The melanocortin receptor type 4 (MC4R) gene is expressed in the hypothalamus and regulates energy intake and body weight. Recently, it has been reported that obesity and energy balance in human were also regulated by the MC4R gene. Therefore the objective of this study was to identify the polymorphism on the MC4R gene SNP C1786T and its association with economic traits in Korean native cattle (brindle and black cattle) by PCR-RFLP. A total of 125 cattle from the two breeds were tested for economic traits (meat quality index, backfat, thickness, carcass weight, longissimus muscle area and marbling score) and data was analyzed using SAS program. In the results, C allele had highest frequency than G allele frequency in the both breeds and the gene was significantly associated with meat quantity index and backfat thickness in brindle cattle breed. However, in black cattle, the gene was significantly associated with longissimus muscle area (p<0.05). These results suggest that C1786T SNP of the MC4R gene may be useful as a genetic marker for economic traits in the brindle and black cattle.

PURPOSES : This study is to investigate the relationship of socioeconomic characteristics and road network structure with traffic growth patterns. The findings is to be used to tweak traffic forecast provided by traditional four step process using relevant socioeconomic and road network data. METHODS: Comprehensive statistical analysis is used to identify key explanatory variables using historical observations on traffic forecast, actual traffic counts and surrounding environments. Based on statistical results, a multiple regression model is developed to predict the effects of socioeconomic and road network attributes on traffic growth patterns. The validation of the proposed model is also performed using a different set of historical data. RESULTS : The statistical analysis results indicate that several socioeconomic characteristics and road network structure cleary affect the tendency of over- and under-estimation of road traffics. Among them, land use is a key factor which is revealed by a factor that traffic forecast for urban road tends to be under-estimated while rural road traffic prediction is generally over-estimated. The model application suggests that tweaking the traffic forecast using the proposed model can reduce the discrepancies between the predicted and actual traffic counts from 30.4% to 21.9%. CONCLUSIONS : Prediction of road traffic growth patterns based on surrounding socioeconomic and road network attributes can help develop the optimal strategy of road construction plan by enhancing reliability of traffic forecast as well as tendency of traffic growth.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this paper is to estimate expected effects on traffic operational and economic aspects of 2+1 roads application in Korea. METHODS : Micro simulation study using VISSIM 5.0 was used to analyze the operation efficiency of 2+1 roads compared to two-lane highways and four-lane highways. Some scenarios for various traffic volumes were set up in order to analyze the effect of 2+1 roads under various traffic situations. Also imaginary road networks were set up for each type of roads. The MOEs to measure the operation efficiency were selected with average travel speed and delay. For analyzing economic effect of 2+1 roads, construction cost of a specific imaginary 2+1 road was compared to construction cost of a four-lane highway with same conditions. RESULTS: The results of study show that a 2+1 road is more effective with 19 percents higher average travel speed and 39 percents lower average delay than a two-lane highway. In the economic analysis, construction costs to construct a 2+1 road are saved as approximately 26.4~40.7 percents when compared to construction of four-lane highway. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that 2+1 roads can improve the traffic operational level of service for two-lane highways and 2+1 roads can be applied as an effective design alternative for higher-volume two-lane highways in Korea.

Control chart is a graph of plotting dot about the process characteristic values. It is a statistical technique that can be known whether or not the in-control state in this step. In many companies have use as a statistical process control(SPC) tool. Control chart is the management process quality characteristic value, which is plotted dot is whether the existence within the control limits. This is not given information about the economic loss that occurs when a product is produced characteristic value does not match the target value of the process. In order to manage the process, we should consider not only stability of the variation also produce products with a high degree of matching the target value that is most ideal quality characteristics. There is a need for process control in consideration of economic loss. In this paper, we design a new control chart using the quadratic loss function of Taguchi. Use the control chart performance comparison of x-R, which is a traditional control chart, we demonstrate its effectiveness.

현재 국내에서 생산되는 구조용 강재의 강도는 크게 5가지로 구분할 수 있다. 경제적인 구조설계를 하기 위하여 적절한 강도의 선정이 우선적으로 요구되는데 현재는 이와 관련된 기존 자료가 충분치 않은 상태이다. 최근, 국내에서 항복강도가 650MPa인 고강도 강재가 개발되어 구조용 강재의 강도 범위가 더 커졌기 때문에 부재 종류별 강재의 선택에 따른 경제성의 차이도 더 커졌을 것으로 예상된다. 본 논문에서는 경제적인 구조설계에 도움이 되도록, 항복강도 235MPa, 325MPa 및 650MPa 강재를 다양한 구조부재에 적용함으로서, 고강도 강재 적용에 따른 부재 종류별 경제성을 분석하였다.

본 연구는 양돈농가의 사료비 절감을 위해 국내 대표 사료작물인 청보리(유연보리)를 이용하여 양돈용 일반배합사료에 첨가 가능성을 조사하고자 실시하였다. 실험에 사용된 청보리 발효사료는 총체보리를 밀 봉하여 사일리지 형태로 제조하여 보관하였고, 3mm 이하로 분쇄하여 시험사료로 이용하였다. 공시동물은 평균체중 77.71 kg인 3원교잡종 비육돈 72두를 공시하여 돈방 당 6두씩 3반복으로 실시하였다. 처리구는 일반배합사료(대조구)에 청보리 발효사료를 1%, 2% 및 3% 첨가하였고, 42일간 급여하여 종료하였다. 청보리 발효사료 급여는 성장 및 일당증체량에는 영향을 주지 않았지만, 청보리 발효사료 3% 첨가구에서 일일 두당 사료섭취량은 유의적으로 감소하였고(p<0.05), 도체등급에서는 상위등급 출현율이 높았다(p<0.05). 경제성 조사에서 청보리 발효사료 첨가는 일일 두당 사료비를 약 0.55~8.65% 절감하였고, 특히 3% 첨가구에서 사료비 절감 효과가 가장 높았으며, 청보리 발효사료 2% 및 3% 급여구에서 도체가격이 각각 1.53% 및 6.25% 정도 높았다. 따라서 청보리 발효사료 첨가급여는 사료비 절감과 도체등급을 개선하는 것으로 나타났다.

In this study, we conduct the economical analysis about the floating tracking PV generation structure manufactured by steel, aluminum, and GFRP (glass fiber reinforced polymeric plastic) structural member. The structural safety of floating PV generation structure has been proved through numerous previous researches. Moreover, the generating efficiency of tracking PV generation system can be more larger than immobile system. In this study, structural analysis using the FEM method has been performed to establish the safety of the floating tracking PV generation structure and commercial viability evaluation has been performed through the cost of materials.

이 논문은 미세공정변동에서 극소불량을 감지하는 관리도의 경제적 설계를 개발하기 위한 조사연구이다. 일반적인 관리도의 설계는 통계적 설계와 경제적 설계로 구분할 수 있다. 공정의 변동 원인에 따라 샘플의 간격(h), 샘플의 크기(n), 관리한계선(k) 등의 설계 모수를 최적접근방법으로 결정을 하는 경제적 설계의 모델을 조사하였다. 관리도의 경제적 설계는 공정의 관리이상상태를 효율적으로 감지하여 관리상태로 정상화 시키는 것에 대한 공정의 개선비용과 기대품질비용을 절약 할 수 있는 최적설계 방안이다. 그리고 Shewhart 관리도의 X-bar 통계량으로 극소불량을 검출 하는것에 한계가 있기 때문에 Zp 통계량과 분포를 설계하여 극소불량을 빠르게 감지할 수 있는 Zp 관리도의 설계를 적용하고, 미세공정변동을 정확하게 감지할 수 있는 CUSUM 관리도를 동시에 적용하였다. 따라서, 미세공정변동과 극소불량을 동시에 관리 할 수 있는 Zp-CUSUM 관리도의 통계적 설계 구조를 체계화 하였으며, 기존의 경제적 설계의 모델을 비교 분석하여 새로운 경제적 설계에 대한 모델을 제안하고자 한다.

목적: 본 연구는 우리나라 성인의 건강형평성 주요 척도에 따른 백내장을 분석함으로써 눈 건강 형평성을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 국민건강영양조사(2009) 안검진 조사 데이터를 이용하여 무수정체안을 제외한 만 20세 이상의성인7,412명을 대상으로 소득수준, 교육수준, 직업, 지역에 따른 백내장의 유병률 및 오즈비를 분석하였다. 백내장은 안과전문의가 slit-lamp를 이용하여 검사하였다. 건강형평성 주요 척도에 따른 유병률은 t-검정 및 x² 검정하였고, 오즈비(odds ratio)는 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하였으며, 유의수준은 0.05로 PASW18.0을 사용하여 분석하였다. 결과: 백내장의 표준화 유병률은 26.4%이었다, 유병률은 가구소득‘하’에서41.2%, ‘초졸 이하’59.9%.‘무직’53.9%,‘도시지역’62.8%이었다. 건강형평성 주요 척도에 따른 백내장의 오즈비는 50세 이상군에서 가구소득이 ‘하’일 때 2.60(CI, 196-344), ‘무직군’일 때 2.33(CI, 1.49-3.34), 농촌지역에서 1.24(CI, 0.99-1.56)로 높게 나타났다. 20-49세군은 ‘초졸 이하’에서 5.48(CI, 2.71-11.06)이었고, ‘농림어업 숙련 종사지군’에서 .33(CI, 1.37-8.10)으로 높았다. 농촌지역에서 가구소득이 ‘하’일 때 오즈비는 2.33(CI, 1.35-3.69), ‘초졸 이하’일 때 2.03(CI, 0.97-4.26), ‘단순노무 종사지군’에서 1.28(CI, 0.52-3.14)로 도시지역에 비해 높았다. 여자의 경우 가구소득이‘하’에서 1.60(CI, 1.12-2.30), ‘초졸 이하’에서 1.79(CI, 1.09-2.92)로 남자에 비해 높게 나타났다. 결론: 낮은 사회경제적 상태에서 백내장의 유병률과 오즈비가 증가하여 우리나라 성인의 눈 건강 불평등이 존재하였으며, 이를 위해 저소득층을 위한 종합적인 일차안보건의료정책이 필요하다. 또한 외국의 안보건정책과의 비교를 통해 기존의 치료 위주의 보건정책보다는 예방과 교육 중심의 보건정책의 개발이 요구된다.

In this study, Rebar of SD500, SD600 is applied to the designed or constructed in domestic underground parking. Analyzed the variation of the rebar according to the strength of the rebar and the construction cost of the change. Most of underground parking appear reduction of Rebar ratio. In this case, the load acting on the underground parking garage is large. So, Rebar placing is dominated by element's stress. Therefore, Large amounts material of slabs, beams and foundations are reduced. In case of columns and wall, Ratio of Material reduction is less than former. Because Splice and Anchorage of rebar amounts are increased and Hoop and horizontal rebar amounts are fixed. Percentage of rebar of the column and wall are 15%. So, Showed a less impact on the reduction of total material.

Several different depreciation systems may be used for group depreciation. The vintage group procedure treats the same type of property placed in service during the same year as a distinct group for depreciation purposes; therefore an estimate of the probable average service life and net salvage ratio(s) of each individual vintage is necessary. The vintage group procedure calculates an accrual rate for each vintage and the accrual rate for an account for specific calendar year is the weighted average vintage accrual rate for that calendar year. A further refinement would be to divide each vintage into groups such that all of the dollars in a group have the same estimated life-an equal life group (ELG). Then each ELG is depreciated over its estimated life. The effect is to recover each dollar over the estimated number of years it is in service. Each vintage is divided into several equal life groups (ELGs) such that all the property in a specific ELG has the same estimated life. The accrual rate for each ELG is based on the estimated life of that ELG. The vintage accrual rate for a specific year is the weighted average ELG accrual rate for that calendar year. In this paper, we illustrate the calculations of vintage accrual rates for each of the calendar years by the ELG depreciation systems.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary whole-crop barley silage on the daily feed intake, daily weight gain, velvet antler yield and economic efficacy in elk during growth. A total of 21 elk (average BW 303 kg, 5 years old) were allotted randomly to three treatments. The three treatments were T1 (hay diet), T2 (whole-crop barley silage), and T3 (50% hay + 50% whole-crop barley silage). The average daily weight gain of T3 was higher than the others throughout the entire experimental period. The average daily feed intake of elk in decreasing order was as follows; T1>T3>T2. The velvet antler yield was higher in T3 group (8,585 g) compared with T1 (8,037 g) and T2 (7,713 g). However, there were no significant differences in the average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, or velvet antler yield (p>0.05). In economic efficacy, T3 was gained about 29~43% more value than T1 or T2. In conclusion, the mixed feeding of 50% hay and 50% whole-crop barley silage was more effective than feeding hay of barley alone, in terms of average daily weight gain, velvet antler yield, and economic efficacy in elk.

The purpose of this study is to examine the applicability of the economic approach to mission studies. In fact, the economic approach to religion was already attempted by some sociologists and economists. Sociologists noticed the phenomenon of marketization in religion and explained it in terms of the theory of secularization. According to this theory, modernity causes a plurality of worldviews, which in turn reduces religion to a private sphere. As religion becomes a matter of choice, religious decline, they argue, will be inevitable. Since the middle of 20th century, however, they have confronted with a somewhat unexpected situation. Namely, religious resurgence in secularized societies. Contrary to their expectation, not only Islam but also evangelical churches have grown remarkably all over the world. Furthermore, scholars have observed that neoliberalism and free trade also in the late 20th century have been influencing the marketization and privatization in public services, such as law, education, health care, and even religion. All these unexpected situations have requested a new paradigm in religious studies. After all, the socalled new paradigm thinkers attempted to explain all these issues in terms of the economic approach. They concluded that the decline of religion, has nothing to do with secularization. To explain the resurgence of religion in the modern period, furthermore, they have shifted their interest from the demand side to the supply side of religion. For them, religious competition and plurality do not decrease religious vitality; rather, they increase it. To deduce this conclusion, they have used two main key concepts: 1) rational choice theory and 2) religious market model. The former theory assumes that people act rationally to maximize their selfinterest. This applies equally to choices about religion. After evaluating costs and rewards, people decide what religion they will choose. Of course, religious organizations also act rationally in order to increase their membership and maximize their interests. After all, religious deals between religious buyers and suppliers establish religious market. Religious market model has been developed from this context. Then, is it possible to adopt above perspective and theories in mission studies? Simply, we may assume two different positions: 1) positive and 2) negative. The former position considers economic theories in a positive light, focusing on the phenomenon of marketization in mission. In many cases, competition with other religions or among Christian denominations often drive a mission field to a market context. In this context, people choose this religion or that denomination rationally just as they do when choosing a car or buying a computer. To meet their needs and attract more believers, missionaries use various strategies just as commercial firms do. Viewed in the light of economics, the natives and missionaries may correspond to the demand and supply side; religion or denomination can be considered as a religious product or brand. In mission studies, this economic approach will be useful in mapping out the mission strategy. Especially, the religious market model of this approach is very helpful in grasping religious terrain, religious market structure, and degree of government regulation of religion in the mission field. Furthermore, the economic approach can contribute to the study of denominationalism or ecumenics as well in a different angle. For instance, while theologians and missiologists see these issues in terms of ideology or theology, economists of religion see them in terms of a kind of religious cartel or spinoff. This perspective can give mission studies different but more effective insights regarding denominational split or unity. On the contrary, others may have a negative position to adopt the economic approach in mission studies. While the former position prefers to take a social scientific or valuefree attitude, this position prefers to take an ethical or normative attitude, assuming that there is no common ground between Christianity and economics. Especially, they may criticize this economic approach for the reductionist way of thinking in religion. The concept of ‘Homo Economicus’ or universal applicability of the theories also are likely to be criticized. In spite of some controversial issues mentioned above, it is obvious that the economic approach to religion has made great contributions to religious studies. Unfortunately, this approach has not been much discussed so far in mission studies. As we saw before, many areas of mission studies can receive help from the academic achievements of the economic approach to religion. In that sense, I suggest taking further discussion on the economic approach to mission.

선박의 운항에 소요되는 운항비는 선박의 종류, 크기, 속력, 항행구역 등에 따라 다를 수 있지만, 연료비가 차지하는 비율은 50~60 %에 달하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 최근 국제 유가의 상승으로 인한 선박 운용비를 절감하기 위하여 중소형 선박에서도 저질연료유의 사용이 검토되고 있는 추세이다. 더 나아가 해운선사들은 연료소모량을 줄이기 위한 방법으로 감속운항을 취하고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 실선을 이용하여 해상에서의 선속대비 주기관의 연료소모량을 계측하고, 부하에 따른 전진계수 대비 속력과 연료소모량의 관계를 통해 상용연속출력보다 낮은 주기관 부하의 70 % 영역이 최적의 운항조건이라고 제안하였다.

이 연구는 산림인증의 효과를 계량적으로 분석하기 위하여 비시장재 평가기법 중 하나 인 선택실험기법을 적용하여 서울시민을 대상으로 무작위 추출법으로 획득한 표본 중 88 부를 분석에 활용하였다. 분석결과, 지불의사에 영향을 미치는 사회경제적 변수 중 성 별, 직업, 학력 등에서 유의수준 5%에서 유의한 것으로 나타났으며 각 속성에 대한 한계 가치를 도출하였다. 이를 통해 목제품에 투영된 산림인증의 경제적 가치는 56,795원으로 분석되었으며, 이는 대상 제품 가격의 14.1% 수준에 해당하는 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 귀인이론을 기반으로 사람들이 개인의 경제적 성공과 관련하여 어떠한 귀인양식을 보이는지 고찰하는 실증연구이다. 먼저 귀인이론의 이론적 고찰 및 귀인양식 관련 선행연구 분석에 의한 논거를 토대로 '개인의 경제적 성공 관련 귀인양식 고찰'이라는 연구논제를 정립하였다. 이러한 연구논제를 실증적 방법으로 고찰하기 위해 수도권 지역에 거주하는 성인 238명(연령대/성별 할당표본추출)을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 조사결과 개인의 경제적 성공 관련 귀인요인에 대해, 보유자산 10억원 미만 사람들은 태생적 환경조건 72.1%, 노력 18.0%로 나타나고, 보유자산 30억원 이상 사람들은 태생적 환경조건 12.0%, 노력 48.0%로 나타났다. 이러한 귀인양식을 Weiner(1979)가 주장한 귀인이론의 원인지각 측면에서 해석해 보면, 개인의 경제적 성공을 성취하는 원인에 대해 보유자산이 적은 사람은 태생적 환경조건 탓으로 돌리고, 보유자산이 많은 사람은 노력 덕분이라고 믿는 경향을 보인다는 것이다.

本论文是对于在2004年发生的第一次农民荒和在2009年发生的第二次农 民荒的原因和背景进行比较分析。 由此分析得出，农民荒原因的现象是暂时性，结构性的还是长期性，全 面性的。 结论是，第一次农民工荒现象是暂时性，结构性的但是第二次农民工 荒现象是长期性，全面性的因为农民工供给减少，中西部发展造成的长期性 的趋势。 所以，为了中韩投资企业能够成功开拓中国市场，如下： 第一, 必须防止长期的劳动力不足。 第二, 必须防止劳动费用上升。 第三, 建立温情的劳资关系。

改革开放以来，中国企业积极“走出去”，开展对外投资合作，并积累了 一些成功经验。同时，中国在国内建设开发区的显著成就也促使一些发展中 国家向中国提出建设合作区的要求。为贯彻党中央互利共赢的对外开放方 针，积极实施“走出去”战略，引导企业有序地开展对外投资，经国务院批 准，自2006年以来，商务部会同有关部门，鼓励企业进行合作区建设，探索 “走出去”新模式，推动“走出去”纵深发展。从2006年开始，商务部同有关部 门组织了2次招投标，共有19个国家级境外经贸合作区中标；开展了合作区 确认考核工作，对符合条件的合作区在基础设施实际投入方面给予了一定的 发展资金资助。目前，中国企业正在13个国家建设16个国家级境外经贸合作 区。2004年商务部、外交部联合发布了≪对外投资国别产业导向目录≫，旨 在鼓励和支持有比较优势的各种所有制企业对外投资，完善对外投资服务体 系，加快“走出去”战略的实施。本论文首先介绍从1979年至2003年中国对外 投资制度和投资现状，然后分析≪对外投资国别产业导向目录≫制定的背景 与过程。本文还探索按地区、种类境外经贸合作区的特征与含义，介绍分析 韩中工业园等案例。最后论述了独特的中国对外投资制度对外商投资企业的 意

SW industry is important at entire industry in Korea and also one of new growth engine industry. This paper deals with the economic effect of SW industry through input-output analysis. We reconstruct the SW industry by extracting and combining SW portion from other industries of the inter-industry relation table. We obtain that production inducement coefficients, value added inducement coefficients, employment inducement coefficients, and job position inducement coefficients are higher than average inducement coefficients of all industries.