In this study, in order to develop an foaming tablet product using yuzu powder, yuzu powder was manufactured using different drying methods such as freeze-drying, 60℃ drying, and 40℃ drying, and then quality characteristics and functionality were analyzed. The naringin content per g of yuzu powder was 8.9 mg for freeze-drying and 8.8 mg for 60℃ drying, and the hesperidin content per g of yuzu powder was highest at 53.6 mg for freeze-drying and 46.2 mg for 60℃ drying. followed by 40℃ drying (41.7 mg). The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of 60℃ dried powder was found to be twice as high as that of freeze dried powder. Accordingly, in order to develop an inner beauty product, foaming tablets were manufactured using hot air dried powder, and the quality characteristics and functional ingredients of the final foaming tablets were investigated. The foaming tablet prepared with yuzu powder content of 10 and 15% showed an inhibitory activity of tyrosinase of 73.7 %, which was 1.6 times higher than that of ascorbic acid (1 mM), which was a positive control, confirming its melanin production inhibition effect.

Radish is a sulfur-containing compound containing the -S group, having bioactive functions such as anticancer, antithrombotic, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties, and is used as a health supplement and pharmaceutical material. This study aimed to compare changes in sulforaphane (SFN) content according to freeze-drying or hot-air drying conditions in Korean radishes. The color of frozen or hot-air-dried radish underwent a browning reaction due to heat treatment; the brightness (L) decreased from 89.3 to 56.1, and the redness (b) increased. The SFN content of freezedried radish was 13.2565 mg/g, the SFN of radish dried at 50oC was 2.64372 mg/g, and the SFN of radish dried at 80oC was 0.0678 mg/g, which was the highest in freeze-dried radish. Therefore, the SFN of radish was found to be insufficient in thermal stability, and freeze-drying was considered a suitable method for drying radish.

This study compared the physicochemical properties of soybean curd residue and black soybean curd residue produced by hot air-drying and freeze-drying. Regardless of drying method, the crude protein, crude ash, crude fiber contents, pH, L, a, b color values and water soluble index were higher in soybean curd residue, whereas total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity were higher in black soybean curd residue. Significant differences in water absorption index, oil absorption capacity and emulsion activity were observed between soybean curd residue and black soybean curd residue in freeze-drying. On the other hand, the emulsion stability was not significant difference in both hot-air drying and freezedrying. The crude protein and crude fiber contents of soybean curd residue were not significant difference between hot-air drying and freeze-drying. Freeze-drying resulted in higher crude ash contents, pH, water absorption index, water soluble index, oil absorption capacity, emulsion activity and emulsion stability than hot-air drying. Hot-air drying have caused significantly higher water contents, water activity, total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity in soybean curd residue than freeze-drying. In conclusion, soybean type and drying methods affect the physicochemical and quality characteristics of soybean curd residue, which could be important factors in the manufacture of processed foods.

This study investigated the antioxidant characteristics of sweet potato according to different plant parts and drying methods. The sweet potato plant parts were divided into root tubers, stems, stalks, leaves, and tips, and the drying methods were freeze-drying and hot air drying. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and radical scavenging activity of the sweet potato plant parts were significantly different depending on the plant parts and drying methods. The total polyphenol content of freeze-dried sweet potato leaves and tips were 52.76 and 46.19 mg chlorogenic acid equivalents/g sample, and the total flavonoid contents were 222.47 and 214.12 mg quercetin equivalents/g sample, respectively, and decreased with hot air drying. DPPH radical scavenging activity was higher in freeze-drying than hot air drying and was significantly different depending on the plant parts. The ABTS radical scavenging activity of freeze-dried sweet potato leaves and tips were 43.48 and 44.68 mg Trolox equivalents/g sample, respectively, and decreased with hot air drying. Therefore, additional studies on the functionality of using by-products from sweet potato cultivation are needed.

Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens, BSFL) is an environmental purification insect utilized as an animal feed source due to its high protein content. BSFL need to be dried to preserve quality, and the optimal drying method should be cost-effective. In this study, various drying methods (hot air (HD), freeze (FD), vacuum (VD), and combined-drying (CD)) were applied to BSFL, and then BSFL powders were characterized. Crude protein content was highest in HD and lowest in CD, and there was no significant difference in crude fat content (p>0.05). In the measurement of the total amino acid content of BSFL, glutamic acid and aspartic acid were the highest regardless of the drying method. The total amino acid content was the highest in HD and the lowest in CD. Total polyphenol content was higher in VD and FD than in HD and CD. Also, hydrogen peroxide and DPPH radical scavenging showed similar results. In the antioxidant measurement results, VD and FD showed higher antioxidant capacity, but considering cost-effectiveness, HD was the most available method for drying BSFL.

Centella asiatica (CA) has been used as a nutritional plant as well as a traditional herbal medicine around the world. This study, quality component (proximate composition, total polyphenol, and triterpenoid compound), and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of CA dried using various methods were investigated. Proximate compositions of CA with different drying methods included a large amount of carbohydrates, crude protein, crude ash, and crude fiber. Among the drying methods, cold drying provided the highest total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity, while hot-air drying at 75℃ provided the lowest total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. In addition, when the major triterpenoid compounds of CA were analyzed, the highest content of asiaticoside of triterpenoid glycoside was obtained with all drying methods. With respect to the total triterpenoid, the highest content was obtained with cold drying (68.8 mg/g) whereas natural drying (31.4 mg/g) provided the lowest content. In anti-inflammatory activity of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, EtOH extract of cold drying showed a significantly higher inhibitory activity in comparison to the other drying methods. In conclusion, it is considered that the cold drying method is suitable for industrial preparation of functional materials with high physiological ingredients, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities from CA.

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data of butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) according to the drying methods. The proximate composition and chromaticity of freeze-dried and hot air-dried Cucurbita moschata powders were evaluated, and the antioxidant effects of these ethanolic extracts were analyzed by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, reducing power activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid content. As a result, Cucurbita moschata was revealed to have high carbohydrate and crude protein contents, while crude ash and crude fat contents were relatively low. Also, it was confirmed that the hot air-dried Cucurbita moschata had lower L, a, and b values than the freeze-dried Cucurbita moschata. Additionally, as a result of analyzing the antioxidant activity of Cucurbita moschata ethanolic extracts, hot air-dried Cucurbita moschata ethanolic extract showed significantly superior antioxidant activity than freeze-dried Cucurbita moschata ethanolic extract. Also, hot air-dried Cucurbita moschata ethanolic extract was revealed to have a higher polyphenol content, but slightly lower flavonoid content than freeze-dried Cucurbita moschata ethanolic extract. Based on the data from this study, further experiments on Cucurbita moschata material are necessary.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and β-glucan content of extracts extracted by varying the temperature at 30, 55 and 80℃ after hot air drying or freeze drying of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii. For the analysis antioxidant activity of each mushroom, β-glucan, total phenol, flavonoid contents, and DPPH․ABTS+․Nitrite assay were measured. Also, the β-glucan content, total flavonoid content and ABTS+ scavenging activity increased with freeze drying rather than hot air drying, and increased with increasing extraction temperature in both mushrooms. However, the total phenol and nitrite scavenging activity increased with hot air drying rather than freeze drying, and decreased with increasing temperature in both mushrooms. DPPH scavenging activity was not significant in both mushrooms, but decreased with increasing extraction temperature. Pearson’s correlations between total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities were r=0.719~0.753 (p<0.01). As a result, the β-glucan content, total flavonoid content, and ABTS radical cation scavenging activity were highest during freeze drying and extraction at 80℃. And the highest total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and nitrite scavenging activity were obtained during hot air drying and extraction at 30℃.

건조방법을 달리한 초석잠(Stachys sieboldii Miq.)을 열수 및 70% 에탄올 용매로 추출하여 제조한 후 추출물 농도에 따른 총 flavonoid 및 총 polyphenol 함량, DPPH radical 소거활성, ABTS radical 소거활성, 산화적 스트레스로부터의 신경세포 보호효과에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위하여 실시 하였다. 초석잠 추출물들의 총 flavonoid와 총 polyphenol 함량은 동결건조 열수 추출물에서 각각 가장 높았다(p<0.05). DPPH 및 ABTS radical 소거활성은 농도의존적으로 증가하였으며, 1,000 ug/mL 농도에서는 동결건조 열수추출물에서 유의적으로 가장 높게 나타났으나, 대조군인 비타민 C에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 신경세포 보호효과는 열품 및 동결건조 열수추출물에서 농도의존적으로 높게 나타났으며, 대조군인 비타민 C에 비해 낮았다(p<0.05). 본 연구를 통하여 열풍건조에 비해 동결건조 초석잠의 열수추출물이 총 flavonoid와 총 polyphenol 함량이 더 높게 함유되어 있어 항산화 활성 및 산화적 스트레스로부터의 신경세포 보호효과가 우수하게 나타내는 것이 관찰되었다.

건조방법을 달리한 늙은 호박의 품질 특성 및 항산화를 비교하기 위하여 건조하지 않은 늙은 호박을 대조군으로 하였고, 자연건조, 열풍건조, 동결건조의 조건에서 늙은 호박을 제조하였다. 건조한 늙은 호박의 수분함량은 건조한 늙은 호박 중 동결건조에서 가장 높았고, 자연건조와 열풍건조는 유의적 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 가용성 고형분은 대조군에서 가장 낮았으며, 건조 방법을 달리한 늙은 호박 간의 유의적 차이가 없었다. pH의 결과는 동결건조에서 가장 높았으며, 자연건조에서 낮았다. 적정산도는 열풍건조에서 가장 높았고, 자연건조에서도 높은 경향을 보였으나, 동결건조에서 낮은 경향을 나타냈다. 색도 측정 결과, 명도는 동결건조에서 증가했고, 적색도와 황색도는 열풍건조에서 높은 결과를 보였으며, 갈변도 또한 열풍건조에서 높은 값을 나타냈다. 총당의 분석한 결과, 동결건조에서의 함량이 가장 높았으며, 대조군에서 낮은 함량을 나타냈다. Texture를 측정한 결과, 경도, 응집력, 검성, 씹힘성은 대조군에 비해 건조한 시료에서 높은 수치를 보였으며, 건조방법을 달리한 시료 간의 유의적 차이는 나타나지 않았다. DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거능 측정 결과는 열풍건조와 동결건조가 높은 수치를 보여 열풍건조와 동결건조시킨 늙은 호박이 기능성에 좋은 영향을 나타낼 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구 결과, 열풍건조와 동결건조시킨 늙은 호박이 품질 특성과 기능성이 전반적으로 우수하다고 판단되나, 경제적 측면을 고려했을 때, 열풍건조 방법이 건조 늙은 호박의 제조 방법으로 적합할 것으로 생각된다.

고추는 조미채소의 한 종류로 우리나라 채소시장에서 큰 비중을 차지하는 품목이다. 대부분 고추의 이용은 건고추의 분말형태인 고춧가루로 가공하여 이용되고 있으므로, 고추건조에 대한 품질과 생산성 향상이 중요한 부분이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 고추의 건조방법에 따라 고춧가루의 품질을 좌우할 수 있는 성분의 변화에 대하여 비교하고, 생산비를 고려하여 적정 건조방법을 제시하고자 실험을 수행하였다. 건조방법으로는 관행으로 많이 이용되는 양건과 화건을 이용하였으며, 제습기를 이용한 제습건조방식을 추가 적용하여 건고추 생산성과 품질을 비교하였다. 고추의 건조방식에 따른 건조율은 화건이 85.1%로 제일 높았고, 이에 따라 고춧가루의 수분함량도 13.5%로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 고추의 색택을 좌우하는 ASTA(American Spice Trade Association) 색도는 양건처리에 비해 화건과 제습건조처리가 높은 결과를 보였다. 고춧가루의 신미성분인 capsaicinoid 함량은 양건처리에 비하여 화건과 제습건조처리에서 모두 낮게 나타나 이에 대한 추가적인 적정 건조조건에 대한 연구가 추가되어야 된다. 당함량은 건조시간이 비교적 짧았던 화건과 제습건조처리에서 양건에 비해 높게 나타났으나 두 처리간에는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 건고추 생산비용은 제습건조처리가 화건처리에 비해 9.9% 효율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 화건과 제습건조가 당함량의 증진과 건고추의 색 발현 측면에서는 효과적이었음을 알 수 있었다. 고추의 신미성분인 capsaicinoid함량 증진을 위해서는 화건과 제습건조처리에서 적정한 건조온도와 건조시간에 대한 연구가 추가되어야 될 것으로 판단되었다.