We fabricated 10 nm-TiO2 thin films for DSSC (dye sensitized solar cell) electrode application using ALD (atomic layer deposition) method at the low temperatures of 150˚ and 250˚. We characterized the crosssectional microstructure, phase, chemical binding energy, and absorption of the TiO2 using TEM, HRXRD, XPS, and UV-VIS-NIR, respectively. TEM analysis showed a 10 nm-thick flat and uniform TiO2 thin film regardless of the deposition temperatures. Through XPS analysis, it was found that the stoichiometric TiO2 phase was formed and confirmed by measuring main characteristic peaks of Ti 2p1, Ti 2p3, and O 1s indicating the binding energy status. Through UV-VIS-NIR analysis, ALD-TiO2 thin films were found to have a band gap of 3.4 eV resulting in the absorption edges at 360 nm, while the conventional TiO2 films had a band gap of 3.0 eV (rutile)~3.2 eV (anatase) with the absorption edges at 380 nm and 410 nm. Our results implied that the newly proposed nano-thick TiO2 film using an ALD process at 150˚ had almost the same properties as thsose of film at 250˚. Therefore, we confirmed that the ALD-processed TiO2 thin film with nano-thickness formed at low temperatures might be suitable for the electrode process of flexible devices.

We have synthesized Eu3+-doped YVO4 phosphors by using a hydrothermal method and investigatedtheir luminescent properties. Aqueous solutions of Y2O3, V2O5, Eu2O3, and nitric acid with various pH valueswere used as the precursors. The crystallinity, surface condition, and emission characteristics were examinedusing XRD, FT-IR, and photo-excited spectrometer. Eu3+ incorporation followed by the efficient red emissionstrongly depends on the acidity of solution media. The emission intensity becomes stronger as the pH valuesincrease to 7 and then gradually decreases. This phenomenon might be related to the hydroxyl quenchingeffect, which is induced by surface bound OH- groups.

The principal objective of this study was to develop the optimal recipe for muffins containing dried broccoli powder. In this study, broccoli powder was substituted for wheat flour in order to reduce its content. The study was conducted by determining the optimal sensory composite recipe, by preparing muffins with different levels of broccoli powder (A), sugar (B), and butter (C), by C.C.D (Central composite design) and performing sensory evaluation and analysis via RSM (Response surface methodology). The sensory measurements yielded significant values for appearance, flavor (p<0.01), texture (p<0.05), overall quality (p<0.05) and color (p<0.05), whereas instrumental measurements yielded significant values in lightness (p<0.01), redness (p<0.05), yellowness, baking loss rate (p<0.05), hardness (p<0.05), cohesiveness (p<0.01) and gumminess (p<0.05). The optimum formulations processed by numerical and graphical optimization were determined as 13.58g of broccoli powder, 92.02g of sugar, and 71.97g of butter.

This paper deals with the phase analysis of bulk using spark plasma sintering process after ball milling. Mg and amorphous B powders were used as raw materials, and milled by planetary-mill for 9 hours at argon atmosphere. In order to confirm formation of phase, DTA and XRD were used. The milled powders were fabricated to bulk at the various temperatures by Spark Plasma Sintering. The fabricated bulk was evaluated with XRD, EDS, FE-SEM and PPMS. In the DTA result, reaction on formation of phase started at . This means that ball milling process improves reactivity on formation of phase. The MgO and FeB phases were characterized from XRD result. MgO and FeB were undesirable phases which affect formation of phase, and it's distribution could be confirmed from EDS mapping result. Spark Plasma Sintered sample for 5 min at was relatively densified and it's density and transition temperature showing super conducting property were and 21K.

The present study focused on the synthesis of a bismuth-antimony-tellurium-based thermoelectric nanopowders using plasma arc discharge process. The chemical composition, phase structure, particle size of the synthesized powders under various synthesis conditions were analyzed using XRF, XRD and SEM. The powders as synthesized were sintered by the plasma activated sintering. The thermoelectric properties of sintered body were analyzed by measuring Seebeck coefficient, specific electric resistivity and thermal conductivity. The chemical composition of the synthesized Bi-Sb-Te-based powders approached that of the raw material with an increasing DC current of the are plasma. The synthesized Bi-Sb-Te-based powder consist of a mixed phase structure of the , and phases. This powder has homogeneous mixing state of two different particles in an average particle size; about 100nm and about 500nm. The figure of merit of the sintered body of the synthesized 18.75 wt.%Bi-24.68 wt.%Sb-56.57 wt.%Te nanopowder showed higher value than one of the sintered body of the mechanically milled 12.64 wt.%Bi-29.47 wt.%Sb-57.89 wt.%Te powder.

Through the electrostatic interaction between the poly-diallydimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) modified Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) and SnO2 suspension in 1mM NaNo3 solution, MWNT-SnO2 nanocomposites (MSC) for anode electrodes of a Li-ion battery were successfully fabricated by colloidal heterocoagulation method. TEM observation showed that most of the SnO2 nanoparticles were uniformly deposited on the outside surface of the MWNT. Galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling tests showed that MSC anodes exhibited higher specific capacities than bare MWNT and better cyclability than unsupported nano-SnO2 anodes. Also, after 20 cycles, the MSC anode fabricated by heterocoagulation method showed more stable cycle properties than the simply mixed MSC anode. These improved electrochemical properties are attributed to the MWNT, which adsorbs the mechanical stress induced from volume change and increasing electrical conductivity of the MSC anode, and suppresses the aggregation between the SnO2 nanoparticles.

In the present work, the choice of the nano carbon black and optimum mixed ratio and effectiveness of the mixed carbon black to get a raw data for a manufacturing method of conductive complex board. Optimum mixed ratio of paper sludge & water was 1 : 2.5 for reformations. HB-41-Y was cheaper than Super-P with the single carbon black. Also electric conductivity of HB-41-Y(6.406×10-2 Ωcm-1) was about 6.5 times higher than Super-P(9.741×10-3 Ωcm-1) at 20 wt% carbon black. This time optimum mixture ratio of the paper sludge and the carbon black to be about 15 wt%, optimum mixed ratio HB-41Y and Graphite about 3:1 and its electric conductivity was 5.824×10-2 Ωcm-1.

폴리스티렌-폴리히드록시에틸 아크릴레이트(PS-b-PHEA) 디블록 공중합체와 폴리비닐알콜(PVA)을 1 : 1 무게비로 블렌딩하여 수소 이온 전도성 가교형 고분자 전해질막을 개발하였다. 특히 술포석시닉산(SA)를 사용하여 디블록 공중합체의 PHEA 블록과 PVA와 가교반응을 시켰고, 이를 FT-IR 분광법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 이온교환능(IEC)은 SA 함량이 증가함에 따라 계속하여 증가하여 0.95 meq/g까지 도달하였고, 이는 전해질막에 이온 그룹수가 증가하기 때문이다. 하지만, 함수율은 SA 함량이 20 wt%까지는 증가하다 그 이상에서는 감소하였다. 또한 수소 이온 전도도도 SA 함량에 따라 증가하여 20 wt% SA농도에서 0.024 S/cm의 최대값을 나타내었다. 함수율과 수소이온전도도의 이러한 경향은 SA 함량이 증가함에 따라 이온 그룹의 수가 증가하는 효과와 가교가 증가하는 효과가 서로 경쟁적으로 일어나기 때문으로 생각된다.

본 연구에서는 atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP)에 의해 polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)와 methyl-methacrylate (MMA)로부터 polydimethylsiloxane-polymethylmethacrylate (PDMS-PMMA) block copolymer를 합성하였다. 합성된 PDMS-b-PMMA copolymer막의 특성은 FT-IR, 1H NMR, GPC, DSC 등을 사용하여 조사하였다. 질소와 수소의 투과도는 각각 1.2~1.5 barrer와 6.2~10.5 barrer를 보였고, 질소에 대한 수소의 선택도는 5.3~6.9 범위였다. PDMS-b-PMMA copolymer 막의 투과도와 선택도는 PDMS 막보다는 낮은 값을 보였고, PMMA 막보다는 높은 결과를 보였다.

In this study, we attempt to analyze biofilter"s removal efficiency for volatile organic compounds from paint factory. this experiment conducted in a pilot plant with microorganisms immobilized polyurethane foam. 7 main components (Toulene, MEK, MIBK, o-Xylene, m-Xylene, Butyl acetate, Ethyl benzene) emitted from factory ventilation opening were analyzed. During the test period, the biofilter treated VOCs in 5 seconds (EBCT) and pressure drop was less than 30 ㎜H₂O/m in media. Removal efficiencies of all components were between 80~90% in 10 days of operation and higher than 94% after 40 days. The result of this experiment shows that biofilter can be useful technology for VOCs removal in the paint industry.

Product liability(PL) is the producer's compensation to customers for damage incurred by product defects. This paper studies on the organizational culture, promotion process, system construction, system level, product safety review, product safety assurance, system operation, and its effectiveness and necessity of recognition for the PL system of small and medium-sized firms in Gangwon-Do province. The results show that the firms have product safety regulations, but the number of firms which its employees understand the regulations is less than the number of firms which do not understand. Also the number of firms which is preparing PL prevention and insurance, and counterplan for accidents seems to be not in large numbers.

Al2O3 sol with long-term stability was prepared by mechanical milling. Thin films were evaluated and created for use as coating materials. The particle size of the manufactured sol was 98 nm when 2 wt% of nitric acid was added. This indicates that the viscosity of the sol is 12 cps and that it has long-term stability. The thickness of the thin films, which varied from 100 nm to 500 nm, could be managed by adjusting the draw rate and the amount of an organic additive. A thin film heated to 500˚C indicated a hydrophilic property against water and excellent permeability against a visible ray.

The development of soy cutlets containing textured soy protein (TSP) as a meat analog was studied. In order to decrease the beany flavor and to increase the texture, TSP was treated with 0.3% Flavourzyme or 0.1% Protamex for 10 or 20 min, respectively. The degree of hydrolysis for TSP treated with Protamex was higher than that treated with Flavourzyme. Hydrolysis was observed to increase as the reaction time was increased for both Flavourzyme and Protamex. The water holding capacity of TSP treated with Protamex for 10 min was the highest, and that treated with Flavourzyme for 20 min was similar to that of Protamex treatment for 20 min. The oil binding capacity of TSP treated with Protamex for 20 min was the highest. The hardness of the soy cutlets using TSP treated with Flavourzyme for 10 min was higher than that treated for 20 min, while that of Protamex treated for 20 min was higher than that treated for 10 min. The cohesiveness of the soy cutlets using TSP treated with Flavourzyme or Protamex for 10 min was higher than those treated for 20 min. The chewiness of the soy cutlets treated with Flavourzyme for 10 min was higher than for those treated for 20 min, while those treated with Protamex for 20 min was higher than those treated for 10 min. The springiness of TSP treated with Flavourzyme for 20 min was higher than those treated for 10 min, and higher than those treated with Protamex for 10 or 20 min. For sensory evaluation, the beany flavor of the soy cutlets treated with Protamex for 20 min was the weakest. The flavor and chewiness of both a pork cutlet and a soy cutlet treated with Protamex for 20 min were the best. In the overall quality, soy cutlets treated with Protamex for 20 min was the most desirable. In conclusion, soy cutlets treated with 0.1% Protamex for 20 min could be a reasonable substitute of pork cutlets.

Some biological activities such as an electron donating capacity, the contents of total polyphenol compounds and flavonoids, fibrinolytic activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity have been detected in hot water extracts of Ligularia fischeri and Angelica gigas Nakai. To increase the usefulness of the functional ingredients for prevention and improvement of some metabolic disorders, ethanol-treated hot water extracts of Angelica gigas Nakai were prepared. A hot water extract of Ligularia fischeri has 92% of electron donating capacity, 39.4 mg/g of total polyphenol compounds, 24.8 mg/g of flavonoids and 29.8% of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, but no fibrinolytic activity. A hot water extract of Angelica gigas Nakai has 94.7% of electron donating capacity, 5.8 mg/g of total polyphenol compounds, 2.6 mg/g of flavonoids, 0.48 plasmin units of fibrinolytic activity and no α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. However, with partial purification using cold ethanol treatment, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Angelica gigas Nakai was increased to 70.5%. Thus, we expected a more useful effect with the use of the addition of a cold ethanol-treated Angelica gigas Nakai extract. The L, b values of cold buckwheat noodles using a mixture of 0~3% of Ligularia fischeri powder and 0.5% of an ethanol-treated hot water extract of Angelica gigas Nakai were decreased with the addition of an increasing amount of Ligularia fischeri powder. Among the mechanical qualities, only adhesiveness was significantly higher in 3% Ligularia fischeri noodles. From sensory evaluation data, it was determined that these two functional ingredients did not ruin the color, texture, and overall acceptance of the cold buckwheat noodles. A higher amount of the extracts improved the quality of the product with little added cost.

Al-Ni alloy nano powders have been produced by the electrical explosion of Ni-plated Al wire. The porous nano particles were prepared by leaching for Al-Ni alloy nano powders in 20wt% NaOH aqueous solution. The structural properties of leached porous nano powder were investigated by nitrogen physisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission Microscope (TEM). The surface areas of the leached powders were increased with amounts of AI in alloys. The pore size distributions of these powders were exhibited maxima at range of pore diameters 3.0 to 3.5 nm from the desorption isotherm. The maximum values of those were decreased with amounts of Al in alloys.

doped (GDC) solid solutions have been considered as a promising materials for electrolytes in intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells. In this study, the nano-sized GDC powder with average panicle size of 69nm was prepared by a high energy ball milling process and its sintering behavior was investigated. Heat-treatment at of nano-sized GDC powder mixture led to GDC solid-solution. The enhanced densification over 96% of relative density was obtained after sintering at for 2h. It was found that the sinterability of GDC powder could be significantly improved by the introduction of a high energy ball milling process

The Ni-based bulk metallic glass matrix composites were fabricated by spark plasma sintering of mixture of gas-atomized metallic glass powders and ductile brass powders. The successful consolidation of metallic glass matrix composite was achieved by strong bonding between metallic glass powders due to viscous flow deformation and lower stress of ductile brass powders in the supercooled liquid state during spark plasma sintering. The composite shows some macroscopic plasticity after yielding, which was obtained by introducing a ductile second brass phase in the Ni-based metallic glass matrix.