period was between 104 and 105 log CFU/mL. On the other hand, the LAB population in traditional Nuruk type B (TN-B) fermented at 45℃ (primary fermentation for 10 days) and 35℃ (secondary fermentation for 20 days) was 102 log CFU/mL; however, these bacteria could not be detected after 6 days. Major LAB strains were identified in both Nuruk types: (1) from the MRS-culture of TN-A, Pediococcus pentosaceus at 3-30 days; (2) from MRS-culture of TN-B, P. pentosaceus at 3 days and Enterococcus hirae at 6 days. The protease activities of the dominant LAB isolated from the TN-A and TN-B cultures were within the ranges of 0.64~1.03 mg/mL and 0.74~0.81 mg/mL (tyrosine content), respectively, whereas the α-amylase activities were 0.75~0.98 mg/mL and 0.78~0.79 mg/mL (amylose content), respectively.

The physicochemical properties and storage stability of blueberries fermented by lactic acid bacteria were investigated. The viable cell count of lactic acid bacteria slowly increased to 5.96 log CFU/mL after 72 hr of fermentation. The pH decreased whereas titratable acidity increased after fermentation. The contents of total anthocyanin (31.52 mg/100 g) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) (5.41 mg/100 g) after 72 hr of fermentation were higher than those of non-fermented blueberries (16.10 mg/100 g and 2.21 mg/100 g, respectively). The L and a value decreased, and the b and △E value increased. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of fermented blueberries (2.21 g/100 g and 0.91 g/100 g, respectively) were higher than those of non-fermented blueberries (1.13 g/100 g and 0.49 g/100g, respectively). The DPPH radical scavenging activity and superoxide radical scavenging activity of the fermented blueberries were 30.74%, and 52.76%, respectively. The ferric reducing antioxidant power of the fermented blueberries (256.42 μM/g) was higher than that of non-fermented blueberries (191.52 μM/g). Anthocyanin and C3G content was stable in fermented blueberries after 42 days of storage. The results suggest that blueberries fermented by lactic acid bacteria have the potential to be functional materials in the food industry.

기후변화에 따라 오염도가 높아질 것으로 예상되는 곰팡 이독소 중 아플라톡신을 김치에 오염시켜 발효 및 저장 중 이화학적 및 미생물학적 품질변화를 분석하고, 김치 제 조 시 젖산균의 첨가가 아플라톡신의 함량 변화에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 김치의 pH는 저장기간이 증가함에 따 라 급격하게 감소한 반면 산도는 증가하는 경향을 보였으 며, 염도는 저장기간 동안 2.30~2.40%의 수준을 유지하였 다. 젖산균을 첨가한 김치의 일반세균수 및 젖산균수는 다 른 시료에 비해 젖산균을 접종한 시료에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 또한 김치의 저장 중 효모 및 곰팡이 수 는 약 1~3 log CFU/g 수준이 검출되었다. 대장균군은 대조 구에서 저장 4주차까지 검출된 반면 다른 시료에서는 저장 2주 후 모두 불검출되었다. 아플라톡신이 오염된 김치에서 저장기간에 따라 아플라톡신이 감소하는 경향성은 확인되 지 않았으나 저장 8주 동안 아플라톡신 오염수준의 평균 감소율은 AFs 오염구에서 7.1%, AFs+LP에서 21.5%, AFs+LM에서 24.1%로 나타나 젖산균을 첨가한 시료에서 감소율이 더 크게 나타났다. 아플라톡신 첨가에 따른 김치 의 이화학적 및 미생물학적 품질 변화는 일반 김치와 비교 시 뚜렷한 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 젖산균을 첨가한 김치 의 경우 저장 중 일반세균 수 및 젖산균수가 높게 검출되고, 아플라톡신의 감소효과가 더 크게 나타났다. 따라서 본 연 구결과 김치에 Lactobacillus속이나 Leuconostoc속과 같은 젖산균 첨가 시 젖산균 증진 효과 및 아플라톡신에 노출위험도를 감소시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

동결건조보호제(glucose, maltose, lactose 및 sucrose)를 첨가한 캡슐형 분말김치를 -20, 0, 4 및 25°C에서 4개월간 저장하면서 생균(젖산균)수를 측정한 결과, -20°C에서 저장한 캡슐형 분말김치에서 4개월 후에도 젖산균이 7 log CFU/g 이상 유지되었으며, 동결 건조 보호제로 glucose를 첨가한 캡슐형 분말 김치의 젖산균은 대조군 보다 약 3log CFU/g 이상 더 높았다. 4 및 0°C에 저장된 캡슐형 분말김치에서도 저장 4개월째의 젖산균수는 7~8 log CFU/g으로 유지되는 것을 확인하였다. 25°C에 저장된 캡슐형 분말 김치에서는 저장 10주까지는 4~5 log CFU/g으로 젖산균수가 유지되었으나, 저장 4개월 후 젖산균이 확인되지 않았다. 분말김치 내의 생균수를 7~8 log CFU/g로 4개월 이상 유지하기 위해서는 동결건조보호제(maltose 또는 glucose) 첨가처리와 더불어 냉장 및 냉동 보관이 필수적임을 확인하였다

본 연구에서는 비 상품 부추의 산업적 활용의 활성화를 위해 제 2형 당뇨모델인 db/db 마우스에서 부추 추출물과 부추 발효물에 대한 항당뇨 효과를 조사하였다. 부추 발효 물 제조를 위한 균주선발을 위해 L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. casei을 접종하여 배양시킨 부추 추출물(부추 발효물)에 대한 전자공여능을 측정한 결과, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum 부추 발효물은 활성이 증가되었으나 L. plantarum 접종한 부추 발효물의 superoxide radical 소거능 은 부추 추출물의 0.6배 수준으로 감소하였다. L. plantarum 와L. casei 균주를 접종한 부추 발효물의 superoxide radical 소거능은 부추 추출물과 유사한 수준을 나타내었다. 따라 서L. plantarum과L. casei를 이용하여 발효한 부추 발효물 과 부추 추출물을 제2형 당뇨질환 동물모델인db/db mice에 두 가지 농도구간으로(저농도 : 200 mg/kg, 고농도 : 400 mg/kg) 경구 투여한 후, 항당뇨 효능을 평가하였다. 체중 및 식이섭취량을 측정한 결과, 저농도 부추 발효물을 투여 하였을 때, 식이섭취량의 변화 없이 체중증가량이 유의적 으로 감소되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다(p<0.05). 혈당증가량 과 혈청 내 insulin 함량은 고농도 부추 추출물을 투여하였을 때, 유의적으로 감소되었고, 부추 발효물을 투여한 군에서 도 감소되는 경향을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 경구 당 부하검사 결과에서도 고농도의 부추 추출물 및 부추 발효물을 투여한 군에서 포도당 내성 효과가 개선되는 것으로 나타났다. 당 뇨병에 의해 감소된 혈청 내 GLP-1 농도는 고농도 부추 추출물 및 고농도의 부추 발효물 투여로 인해 증가되었으며 이상의 결과들은 부추 추출물 및 부추 발효물이 GLP-1 분비 를 증가시켜 insulin 저항성을 개선시킬 수 있음을 나타낸다. 비록 본 연구결과에서 제2형 당뇨질환에 대한 항당뇨 효능 은 부추 추출물이 부추 발효물 보다 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났으나, 두가지 유산균으로 혼합발효한 부추 발효물은 부추 추출물과 유사한 수준의 항당뇨 효능을 보임과 동시에 제2형 당뇨병으로 인한 체중증가도 감소시킬 수 있어 비만 을 동반하는 제2형 당뇨병의 예방과 개선을 위한 기능성 소재로 활용될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

This study was to investigate anti-skin wrinkle effect of Agastache rugosa Kentz extracts by extraction processes.In the comparison of the effect of the solvent extraction, the extracts by 70% ethanol (EE) showed better biological activitiesthat those by hot water. Therefore, further fermented Agastache rugosa was applied to 70% ethanol extraction process(FEE). FEE showed higher DPPH scavenging activity of 62.98% than EE’s 62.71% at 1.0㎎/㎖, but there was no significant.Elastase inhibition was measured 23.0% from FEE at 1.0㎎/㎖. Cytotoxicity showed the highest 16.26% from FEE, thisvalue is safe in the cell experiment. Collagen production showed 113.1ng/㎖ from FEE, on the other hand EE was measured77.4ng/㎖ in adding 1.0㎎/㎖. MMP-1 production was observed 1398pg/㎖ from FEE and EE was measured1632pg/㎖. These results were found the highest antioxidant and anti-wrinkle effect. As a result, it was also confirmed thatanti-skin wrinkle activities of the Agastache rugosa Kentz extract was correlated with anti-oxidant activities.

For the practical feasibility of lactic acid (LA) fermentation process, a continuous operation using mixed culture and the use of cheap and non-food raw materials are essential. In this study, a continuous LA fermentation of food waste was attempted using indigenous mixed culture. During the operation, temperature was gradually increased from 35℃ to 55℃, with showing the highest performance at 50℃. At 35-45℃, other organic acids such as acetic acid and butyric acid were also observed. At 50℃ and HRT 1.0 d, both LA production yield and its productivity were maximized to 1.8 mol LA/mol hexoseadded and 1.4 g LA/L/hr, respectively. A pyrosequencing result showed that Lactobacillus amylolyticus was the predominant species performing LA fermentation of food waste. The combined process of nanofiltration and water-splitting electrodialysis could recover highly purified LA from the fermentation broth by removing 95% of mineral ions and 77% of ammonium and glucose.

The antifungal activity against cheese fungi by lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi was investigated. Eight fungi were isolated from cheese in the cheese ripening room. Two of them were identified as Penicillium and Cladosporium via ITS-5.8S rDNA analysis. Twenty-two species of lactic acid bacteria with antifungal activity were isolated from kimchi. Two of them were identified as Lactobacillus and Pediococcus via 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Of the 22 lactic acid bacteria species, six were selected (L. sakei subsp. ALJ011, L. sakei subsp. ALI033, L. sakei subsp. ALGy039, P. pentosaceus ALJ015, P. pentosaceus ALJ024 and P. pentosaceus ALJ026) due to their higher activity against the eight fungi isolated from cheese in the cheese ripening room; and among the six species, the P. pentosaceus ALJ015 and P. pentosaceus ALJ024 isolates from the Jeonju area kimchi and the L. sakei subsp. ALI033 isolate from the Iimsil area kimchi had higher antifungal activity than the other lactic acid bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of L. sakei subsp. ALI033 against the eight fungi isolated from cheese in the cheese ripening room was 62.5 ㎍/mL.

This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional fermented foods and to develop a new starter for fermented milk. The isolates were identified using 16S rDNA sequencing and named Lactobacillus plantarum A, Leuconostoc lactis B and L. acidophilus C. The activity of these strains to inhibit the growth of food-borne human pathogens (Escherichia coli NCTC 12923, Salmonella Typhimurium NCTC 12023, Listeria monocytogenes NCTC 11994) was measured using the paper disc method. All these strains showed strong antibacterial activity against Li. monocytogenes NCTC 11994. The experiment groups were the fermented milks with these strains, and the control group was the fermented milk with the commercial starter (ABT 5). The change of pH, acidity and viable cell counts were measured during their aging time. All the experiment groups showed a significant difference in their aging times compared to the control group. However, the sensory test showed that the experiment groups can be used as useful starters for fermented milk. This result suggests that L. plantarum A, Leu. lactis B and L. acidophilus C have the potential to be developed as new starters for fermented milk.

Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), known as a non-protein amino acid and major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, has several functional properties such as neurotransmission, induction of hypotension, tranquilizer, and diuretic effects. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria, producing high GABA in fermented soy curd. Thirty-two strains of tofu-forming lactic acid bacteria were isolated from kimchi which a traditional Korean food fermented with many kind of microorganism. Among 32 strains, four strains (strain No. 10, 104, 214, 249) formed firm soycurd. In order to select lactic acid bacteria having high GABA producing potential, the isolated strains were cultured in the soymilk and fermented for 48 hr at 37℃. A strain No. 383, which showed highest GABA contents in fermented soycurd, was identified as L. sakei by 16S rDNA sequencing and API analysis, and named as L. sakei 383. L. sakei 383 showed optimal growth up to 24 hr at 35℃ in MRS broth. The optimal time and temperature for GABA production were 18 hr and 35°C in soymilk. In the optimal condition time and temperature, GABA content of fermented soycurd by L. sakei 383 was 8.65 mg/100 g.

This study was done in order to investigate the bioconversion of ginsenoside, as well as the quality characteristics of fermented ginseng, by using lactic acid bacteria. Quality characteristics such as the thin layer chromatography(TLC) pattern, ginsenosides, total phenolic content, electron donating ability, and total sugar of fermenting ginseng and red ginseng were analyzed. The ginsenoside Rg2r, Rh2s and Rh2r of the fermented ginseng and red ginseng for 65 hours at a temperature of 37℃ were not detected. The ginsenoside Rg1 and Re contents have decreased, while the Rh1, Rg2s, Rd, Rg3r, and Rg3s have increased due to fermentation. The ginsenoside Rg3 of the fermented red ginseng has increased and the contents were 114.83∼131.68 μg/mL (control 104.56 μg/mL). The total phenolic content and electron donating ability of the red ginseng have totally decreased after 7 days of fermentation. The total phenolic contents of the fermented ginseng and red ginseng with different lactic acid bacteria did not show any tendency as different strains. The electron donating ability of the fermented ginseng has increased; however, the electron donating ability of the red ginseng has decreased. The total sugars of the fermented ginseng and red ginseng with different lactic acid bacteria have also decreased.

The quality characteristics of rice wine seed mash and rice wine made with different lactic acid concentrations were investigated. The pH decreased along with the lactic acid concentration. The total titratable acid content of the rice wine seed mash was lowest when 0.5% lactic acid was added, and the ethanol contents of the mash samples were not significant. The results of the measurement of the microorganism number, C (cell numbers of the total bacteria and the lactic acid bacteria), decreased along with the lactic acid concentrations of the mash samples. The yeast cell numbers of the rice wine seed mash samples according to the lactic acid concentrations were high (0.5, 0.3, 1.0, control, and 0.7%, respectively). The pH and total titratable acid levels of rice wine according to the lactic acid concentration were stable during fermentation, according to the increase in the amount of lactic acid. The organic acids in the rice wines were highest in the lactic acid. The rice wines to which lactic acid had been added had lower acetic acid contents than the control. Also, the acetic acid contents decreased along with the lactic acid concentrations, except in the rice wine treated with 1.0% lactic acid. The ethanol contents of the tested rice wines were not significant. All in all, in the sensory evaluation, the rice wines treated with 0.5 and 0.7% lactic acid scored higher than the other treatments.

This study was carried out to investigate solid-state fermentation method using cellulolytic lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum TO-2100 in order to increase piperidine alkaloid contents in mulberry leaves. Piperidine alkaloid, one type of which include 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ), is known to inhibit α-glycosidase activities. Using this strain, the optimal solid-state fermentation conditions on mulberry leaves powder were found as the following: initial moisture content, temperature and relative humidity were 20%, 30~35℃ and 60 ~ 70%, respectively, and the fermentation time was 72 hrs. The piperidine alkaloid contents in the fermented mulberry leaves were 2.86% on dry powder, which is 7-fold increase from that of non-fermented mulberry leaves. The 1-deoxynojirimycin contents after applying preparative thin layer chromatography were 2.02% on dry powder, which is 8 times higher than that of non-fermented mulberry leaves. α-Glycosidase activities was inhibited by 65.7 ~ 84.7% with 3 ~ 5% treatments of hot-water extracts of the fermented mulberry leaves, compared to 16.2 ~ 40.2% with 3 ~ 5% treatments of hot-water extracts of non-fermented mulberry leaves. Therefore, the results suggest that solid-state fermentation method does indeed increase of piperidine alkaloid contents on mulberry leaves.