This study investigated the quality characteristics and optimal conditions of noodles produced by adding Baromi 2 Garu floury rice to wheat flour. The lightness of samples with floury rice increased, while the lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) decreased after cooking compared to before cooking. The weight, volume, and moisture absorption rate of cooked noodles decreased compared to wheat, but turbidity increased as the amount of rice flour increased. In addition, compared to the control with 20% rice flour, GR-20 (flour replacement by 20% Garu floury rice) with floury rice had lower turbidity, showing less cooking loss. The hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of noodles with floury rice decreased as the floury rice content increased, while springiness, cohesiveness, and adhesiveness increased. The elongation force and distance decreased as the amount of floury rice increased. Therefore, the optimal amount of floury rice to replace wheat flour would be 20%. Adding excessive amounts of floury rice to processed foods requires additional processes, such as adding food additives or changing the processing method to control physical properties.

Noodles were manufactured using chickpea powder to evaluate quality characteristics. Compared to noodles made of wheat flour, noodles made with chickpea powder showed higher contents of protein, lipids, ash, and dietary fiber. Among noodle cooking characteristics, weight, moisture absorption rates, volume, and turbidity decreased significantly as the added amount of chickpea powder increased. Comparisons made of the color of noodles with raw noodles after cooking showed that the brightness (L value) of raw noodles tended to decrease as more chickpea powder was added after cooking, and levels of red (a value) and levels of yellow (b value) tended to increase as more chickpea powder was added after cooking. The texture of noodles with added chickpea powder tended to increase as more chickpea powder was added, such as hardness, springiness, gumminess, cohesiveness, and chewiness.

This study established the optimal conditions of noodles by varying the amount of modified starch treated with octenyl succinic anhydride in wheat starch. It investigated the digestibility and quality characteristics of the produced noodles. The color difference of the noodles added with octenyl-succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified starch increased as the amount of OSA-modified starch added increased but decreased after cooking. The cooking characteristics of noodles added with OSA-modified starch showed increased weight, water absorption, and turbidity but reduced volume. In the extensibility of noodles, the noodles with 10 and 20% OSA-modified starch showed the most similar values to the control. The digestibility of noodles with OSA-modified starch added showed a higher RS content as the amount of OSA-modified starch added increased. However, it is considered that an optimal addition level of 20% of modified starch is suitable for the formation of noodle texture. As a result of this study, it is thought that OSA-modified starch, with its low digestibility, could be utilized not only in noodles but also as a low-calorie food ingredient that can replace wheat flour.

수륙재의문과 청규에 나타난 만두와 국수에 대한 인식변화를 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 처음에는 만두와 국수가 수륙재를 통해서 식료에서 만들어 지는 중요한 음식이었다. 시간이 흐르며, 중국불교와 달리 한국불교에서 만 두는 세시의례음식으로 변화되었다. 반면, 국수는 불교의례음식으로 남았지 만, 세면(洗麵)에서 세면(細麪)으로 바뀌었다. 처음에는 습면의 형태를 취했 다고 생각되나 가는 국수로 바뀌었다. 육색장은 중국과 다른 한국불교 음식문화의 특징이다. 처음에는 6가지 음 식의 특징을 살려서 설치되었으나 점점 경계가 허물어진다. 결국 조선 말에 이르러서는 색장방이란 이름 만 남는다. 그리고 음식 전체를 아우르는 일반 적인 명사로 쓰이게 된다. 음식의 조리법과 종류에 따라 소임이 늘어나는 경 향을 보인다. 결국 만두는 민가의 세시의례음식으로 변화되고, 국수는 불교의례 속에 남아 있게 된다. 현재 시식(施食)에서 제일 먼저 국수를 올리는 의식(儀式)을 가리킨다. 이것이 한국 불교문헌에 보이는 만두(饅頭)와 국수[洗麵]에 대한 의식(意識)변화라고 생각한다.

This study aims to analyze the cooking and sensory characteristics of noodles to which different types and amounts of apples were added. Apple noodles were made by the addition of apple flour and apple concentrate to wheat flour in proportions of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%, respectively. Cooking time, weight after cooking, water loss after cooking, and rehydration rate were analyzed as cooking characteristics. Hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, springiness, and chewiness were measured as texture characteristics, whereas sensory evaluation was performed on the appearance, color, taste, aroma, texture, and overall preference of noodles. The cooking time decreased as the amount of apple added increased, and the weight after cooking, water loss after cooking, and rehydration rate increased. The hardness and chewiness were decreased and the adhesiveness was increased as the amount of apple added was increased. The sensory test of apple noodles showed a higher score in taste and overall preference than that of the control. Furthermore, the addition of apples tended to produce a high score in all sensory tests, indicating that the addition of apples has a good effect on the quality of noodles. In particular, the addition of 10% apple concentrate showed high scores in all the tested characteristics.

This study was conducted to understand the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptance for the commercially available clear broth for noodles. Totally, eight different clear broth samples were evaluated in this study. Seven trained panelists developed and evaluated sensory characteristics in the descriptive analysis. Significant differences (p<0.05) were obtained for all 28 attributes evaluated. Descriptive data was obtained by performing multivariate analysis of variance to identify differences between samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the mean values of descriptive attributes obtained in the descriptive analysis, and summarizes the sensory characteristics of clear broth for noodles. PCA of the clear broths revealed that the first two principal components are responsible for 80.66% variations. For sensory testing, 160 consumers were recruited, and their acceptance for each sample was assessed. Consumer data was obtained by applying partial least square-regression (PLSR) to establish the relationship between the descriptive data and the consumer acceptance data.

본 연구에서는 활용도가 낮은 식자원의 부가가치 부여라는 목적으로 연구를 진행하였다. 0, 2, 4, 6 및 8%로 비지첨가량을 달리하여 제조한 국수의 수분 결합력, 색도, 국수의 표면 구조 및 물성실험을 진행하여 비지 첨가 국수의 제면특성을 확인하였다. 수분 결합력은 비지 분말의 첨가에 따라 유의하게 증가하였다. 국수의 명도(L)는 비지 분말의 농도가 증가함에 따라 유의적인 감소패턴을 보였으며, 적색도(a)와 황색도(b)는 유의적 변화가 없었다. 표면의 미세구조를 확인한 결과, 비지 분말의 농도가 증가함에 따른 공극의 특이적인 변화 확인할 수 없었다. 조리 전 생면의 물성을 확인한 결과, 경도, 부착성, 탄력성, 점착성 및 씹힘성은 비지 분말이 첨가함에 따라 상승하는 경향을 나타낸 반면, 응집성은 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 조리면의 경우, 경도, 탄력성 및 부착성은 비지분말 첨가에 따른 상승경향을 나타낸 반면, 응집성은 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 점착성과 씹힘성은 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 이러한 제면특성을 종합 판단하여 국수의 제조시 비지분말의 첨가는 4%가 가장 좋은 것으로 판단되었다.

본 연구는 우수한 영양과 기능성을 가진 아피오스의 국내 생산과 보급을 늘리고, 식품 소재로서의 활용 가능성을 살펴보고자 밀가루 대신 아피오스 분말을 0, 5, 10, 15, 20% 비율로 국수에 첨가하여 항산화 활성과 품질 특성을 평가하였다. 수분 함량은 아피오스의 첨가량이 늘어날수록 증가하였고 (p<0.01), pH는 아피오스의 첨가량이 늘어날수록 감소하였다(p<0.001). 그러나 염도는 아피오스 감자의 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하지만, 시료 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 수분 흡수율(p<0.05)과 탁도(p<0.001)는 아피오스의 첨가량이 늘어날수록 증가하였으나, 부피 팽창률은 아피오스를 첨가할수록 증가하였지만 시료 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 색도는 아피오스의 첨가량이 늘어날수록 명도인 L값은 감소하였고, 적색도인 a값은 증가하였다(p<0.001). 황색도인 b값은 아피오스의 첨가할수록 감소하였으나, 시료 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 기계적 조직감 결과에서 경도(p<0.001)는 아피오스의 첨가량이 늘어날수록 증가하였으나, 응집성(p<0.01)은 감소하였다. 또한, 부착성과 씹힘성은 아피오스의 첨가할수록 증가하였고, 탄력성은 감소하였으나 시료 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 관능평가에서 기호도 평가 결과는 아피오스를 15% 넣었을 때가 외관(p<0.001), 향(p<0.001), 맛(p<0.001), 조직감 (p<0.01) 기호도가 모두 가장 높게 나타나서 전반적인 기호도도 가장 높았다(p<0.001). 정량적 묘사분석(QDA) 결과에서는 아피오스의 첨가량이 늘어날수록 갈색도(p<0.001), 쓴맛(p< 0.001), 구수한 향미(p<0.001), 경도(p<0.001), 경도(p<0.001), 부착성(p<0.001), 씹힘성(p<0.01) 등은 증가하는 것으로 나타났으나, 투명성(p<0.01)과 퍼짐성(p<0.01), 밀가루 향미(p< 0.001), 탄력성(p<0.01) 등은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 주성분 분석(PCA) 결과에서는 아피오스를 15% 이상 국수에 첨가 하였을 때에 아피오스의 고유의 색, 맛, 조직감 등이 나타나면서 기호도가 높아지는 것을 확인하였다. 총 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드 함량, DPPH 소거능 등의 항산화 활성 평가 결과는 아피오스의 첨가량이 늘어날수록 국수의 항산화 활성이 모두 증가하는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 이상의 연구 결과를 종합하여 검토하였을 때에 국수에 아피오스를 15% 첨가하는 것이 가장 기호도가 높으면서 항산화 활성과 품질 특성이 우수한 것으로 사료된다.

This purpose of this study was to investigate cooking characteristics of noodles prepared by adding 0, 2, 4 or 6 percent of Capsosiphon fulvescens to wheat flour containing konjac powder. Water binding capacity was significantly increased with increasing amounts of Capsosiphon fulvescens. Weight and volume of cooked noodles increased significantly in proportion with the amount of Capsosiphon fulvescens. Turbidity of the soup after cooking also increased with the addition of Capsosiphon fulvescens. Brightness(L) and redness(a) were decreased with addition of Capsosiphon fulvescens. Yellowness( b) increased. The color value of cooked noodles was decreased compared with that of wet noodles. Sensory evaluation scores revealed that cooked noodles with 4 percent addition group were highest in terms of color, flavor and overall acceptability. This study validates that addition of Amorphophallus konjac and 4 percent Capsosiphon fulvescens may improve functionality and preference of noodles.

This study evaluated the quality characteristics of semi-dried noodles prepared with different water contents (wet noodles; 32, 24, 22, 20%, dry noodles; 12%). The drying process was carried out in a drying chamber at 13~18oC temperature and 75~95% humidity. The proximate composition of Korean wheat flour was as follows: water 22.1±3.64%, protein 8.6±0.13%, fat 1.3±0.10%, ash 0.7±0.02%, carbohydrates 67.3±0.10%. As water contents decreased, both L and b values significantly decreased before cooking of noodles, whereas L, a, and b values were not significantly different after cooking of noodles. Weight, water absorption, and volume of cooked noodles significantly increased as water content decreased, whereas turbidity of soup was not significantly different. Cutting hardness before cooking of noodles significantly increased as water content decreased. Sections of noodles after cooking by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) showed roughness and fewer round starch particles as water content decreased. For overall preferences according to the sensory evaluation, noodles prepared with different water contents were not significantly different. According to the results, semidried noodles have development potential to complement the disadvantages of both wet noodles and dry noodles.

In this study, the quality characteristics of noodles containing different amounts of germinated black quinoa were investigated. The powder of black quinoa with the highest antioxidative activation was selected; and composite flour was prepared with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of germinated black quinoa powder to produce the noodles. We evaluated the quality and sensory characteristics of the noodles, including pH, salinity, water absorption rate, volumetric expansion rate, turbidity, chromaticity, extensibility, and texture. With regards to the quality characteristics of noodles with added germinated black quinoa, the pH and salinity decreased with increasing percentage of added germinated black quinoa (p<0.001). Increasing the percentage of added germinated black quinoa resulted in decreased water absorption (p<0.01) and volumetric expansion rates and increased turbidity of the cooked noodles (p<0.001). In terms of the chromaticity, L and b values decreased and a value increased with the increasing percentage of added germinated black quinoa (p<0.001). For the texture, hardness (p<0.001), adhesiveness (p<0.01), springiness (p<0.01), chewiness (p<0.001), gumminess (p<0.001), and cohesiveness (p<0.05) decreased as the percentage of added germinated black quinoa increased; while extensibility (p<0.001) increased. Consumer testing results indicated that the noodles with 15% of added germinated black quinoa showed the best results. Collectively, the evaluation of quality characteristics and consumer acceptability indicated that adding 15% of germinated black quinoa to produce noodles is optimal.

This study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the rheological characteristics of noodle flour dough supplementary konjac powder comprising 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% or 2.0% of the total mixture. In farinograph analysis, water absorption increased with the increased content of konjac powder. Both the arrival times and the development times of the dough with added konjac powder were longer than original wheat flour dough. Dough stability was found to be increased as compared to the control, but decreased as konjac powder content was increased. As konjac powder content increased, the resistance of the dough as shown by farinograph data was highest in the original wheat flour dough as 130 BU. Starting temperature, maximum viscosity temperature and maximum viscosity were decreased as shown in amylograph analysis. In extensograph analysis, the dough's extensibility and resistance to extension of the dough decreased as the amount of konjac powder was increased. The ratio of resistance to extensibility (R/E) decreased with the an increase in the amount of konjac powder included in the dough. The dough’s tensile strength after cooking was increased in proportion to the additional amount of konjac powder used.

This study evaluated the quality characteristics of dried noodles prepared with doenjang powder (0, 3, 6, 9%) in order to determine the most preferred noodle recipe. The proximate composition of the composite doenjang powder-wheat flours was as follows: calories 365 kcal, carbohydrates 79 g, saccharides 3 g, protein 10 g, fat 0.8 g, and sodium 65 mg. As the level of doenjang powder increased, the content of total amino acids increased; aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, and lysine contents increased, in particular. Water-binding capacity decreased as the level of doenjang powder increased. When viscosity of composite doenjang powder-wheat flours was measured by amylography, gelatinization point increased as the level of doenjang powder increased. As the level of doenjang powder increased, L value decreased, whereas a and b values increased. Weight, water absorption, and volume of cooked noodles decreased, whereas turbidity of soup increased. For textural properties, hardness decreased, whereas springiness increased as the level of doenjang powder increased. For overall preference according to the results of sensory evaluation, noodles added with 3% doenjang powder were the most preferred. According to the results, addition of doenjang powder positively affects the overall sensory evaluation of dried noodle, and 3% is the optimal level for addition.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of liposome-coated salt (LCS) on the salty taste intensity of noodle. Dough, dried noodle, and boiled noodle with LCS were evaluated physico-chemically for water content, water binding capacity, solubility, swelling power, color, texture, cooking properties, and sensory test. There were no significant differences in water content, water binding capacity, lightness, yellowness, and texture of noodle between the noodles with liposome-coated salt and non-coated salt. For the sensory analysis, the panel did detect more salty taste at 1.0% and 2.0% of LCS compared to the control. From these results, this study demonstrates that liposome coated salt can enhance salty taste, maintaining the same salt concentration without the physical property changes of noodle.

귀리의 베타글루칸은 혈중 총콜레스테롤 및 LDL 콜레스테롤 수치를 낮추며, 항암작용, 피부염증억제 등의 고기능 성 식품으로 알려져 있지만, 주로 혼반용이나 오트밀로 판매되고 있어서 다양한 가공품 개발이 필요하다. 귀리 가공품 적용을 위하여 귀리의 산패를 예방하고 식미감을 높이기 위한 전처리 방법으로 가볍게 물로 1회 세척 후 물기를 충분 히 제거한 상태에서 증자 5, 10, 20분과 중온볶음(170~190℃) 10, 20, 30분, 고온볶음(220~240℃) 5, 10, 20분으로 구분 하여 시험하였다. 그 결과 베타클루칸 함량은 증자와 볶음 처리에서 생귀리 대비 증가하였으며, 증자 20분에서 1.8배, 고온볶음 10분 처리에서 3.2배 증가하였다. 또한 지방 산패의 원인이 되는 산가는 증자와 볶음처리에서 감소하였으며, 증자는 20분 처리에서, 고온볶음 5~10분 처리구에서 낮게 나타났다. 겉귀리 분말을 첨가한 국수를 제조하기 위하여 전체중량의 10~30%까지 첨가하여 국수를 제조한 결과 귀리분말을 첨가함에 따라 조리 후 무게와 부피가 유의하게 증 가하였으며, 수입 밀 또는 우리 밀만으로 제조한 것보다 국물의 탁도가 낮아지는 경향이었다. 귀리국수의 물성은 귀리 분말 30% 첨가에서 경도가 급격히 낮아지면서 탄력성도 낮아졌으며 국수의 끊김 현상이 증가하였고, 10~20% 귀리분 말 첨가에서 조리 전, 후의 수입 밀가루 대비 색, 향, 맛 또는 전반적인 기호도에서 높은 경향을 보였다. 귀리의 영양성 분인 베타글루칸 역시 귀리 첨가량에 비례하여 증가하였다.

농가수집 국산밀 품종의 글루텐 특성을 분석하였으며, 이를 이용하여 제조된 국수의 품질 특성을 분석하였다. 국 산 밀 품종은 광주, 전주지역에서 수집한 금강, 고소 및 백중 밀을 사용하여 실험에 사용하였다. 국산 밀가루의 글루텐 특성은 gluten index (GI), wet gluten content (WG), dry gluten content (DG), water binding in wet gluten (WBG)을 분석 하였다. 밀가루의 품질 특성은 면대의 두께, 색도를 분석하였으며 국수의 texture는 hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, brittleness를 측정하였다. 밀가루의 GI는 금강품종의 경우 74.69-98.39를 나타냈으며, 고소의 경우 54.54- 90.32, 백중의 경우 73.43-94.87를 나타내었다. DG의 경우 금강 Kb 시료가 12.45%로 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈으며, 백 중 Bb의 경우 6.05%로 가장 낮은 함량을 나타내었다. WBG의 경우 금강 Ka 및 Kb가 22.27% 및 24.70%로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 금강 Ka 및 Kb의 단백질 함량은 12.47 및 13.13%를 나타내었다. 농가에서 생산된 국산 밀 품종을 이용하여 면대를 제조하였으며 제조된 면대의 두께는 1.39-1.75 mm 범위를 나타내는 것으로 확인되었다. 색도의 경우 L*값은 금강 품종의 경우 79.56-83.89, 고소의 경우 83.20-85.54, 백중의 경우 82.05-85.05를 나타내었으며, 고소 Ga가 85.54로 가장 명도가 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 국수의 hardness의 경우 금강 Ka 시료가 1,437 N으로 가장 높은 경도를 나타내는 것으로 확인되었다. Hardness의 경우 금강시료는 1,358-1,437 N을 나타내었으며 고소를 이용한 국수의 경도 는 1,225-1,387 N, 백중의 경우 1,139-1,341 N을 나타내었다. Chewiness의 경우도 금강 Ka시료가 760으로 가장 높은 값 을 나타내는 것으로 확인되었다.

This study evaluated the quality characteristics of dried noodles prepared with strawberry powder in order to determine the most preferred noodle recipe for children’s school meals. The proximate composition of strawberry powder used was as follows: moisture, 3.39%; crude protein, 1.53%; crude lipid, 0.97%; crude ash, 0.82%; and carbohydrates, 93.29%. When viscosity of the composite strawberry powder-wheat flours was measured by amylograph. Gelatinization point, maximum viscosity, viscosity at 95oC and viscosity at 95oC after 15 min decreased as the level of strawberry powder increased. As the level of strawberry powder increased, both L and b color values decreased, whereas a value increased. Weight, water absorption and volume of cooked noodles decreased, whereas turbidity of soup increased. For textural properties, addition of strawberry powder to cooked noodles reduced hardness, chewiness and brittleness. Overall preference according to the results of the sensory evaluation, noodles added with 6% strawberry powder were the most preferred. According to the results, the addition of strawberry powder can positively affect the overall sensory evaluation of dried noodles, and 6% is the optimal level for addition.