This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the nutrition quotient and the dietary intake of adolescents. A total of 393 adolescents were surveyed to evaluate their Nutrition Quotient for Korean Adolescents (NQ-A) scores and dietary intake. The average age of the survey subjects was 15 years and the average NQ-A score of the subjects was 49.11±13.35. There was no significant difference in the NQ-A scores according to gender and age. The average dietary diversity score was 3.77±0.85, and it was significantly higher in boys than in girls (p< .05) with the scores of 12-14-year-old students being significantly higher than those aged 15-18 years (p< .01). The results of comparing the percentage of recommended intake or adequate intake and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) according to the NQ-A grade, showed that the ‘High’ grade had a significantly higher intake percentage of vitamin B1, B12, folate, phosphorus, iron and a significantly higher MAR (p< .05). From a long-term perspective, efforts to improve dietary habits are deemed necessary to meet an individual’s nutritional requirements. Adolescents themselves should develop proper eating behaviors and acquire suitable dietary management skills to enhance their nutritional status, ultimately contributing to an improvement in their quality of life.

Considering that the number of middle-aged single-person households is increasing, this study investigates dietary behaviors, nutrient intake, and mental health according to household type. Data were procured from the 2015-2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Totally, 5,466 participants aged 50-64 years were classified into 2 groups: a household with one member was defined as a single-person household, and households with two or more members were described as multi-person households. Single-person households comprised 10.63% of the total, with a higher average age, and lower income and economic levels than multi-person households. Compared to multiperson households, single-person households had a higher frequency of skipping breakfast, eating alone, and dining out, the moderately and severely food insecure group was more than 5 times, and nutrient intake and dietary quality were poorer. In the fully adjusted model, the odds ratios (ORs) of depressive symptoms were 2.35 times (95% CI: 1.39-3.96), and suicide ideation was 1.95 times (95% CI: 1.35-2.82) in single-person compared to multi-person households. Our results lead us to conclude that poor dietary intake in middle-aged single-person households affects the mental health, and the above factors should be considered when framing the dietary policy.

The objective of this study is to estimate the dietary exposure of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibezofurans (PCDD/Fs) of Korean population via milk and meat using a probabilistic exposure assessment model. Total 319 raw milk and meat samples collected in the period 2006-2008 from nationwide Korea were measured the concentrations of 17 PCDD/Fs. Distributions of dietary exposure of 7 age subgroups to PCDD/Fs from the commodities were estimated probabilistically using Monte Carlo simulations. Dietary exposure groups were divided as lower, medium and high consumer subgroups according to the consumption of each commodity. The amounts of dietary exposures of Korean population subgroups were compared to the provisional maximum tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (JECFA). The mean PCDD/Fs concentrations in raw milk and meat of beef, prok and chicken were measured as 0.501, and 0.022~0.150pg WHO-TEQ/g, respectively. Dietary exposure of children was significantly higher than that of adults due to their high milk consumption per body weight (BW). Dietary intake of PCDD/Fs of the Korean populations estimated ranged from 0.154 to 1.248 pg WHO- TEQ/kg BW/day for high consumers (the 97.5th percentile) at the upper bound. Dietary intakes of average population of various subgroups were below the half of PTMI, but those of higher consumers were found exceeding or comparable to PTMI at the upper bound level. This study also suggests that the estimated PCDD/Fs concentrations in milk and meat are comparable to those reported in previous studies. Probabilistic assessment model for PCDD/Fs exposure in meat and milk commodities could be used to estimate the exposure of PCDD/Fs in Korean population for the development of risk mangement mesaures for PCDD/Fs in meat and milk.

This study investigated the association between dietary intake and 10-year risk for CHD predicted from Framingham risk score in Korean adults using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2019-2020. Eight thousand subjects (3,382 men and 4,618 women) aged 30 years or older were classified into three groups according to the 10-year CHD risk (%). The sociodemographics, anthropometrics indices, blood profiles, and dietary intake were collected. After adjusting for confounding variables, the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) decreased for both men and women as the disease risk increased. The high–risk group was below the MAR criteria, indicating that the overall quality of the meal was not good. The highest consumers of legumes (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.37-0.84), fruits (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.48-0.93), and fish (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.42-0.87) had a 44%, 33%, and 40% lower 10-year CHD risk than lowest consumers in men, respectively. In women, there is no significant relationship between food groups and disease risk. Therefore, improving lifestyle habits such as weight control, increased activity, and adequate food intake, especially legumes, fruits, and fish rich in antioxidant nutrients and bioactive substances, appears to have a potential association with preventing coronary heart disease in Korean adults.

This study examined the difference of dietary intake behavior between groups of adults aged >20 years with or without dyslipidemia, and comparing the various types of dyslipidemia, based on the Seventh (2016) KNHANES. Men showed higher rate for triglyceridemia and LDL-cholesterolemia than women and subjects in the age group 50-59 years exhibited the highest incidence of triglyceridemia, total cholesterolemia and HDL-cholesterolemia. The ratio of obese people was higher in most types of dyslipidemias. The top five foods in each group of cereal & grain, meat, vegetable, and fruit were selected for analysis, based on the food frequency. The dyslipidemia group showed higher intake frequencies for mixed grains, cabbage kimchi and leafy vegetable than the no-dyslipidemia group, and the group with high blood total cholesterol for mixed grains, apple, and cutlassfish-croaker. Group with high blood triglyceride showed higher intake frequencies of rice and mackerel-mackerel pike than the other groups of high blood triglyceride. No food showed significant difference in the frequencies between groups of LDL-cholesterol. Group with high blood HDL-cholesterol showed higher intake frequency of bibim-fried rice, deep fried chicken, stir fried chicken, apple, tangerine, banana and butter-margarine. These results indicate that people with high levels of blood total cholesterol are more concerned with food having health benefits than those with abnormal levels of other blood lipid. More information on dietary benefits need to be provided to patients having high levels of triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to milk consumption in university students. A questionnaire, comprised of general questions and factors related to milk consumption, was administered to 269 male and female university students (134 males, 135 females). The results show that the proportion of males reporting that they drink milk because “for good nutrition” was higher than that of females (p=0.0200). Additionally, males initiated more effort to drink milk than females (p=0.0192). Analysis of the groups classified according to milk consumption shows that the proportion of respondents exercising regularly was significantly high in the milk consumption group (p=0.0199). The proportion of respondents often consuming carbonated drinks as snacks was significantly low in the milk consumption group (p=0.0219). Whereas, the proportion of respondents consuming fruits as their main snack was significantly higher in the milk consumption group than in the non-milk consumption group (p=0.0063). Also, the milk consumption group shows significantly higher awareness of the importance of milk than the non-milk consumption group (p<0.0001). These results can be used as a valid foundation to provide university students with nutritional education relative to milk consumption and its associated benefits in the future.

This study aim to evaluate dietary quality and nutritional status according to the consumption of health functional food using Nutrition Quotient for Korean elderly (NQ-E) for 288 elderly people attending senior welfare centers in Gyeonggi-do. The questionnaire consisted of items about general information, health functional food, and Nutrition Quotient for Korean elderly (NQ-E). Chi-squared test, Fisher's exact tests, and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) were performed using the SAS program ver. 9.4. Among the male and female subjects, the female subjects consumed more health functional food. The results of the dietary quality and nutritional status difference according to the intake of health functional food showed significant differences only in the areas of variety and abstinence among nutrition quotient factors for men, while no significant differences were observed in any of the nutrition quotient factors for women. In conclusion, focused-nutrition education program and useful guideline is needed for promoting adequate consumption of health functional foods in elderly.

The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary behavior and nutritional knowledge related to sodium intake in high school students. A questionnaire survey was conducted in 400 high school students (200 boys) in Incheon, Korea. Survey data were analyzed according to gender and degree of obesity. The distribution of the degree of obesity was the highest in 231 normal weight individuals (57.8%), followed by 89 underweight (22.3%), 41 overweight (10.3%), and 39 obese (9.8%). The sodium-related undesirable dietary behavior score was 2.9 points out of 5 points. The detailed dietary behavior scores of ‘I eat kimchi when I eat instant noodles or noodles’ and ‘I like dried fish with salt’ were significantly higher in boys than in girls (p<0.05). It was found that boys consumed more frequently high sodium foods, such as pizza, hamburger, and hotdog than girls. According to the degree of obesity, the underweight group consumed more kimchi fried rice and potato chips frequently than the other groups (p<0.05). Preference for salty taste was not significantly different among the groups by gender and degree of obesity. Sodium-related nutritional knowledge score was 5.3 points out of 10 and which was significantly higher in girls or normal weight group than in boys or obesity group. These results suggest that nutritional education on sodium intake is needed because the nutritional knowledge of adolescents is relatively low. Moreover, intensive nutritional guidance is required, especially in boys or adolescents with undesirable degree of obesity.

본 연구에서는 식품섭취량 데이터를 활용하여, 한국인의 식습관을 분석하고 관리방향을 제안하였다. 국민건강영양 조사의 원시자료를 활용하고, 국내 대표적 식품 분류체계인 식품공전을 반영해서 품목수 839개(세부품목수 1,419개)를 대상으로 실시하였다. 일일 총 식품섭취량은 1,585.77 g/day 이고, 그 중 원재료식품은 858.96 g/day(54.2%), 가공식품은 726.81 g/day(45.8%)로 산출되었다. 식품군별 식품섭취량은, 곡류가 가장 높은 비율을 차지했고, 식품섭취량 상위15위 식품군 중 90% 이상의 대상자가 섭취하는 목록으로는 곡 류(99.06%), 근채류(95.80%)로 나타났다. 품목별 분석에 의하면 주요 다소비(일일식품섭취량 1%이상 섭취, 158.6 g/ day) 및 다빈도(일일평균 국민 25% 이상 섭취, 5,168명) 품목은 쌀, 배추김치, 사과, 무, 달걀, 고추, 양파, 밀, 두부, 감자, 오이, 돼지고기로 산출되었다. 섭취빈도 중심의 상위순위 목록은 주로 한식양념 재료들이 포함되었다. 김치류는 배추김치(64.89 g/day)의 섭취량 비율이 67%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 주류의 경우 섭취량 및 섭취빈도 모두 상위 5위 안에 포함되어 있으며, 세부적인 섭취량은 맥주 (63.53 g/day), 소주(39.11 g/day), 막걸리(19.70 g/day) 순으로 높았고, 섭취빈도는 소주(11.3%), 맥주(7.2%), 청주(6.6%) 순으로 높게 산출되었다. 2010년부터 2015년도 식품섭취 량 추이에서 곡류는 꾸준하게 감소하고, 음료류는 다소 증가하는 추세였다. 주류의 섭취빈도에서는 일부 종류인 막걸리, 와인, 청주, 복분자주에서 년도별로 감소하는 경향 이었고, 김치류도 감소하는 추세였다. 식품 섭취패턴은 체내노출과 직접적인 영향이 있으며, 식품섭취량이 높은 식품과 섭취빈도가 높은 식품 모두 관리가 중요하지만, 우 리나라 섭취 특성을 고려하여 국내에 적합한 안전관리 방안 마련이 필요하다. 식품 섭취로 인한 유해오염물질의 노출량 관리를 위해서 다소비 식품은 섭취용량과 관련이 높으므로 식품의 오염도 관리 중심으로 다빈도 식품은 섭취 기간과 관련이 높으므로 섭취시 장기노출로 인한 체내축적 중심으로 접근하는 것을 권장한다.

This study examined the lifestyle factors, dietary attitudes, food habits, and dietary nutrition intake of college students before and after nutrition education. A total of 44 college students were recruited and a questionnaire survey was conducted. Dietary nutrient consumption was obtained from the one day 24-hr recall. Scores on ‘Concerns about health (p<0.05)’, ‘Regular exercise (p<0.01)’, and number of steps (p<0.001) were significantly higher after-training. The dietary attitude (31.3 vs. 33.7, p<0.01) and food habits (53.5 vs. 59.7, p<0.01) were significantly higher after-training. The scores on ‘Eating a lot of food that I want to eat is more important than nutrition (p<0.01)’, ‘I am interested in information on nutrition and health (p<0.01)’, ‘Have three meals a day (p<0.01)’, ‘Have breakfast regularly (p<0.01)’, ‘Drink milk every day (p<0.001)’, ‘Have fruits every day (p<0.05)’, and ‘Apply nutrition knowledge to daily life (p<0.001)’ were significantly higher after-training. Among the nutrients intakes, the protein (p<0.05), vitamin C (p<0.01), and calcium (p<0.001) were significantly higher after-training. Nutrition education improved the lifestyle factors, dietary attitudes, food habits, and dietary nutrition intakes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary habits, health lifestyle, preference and intake of beverages of Chinese students in Gyeonggi area. Therefore, we try to identify the factors that affect beverage consumption. According to the analysis of the demographic characteristics of male and female Chinese students, there were 155 male students (49.7%) and 157 female students (50.3%). There were statistically significant differences between the residence period and the time of coming to Korea according to sex (p<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference between the education level, residence type and Korean ability (p>0.05). Analysis of the differences in health-related lifestyle among Chinese students of both sexes showed statistically significant difference in alcohol drinking, smoking, and exercise according to sex (p<0.05), but no statistically significant difference in computer use time (p>0.05). According to the analysis of the dietary habits of the Chinese students, there was a statistically significant difference in the number of meals per day, breakfast, lunch, dinner, snack frequency and number of midnight snacks, but no statistically significant difference in eating out frequency. As a result of the preference test for general beverages, 4.11 points of water, 3.81 points of milk, 3.64 points of fruit and vegetable juice, 3.58 points of tea, 3.25 points of coffee, 3.22 points of carbonated drinks, 2.92 points of functional drinks, respectively. Male students were more likely to prefer water, tea, and health functional drinks while female students had higher preference for fruit, vegetable juice and vinegar drinks (p<0.05). In general, consumption of regular drinks was 4.95 in water, 3.58 in milk, 3.03 in coffee, 2.92 in carbonated drink, 2.91 in fruit and vegetable juice, 2.63 in tea, 2.07 in functional drink, and 1.44 in vinegar appear. Male students had higher intake of water, tea, carbonated drinks, and health functional drinks while female students had higher intake of fruit and vegetable juice (p<0.05). The results of correlation analysis of factors affecting the general drinking of Chinese students are as follows. The intake of tea was related to the period of residence and dietary habits, the intake of milk for breakfast, the number of snacks and midnight snacks for carbonated drinks, and the fruit vegetable juice were related to dietary habits (p<0.01, p<0.05). Key words: Chinese students, dietary habits, life habits, preference and intake of beverages

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic information for developing sugar related nutrition education programs for children in child-care facilities and their parents. The results showed that the total score of parent’s dietary attitudes towards sugar-rich foods was 17.94 and the total score of parent’s nutritional knowledge was 3.67. A positive relationship was observed among items of parent’s dietary attitudes (p<0.01), and some correlations were also observed between the total score of parent’s nutritional knowledge and the total score of parent’s dietary attitudes (p<0.05 or p<0.01). The total average score of children’s eating behaviors for sugar-rich foods was 23.98, and the item with the highest score was ‘I often eat candy, chocolate and jelly’. For children, food that received the highest preference was chocolate, and soft drinks received the lowest preference. The most frequently consumed food item was candy or caramel, and the least frequently consumed food item was soft drinks. There were positive correlation among the total score of children’s eating behaviors, food preferences, and food intake frequency (p<0.01). When parent’s tried to reduce the sugar intake, children’s total score of eating behaviors (p<0.001) and food intake frequency (p<0.001) for sugar-rich food was lower. We conclude that parent’s dietary attitudes may influence children’s eating behaviors, food preferences, and food intake frequency for sugar-rich foods.

This study investigated the nutrition knowledge, dietary habits, and food intake frequency according to hospitalization after breast cancer surgery and experience of breast cancer among female adults residing in the Bucheon area. Subjects were 52 female breast cancer survivors 27 in the hospitalization group (HG) and 25 in the non-hospitalization group (non-HG)] and 52 controls. Data included the results of self-administered questionnaires, as well as anthropometric data and blood biochemical values of breast cancer survivors collected from electronic medical records. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 program. Nutrition knowledge and dietary habits revealed no significant differences between HG and non-HG, but intake frequency of root and tuber crops and kimchi was significantly higher in the HG group than the non-HG group (p<0.05). According to experience of breast cancer, total scores of nutrition knowledge among survivors (8.2) were significantly higher than those of the control group (6.3) (p<0.001). Fish and shellfish and fruit intake frequencies were significantly higher in the survivors group, whereas intake frequency of fast food, convenience food, and alcohol was significantly lower compared to the control group. Overall, these findings indicate it is necessary to develop and spread nutrition education guidelines to prevent the occurrence and recurrence of breast cancer.

The purpose of this study was to compare dietary self-efficacy for sodium intake reduction and dietary behaviors by eating areas. Subjects (797 males and 767 females) were classified according to perceived dietary habit levels related to sodium intake (lowest: ≤10 (n=434), low: 11~≤13 (n=471), high: 14~≤15 (n=360), highest: 16≤ (n=299)) using an online survey with a sample that was geographically representative of the population. The highest group was significantly younger and had a higher student proportion than the lowest group. Dining contexts regarding home led to a significantly higher sodium intake in the highest group, but it was eating out for the lowest group. The highest group had a significantly lower intention to reduce sodium intake compared to the lowest group. In the home cooked meals, the highest group displayed a significantly lower cooking frequency, less effort with respect to a low sodium diet and cooking habits related to sodium intake as compared to the lowest group. Also, regarding eating out and food service, the highest group exhibited significantly lower efforts and dietary behaviors to reduce sodium intake than the lowest group. The dietary score for sodium reduction behavior in the highest group was significantly lower compared to the lowest group, for home cooked meals, eating out, as well as food service. Thus, dietary guidelines and nutrition education for the reduction of sodium intake by eating areas need to be developed and provided.

As an indicator of skin health, acidified skin surface pH ranging from 5 to 7 is crucial for maintaining skin barrier. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between skin pH and dietary pattern (DP) as well as nutrient or food intake in 48 healthy middle aged adults. Skin pH was measured in the skin surface of the inner arm, and blood lipid profile was analyzed. Dietary intake data were obtained using 1 day 24 hour recall method, and DP was extracted using factor analysis. Results revealed that skin pH ranged from 5.15 to 6.88 in all subjects. There was no significant difference in skin pH between males and females. When subjects were grouped by tertile of skin pH, the food intake of fruit, and the nutrient intake of omega 6 fatty acid, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin C, β-carotene, and riboflavin in the first tertile group with skin pH ranging from 5.15 to 5.68 were significantly higher than in the third tertile group with skin pH ranging from 6.26 to 6.88. There was no difference in blood lipid profile between the first and the third tertile group. Among 5 DP extracted by factor analysis, DP5 characterized by a high intake of nuts and fruits as well as a low intake of beverages and alcohol was inversely correlated with skin pH after adjusting for gender and age. DP5 was positively correlated with nutrient intake of carbohydrate, fiber, potassium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, β-carotene, thiamine, and riboflavin but negatively correlated with sodium after adjusting for gender, age, smoking, and energy intake. Therefore, acidified skin pH could be maintained by these DP and nutrients.

The purpose of this study was to compare the quantitative and qualitative assessment of dietary intake between patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and healthy subjects and to investigate dietary factors related to MetS. Anthropometric measurements, blood analysis, and dietary intake as assessed by 24-hour recall were conducted in MetS patients (n=15) and healthy subjects (n=25). In order to assess the quantity and quality of dietary intake, daily nutrient intake, nutrient density, nutrient intake to dietary reference intake (DRI), nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), food intake, dietary diversity score (DDS), and dietary variety score (DVS) were analyzed. The statistical differences between MetS patients and controls were analyzed using the SAS software program. Daily energy intake and food intake were not significantly different between the two groups (2,154.3 kcal vs. 1,872.9 kcal; 1,280.0 g vs. 1,261.6 g). There were also no significant differences in daily nutrient intake, nutrient intake ratio to DRI, NAR, or DVS between the MetS group and the control group. However, daily intake of eggs and milk in MetS patients was significantly lower than in the control group (9.0 g/day vs. 30.3 g/day, p<0.05; 0 g/day vs. 49.7 g/day, p<0.05). These results indicate that low intake of eggs and dairy products may be related to the development of MetS.