This study was carried out to verify the effect of increasing the ambient temperature around apple trees by directly blowing warm-air under the slender spindle apple training system using an agricultural warm-air blower and ducts used in plastic house cultivation to develop late frost damage reduction technology during the blooming season. The temperature increase effect around apple trees owing to the operating warm-air blowing ducts was most evident at a height of 30 cm from the ground surface. At this height, the branch ducts made of Oxford fabric and Solartex showed a raised ambient temperature of about 2.6oC and 1.1oC, respectively. However, the temperature rising effect at a height of 130 cm and 230 cm from the ground surface owing to the operating warm-air blowing ducts was not distinct compared to that in the control. The effect of raising ambient temperature around apple trees through the operation of warm-air blowing ducts was found to be greater as the ambient temperature did not severely drop below the freezing temperature. Damage to the central flower in the apple inflorescence at the pink stage was significantly reduced in the warm-air blowing ducts made of Oxford fabric (42.8%) compared to that in the control (73.2%). However, the damage to other flowers except the central one was not significant compared to that in the control. The fruiting rate of the central and other flowers in the apple inflorescence depending on the operating warm-air blowing ducts was significantly increased compared to that in the control. The fruiting rates of central and other flowers depending on the ducts materials, such as Oxford fabric, and Solartex, and that of the control were 38.3%/82.7%, 31.4%/82.7%, and 0.5%/61.1%, respectively. In conclusion, in the case of open-field apple orchards, if the warm-air blowing duct is installed close to the laterals where frost damage mainly occurs in the slender- spindle dense cultivation system, the damage caused by late frost in the vicinity of blooming time can be reduced to some extent.

Dried apple jeonggwa, a traditional Korean dessert, was made using various apple varieties, such as Jonathan, Fuji, and Hongro. After making the dried apple jeonggwa, the physical and sensory properties of the dessert made using different apple varieties were compared. The apple varieties had no differences in moisture content, weight loss, or sugar content. Chromacity differences were observed depending on the varieties, but E was small. Hardness was highest in Jonathan, while resilience was highest in Fuji, but there was no significant difference in hardness. In the sensory evaluation, appearance, color, sweetness, hardness, chewiness, and overall acceptability were highest in Jonathan, while there was no substantial difference among the varieties in terms of flavor, sourness, or adhesiveness.

This study aimed to assess and determine the optimal model for predicting the full bloom date of ‘Fuji’ apples across South Korea. We evaluated the performance of four distinct models: the Development Rate Model (DVR)1, DVR2, the Chill Days (CD) model, and a sequentially integrated approach that combined the Dynamic model (DM) and the Growing Degree Hours (GDH) model. The full bloom dates and air temperatures were collected over a three-year period from six orchards located in the major apple production regions of South Korea: Pocheon, Hwaseong, Geochang, Cheongsong, Gunwi, and Chungju. Among these models, the one that combined DM for calculating chilling accumulation and the GDH model for estimating heat accumulation in sequence demonstrated the most accurate predictive performance, in contrast to the CD model that exhibited the lowest predictive precision. Furthermore, the DVR1 model exhibited an underestimation error at orchard located in Hwaseong. It projected a faster progression of the full bloom dates than the actual observations. This area is characterized by minimal diurnal temperature ranges, where the daily minimum temperature is high and the daily maximum temperature is relatively low. Therefore, to achieve a comprehensive prediction of the blooming date of ‘Fuji’ apples across South Korea, it is recommended to integrate a DM model for calculating the necessary chilling accumulation to break dormancy with a GDH model for estimating the requisite heat accumulation for flowering after dormancy release. This results in a combined DM+GDH model recognized as the most effective approach. However, further data collection and evaluation from different regions are needed to further refine its accuracy and applicability.

'Hanabell' is a new ornamental crabapple cultivar bred in 2020 at the Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration. It was selected from seedlings obtained through the open-pollination of Malus baccata collected from Mt. Palgong, Gunwi-gun, and Gyeongsangbuk-do. Line selections were conducted from 2009 to 2016, and characteristic tests were evaluated from 2017 to 2019. The tree vigor and form of 'Hanabell' were determined to be medium and spreading, respectively. The flowering season of 'Hanabell' starts on April 17th and ends on May 2nd, lasting approximately 15 days. The size of 'Hanabell' flowers is approximately 48 mm, larger than that of general apple flowers, and they have a high ornamental value due to the abundance of blooms each year. Furthermore, 'Hanabell' possesses a distinct floral scent that releases a significant amount of benzyl acetate (C9H10O2) into the air during flowering, attracting bees. Subsequently, 'Hanabell' was officially submitted for variety protection to the KoreaSeed & Variety Service in 2021(Applicationno.2021-144).

Jang, Ji Young. (2023). “A Study of Apology Strategy Realized in Apology Text of Public Figure: Focusing on the Impact on Public Evaluation”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 31(2), 59-93. The purpose of this study is to examine how the apology strategy used in the apology text of public figure affects the public's evaluation of the apology. Based on the losing face and saving face of the speaker and listener, the framework of the apology strategy was presented, and based on this, which apology strategy was used in the actual apology text. In addition, the public's evaluation of each apology was presented, and based on the analysis, the apology was divided into a positive apology and a negative apology, and compared and analyzed which apology strategy was used in each apology. The more the apology strategy was used to save the listener's face by damaging the speaker's face, the more the public evaluated the apology positively the more they did not use the strategy of saving the speaker's face and damaging the listener's face. On the other hand, apologies using strategies that save the speaker's face and damage the listener's face are negatively evaluated despite the use of strategies that damage the speaker's face. In other words, the apology strategy realized in the apology text is an important factor in determining the public's evaluation.

Perilla plant is a special crop that is used as oilseed and food in Korea. Root lesion nematodes have caused great damage to perilla plants, so for effective management of root lesion nematodes, it is necessary to understand their ecology in perilla. In this study, we investigated the effect of temperature in the development of Pratylenchus penetrans (Pp) and Pratylenchus vulnus (Pv) when the nematodes infected the perilla plant. To estimate the effect of temperature, we assessed the reproduction factor (RF); final population/initial population (Pf/Pi) of these two nematode species. We used perilla plants as inoculated hosts and investigated the density of nematodes at 10 weeks after inoculation. As a result, the RF of Pp was highest at 20°C (0.41 (1st test), 2.2 (2nd test)) followed by 25, 30, and 15°C. The RF of Pv was highest at 30°C (9.84 (1st test), 31.39 (2nd test)), followed by 25, 20, and 15°C. Comparing the RF by temperature between Pp and Pv, Pv was higher than Pp at all temperatures used in the test. This study showed the optimal development temperature of Pp was 20-25°C and Pv was 30°C, respectively.

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of cereal bars containing various concentrations (0, 10, 20, or 30%) of apple pomace (AP). Highest vitamin B1 and C contents were observed in 30% AP-containing bars, but vitamin B2 and B3 contents were highest in the control (0.347 and 3.566 mg/100 g, respectively). Cutting strength decreased significantly in an AP concentration-dependent manner. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in 10% AP bars were 2.949±0.157 mg of GAE/g and 1.001±0.009 mg of CE/g, respectively. Antioxidant activities were assessed by measuring free radical scavenging activities, and 10% AP bars had the highest activities, as determined by ABTS (2,2'azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and DPPH (α-α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) assays (0.412±0.008 and 0.492±0.021 mg GAE/g, respectively). These results suggested that apple pomace should be regarded a potential nutritional and antioxidant source.

In this paper analyzed the features of how native Korean speakers (K) and native Vietnamese Korean learners (VKL) organize the Apology conversation, focusing on the functional phase. Based on the discourse analysis, a role play was conducted to collect data. In order to investigate the influence of social variables (social status, intimacy), learners' mother tongues and learners' Korean proficiency, different social variables were given in role-play situations, and learners' Korean proficiency was limited to intermediate and advanced levels. The results of analyzing conversations focusing on ‘Error Checking–Apology-Apology Acceptance’, which is the intermediate phase of Apology conversation, are as follows. First, in the Error Checking Phase, K tended to make indirect or preliminary remarks. In contrast, VKL immediately presented communication purposes, and advanced VKL tended to use indirect speech and additional statement. Second, in the Apology phase, the higher social status the other party has and the lower intimacy the two speakers has, the more passive K were. Interestingly, VKL showed the same pattern. For intermediate-level VKL, it was observed that the dialogue sequences were not completed. Third, in the Apology Acceptance phase, K repeatedly expressed apologies through complex dialogue sequences. However, VKL performed a concise conversation by simple dialogue sequences, and the intermediate-level VKL expressed ‘relief’ and ‘gratitude’.

To predict the quality of Fuji apples, this study investigated the characteristics and correlations of their fruit quality according to storage method and storage period. Fuji apples were stored in cold storage at 0oC for 250 days with no treatment, with 1-MCP treatment, and under controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. According to the storage method, the weight loss was the lowest in the CA-treated group (3.43%) until 250 days, and the change in fruit firmness was the least in the 1-MCP group. The titratable acidity remained above 0.2% for 1-MCP and CA storage until 250 days and decreased to 0.1% for cold storage. The principal component analysis showed a difference in quality between the 1-MCP group, CA group, and cold storage group after 200 days of storage. Six types of volatile components were commonly detected in all storage methods, while three types of independent components with a low threshold were detected in 1-MCP. Weight loss, titrable acidity, and firmness were highly correlated with physicochemical quality, and CA storage was judged to be a long-term storage technology that satisfies consumers’ tastes by maintaining excellent flavor and quality.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify and understand the experience of entering graduate school in an advanced practice nursing program in the COVID-19 situation. Methods: This qualitative study used content analysis. The data collection using the focus group and in-depth interviews was conducted from February 11 to September 2, 2022. Results: Six themes and 27 subthemes emerged through the qualitative content analysis. The themes included: “Graduate school: The next step”. “Concerns prior to attending grauate school”, “Learning in the COVID-19 era: Differences between expectations and reality”, “Overcoming the challenges of graduate school”, “Education: A stepping stone to becoming a specialist”, “Changes in self and others’ perceptions”. Conclusion: This study confirmed the growth and change of nurses through the experience of entering an advanced practice nursing program in the COVID-19 era.

To confirm the applicability of crab apple, the composition and content of amino acids and minerals with ‘Fuji’ apple were measured. Apple and crab apple were extracted with water, 70% and 100% ethanol, respectively. The contents of polyphenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid, antioxidant activities of these extracts were measured. The amino acid composition of apples comprised a total of 17 amino acids. The total amino acid contents of apple and crab apple were 2,050.45 mg/kg and 900.05 mg/kg, respectively. For minerals, the total mineral content of apple and crab apple were 489.14 mg%, 529.77 mg%, respectively. The contents of polyphenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid of apple and crab apple extracts were highest in 70% ethanol extracts. The content of polyphenols, the crab apple extract, showed a generally higher content than the apple extract. The content of flavonoids, apple and crab apple extracts revealed no difference between extracts. The content of ascorbic acid, apple extract showed a generally higher content than the crab apple extract, but there was no significant difference between extracts. In the case of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities, 70% ethanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity, and crab apple showed higher activity than apple extracts.

본 연구는 RGB, 초분광 센서를 이용하여 시기별 사과 잎의 엽록소와 질소 함량을 예측하여 사과 나무 잎의 질소 영양을 진단하기 위해 수행되었다. 분광 데이터는 사과나무 ‘홍로 /M.9’ 2년생을 대상으로 고해상도 RGB와 초분광 센서로 촬 영 후 영상처리를 통해 취득하였다. 식물체 데이터는 촬영이 끝난 직후 엽록소와 잎 질소 함량을 측정하였다. 엽록소 측정 기의 SPAD meter, RGB 센서의 개별 파장, 컬러 식생지수 및 초분광 센서의 214개의 파장과 식물체 데이터를 이용하여 회 귀분석을 실시하였다. 엽록소와 잎 질소 함량 데이터는 시기 와 상관없이 질소 시비량에 따라 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 잎은 시기가 지나면서 잎에 있던 영양분이 과실로 전이되어 색이 옅어졌으며 RGB센서의 경우 Red파장에서 시 기와 상관없이 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 초분광 센서의 경우 두 시기 모두 질소 시비 수준에 따라 가시광 영역 보다 비가시광 영역에서 차이가 크게 나타났다. 반사값를 이 용하여 식물체 특성의 예측 모델 결과 엽록소, 잎 질소함량 모 두 초분광 데이터를 이용한 부분최소제곱 회귀분석을 이용하 였을 때 성능이 가장 높게 나타났다(chlorophyll: 81% / 63%, leaf nitrogen content: 81% / 67%). 이러한 원인은 RGB 센서 에 비해 초분광 센서는 좁은 FWHM과 400－1,000nm의 넓 은 파장 범위를 가지고 있어 질소 결핍에 의한 스트레스로 인 해 작물의 분광학적 해석이 가능했을 것으로 판단된다. 추후 분광학적 특성을 이용하여 전 생육 시기의 수체 생리, 생태 모 델 개발 및 검증 그리고 병해충 진단 등 연구를 통해 고품질, 안 정적인 과실 생산 기술 개발에 기여될 것으로 사료된다.

‘Buddybell’ is a promising crabapple variety developed as a pollinizer at the Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Korea, in 2019. This variety was selected from seedlings obtained by natural crossing of Malus baccata. It was collected from Mt. Jeombong, Inje-gun, and Gangwon-do. Line selections were conducted from 2009 to 2016, and characteristic evaluations were performed from 2009 to 2010. Tree vigor and tree form of ‘Buddybell’ were medium and upright, respectively. The first flowering time was early, around April 16, and the flowering period was as long as 14 days. The flowers of ‘Buddybell’ were pink in the balloon stage and white in full bloom. ‘Buddybell’ has a high fruit setting rate with major apple varieties(‘Fuji’, ‘Hongro’, and ‘Tsugaru’). The amount of pollen weight per 1,000 inflorescence of ‘Buddybell’ was 2.5 times higher than that of 'Maypole'; hence, it is highly useful as a pollinizer in apple orchard. ‘Buddybell’ was officially applied for variety protection on Korea Seed & Variety Service in 2020 (Application no.2020-237).

This study analyzed the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of a mixture of apple and carrot juices with different amounts of beet. The pH of the mixed juice sample group increased as the beet amount increased, and the acidity and soluble solid content tended to decrease. As for the L value, the control group was the highest, the beet addition rate decreased, and the a value and b value showed a decreasing trend. As for dietary fiber, B0.1 was found to have the highest dietary fiber content at 0.20 mg/L. As for the mineral, Zn, Fe, and Ca had the highest control group, Mn, Mg, and K had the highest B0.5, and Na and P had the highest B0.1 and B0.3 juices, respectively. Compared to the control group, free sugars increased sucrose as the beet juice added increased. DPPH radical scavenging and total phenol content significantly increased DPPH scavenging as the beet added increased. Therefore, it was found that B0.3 was the most suitable when manufacturing apple and carrot mixed juice with different amounts of beet added, and it is considered as a manufacturing optimization method to improve the marketability and functionality of the product.

To utilize Malus pruniforia Borkh. as a functional material, cold-water (CW), hot-water (HW), and 70% ethanol (EtOH) extracts were prepared, and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were compared. The antioxidant activity of the HW extract evaluated by ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP activity was significantly effective. The total polyphenol content of the HW extract was also higher by 15.5±0.7 mg GAE/g extract compared to other extracts. The EtOH extract showed significantly decreased TNF-α (39.8%), IL-6 (65.5%), and NO (34.9%) levels in RAW 264.7 cells compared to the LPS-induced control group. The levels of IL-6 (21.1%) and IL-8 (19.3%) were significantly decreased by treatment of EtOH extract in HaCaT keratinocytes induced with TNF-α and IFN-γ. The UHPLC-MS results indicated that the EtOH extract might have chlorogenic acid and phlorizin as the major compounds. This was validated using HPLC-DAD, which showed that the EtOH extract had higher levels of chlorogenic acid and phlorizin (1,185±58 and 470±10 μg/g extract, respectively). In conclusion, the present study suggested that the anti-inflammatory activity of the EtOH extract was more effective than the CW and HW extracts, and chlorogenic acid and phlorizin could be used as indicator compounds and functional substances.

본 시험은 ‘감홍’/M.9 사과나무의 인력 적과 시기가 영양생장, 고두증상, 과실품질 및 이듬해 개화율에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 실시하였다. 인력 적과 시기는 만개 후 3, 5, 7, 9주였으며, 1차 적과(중심과만 남기는 적과)와 2차 적과(착과수 조절을 위한 적과)는 동시에 이루어졌다. 인력 적과 시기는 영양 생장, 평균 과중, 생산량, 가용성 고형물 함량, 고두증상 발생 률 및 이듬해 개화율과 역의 상관관계를 가졌으나 나무별 중급 과실(과중이 214－299g이면서 고두증상이 발생하지 않은 과실)의 생산량, 잎 내 칼슘 함량 및 과실의 착색 정도와는 정의 상관관계를 가졌다. 과실의 경도, 산함량 및 나무 당 총 조수입은 인력 적과 시기에 영향을 받지 않았다. 결론적으로, ‘감홍’/M.9 사과나무의 인력 적과가 만개 후 9주에 마무리되면 고두증상이 없는 300g 정도의 고품질 과실을 생산할 수 있었다.

최근 지구온난화에 의한 이상기상으로 겨울철 한파와 봄철 저온에 의한 농작물 피해가 심각하게 발생하고 있다. 특히 과수의 개화기 저온피해는 꽃눈의 생육단계에 따라 차이가 있으며 발육이 진전될수록 내한성이 약해져 개화 직전부터 낙화 후 1주까지 한계온도가 다르게 발생한다. 따라서 개화기가 빠른 사과 ‘홍로’가 ‘후지’보다 피해가 심각한 것이 일반적이나 2020년 4월 저온피해는 개화기가 늦은 ‘후지’의 피해가 심하게 발생하여 그 원인을 분석하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 충북 보은군 사과나무 ‘후지’와 ‘홍로’를 동시에 재배하는 2농가를 대상으로 품종 간 피해율 실태조사를 실시하였다. 또한 정확한 품종 간 비교 분석을 위하여 생육단계가 동일한 시료를 선택하여 인위적으로 저온처리(－2.0℃, －4.0℃)를 하여 피해 정도를 조사하고, 원인 분석을 위해 조직 내 유리당과 호르몬 함량을 분석하였다. 실태조사 결과 2농가 모두 ‘후지’가 ‘홍로’보다 피해율이 높았으며, 특히 B농가(저지대, 평지) ‘후지’의 경우 피해율이 60.5%로 가장 높았다. 또한 동일한 생육 단계의 시료를 사용한 인위적 저온 처리 시험결과에서도 ‘후 지’와 ‘홍로’ 품종 간 피해율에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 유리당 함량은 저온 피해율이 낮았던 ‘홍로’가‘후지’보다 높았으며, 호르몬 분석 결과 정상 꽃눈보다 손상된 조직에서 ABA, IAA 와 SA 함량이 높게 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구 결과 조직내 유리당 함량이 높으면 저온 피해율이 낮은 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 특히 저온 피해율은 sorbitol 함량과 부의 상관관계를 이루고 있다.