This study was conducted to report the census survey results of south Korean Chikso (Korean Brindle Cattle) distribution and to diagnose the current coat color expression patterns. Two years Chikso census showed that there were 2,413 Chikso in 2013 and 2,754 in 2014 in south Korea. Number of animals between 0 to 35 months of age was 1,632 heads in 2014 which comprised 59% of total Chikso population size. The percentages of animals between 36 ~ 71 months of age and over 6 years of age were 31% and 10% of total. Out of 2,416 animals with class numbers assessed by their coat colors, 1,249 heads (52%) were in group I (with black stripes, class no. 1 ~ 3) and the others (class no. 4 ~ 7) were in group II (1,167 heads, 48%). Among the 1,551 animals that were photographed twice in 2013 and in 2014, 226 animals were assessed different coat color class numbers, and round 90% of which were within the ages less than 48 months. The number of animals switched in coat color pattern groups over a year was 56, which was 3.6% of total number of animals on survey. And around 88% of the animals switched in group category was of the animals younger than 24 months of age. Therefore, we conclude that the coat color pattern becomes rather stable at around 24 months of age in Chikso populaion in south Korea.

This study aims at providing basic data to objectively evaluate the areas suitable for reintroduction of the species of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in order to effectively preserve the Asiatic black bears in the Korean protection areas including national parks, and for the species restoration success. To this end, this study predicted the potential habitats in East Asia, Southeast Asia and India, where there are the records of Asiatic black bears’ appearances using the Maxent model and environmental variables related with climate, topography, road and land use. In addition, this study evaluated the effects of the relevant climate and environmental variables. This study also analyzed inhabitation range area suitable for Asiatic black and geographic change according to future climate change. As for the judgment accuracy of the Maxent model widely utilized for habitat distribution research of wildlife for preservation, AUC value was calculated as 0.893 (sd=0.121). This was useful in predicting Asiatic black bears’ potential habitat and evaluate the habitat change characteristics according to future climate change. Compare to the distribution map of Asiatic black bears evaluated by IUCN, Habitat suitability by the Maxent model were regionally diverse in extant areas and low in the extinct areas from IUCN map. This can be the result reflecting the regional difference in the environmental conditions where Asiatic black bears inhabit. As for the environment affecting the potential habitat distribution of Asiatic black bears, inhabitation rate was the highest, according to land coverage type, compared to climate, topography and artificial factors like distance from road. Especially, the area of deciduous broadleaf forest was predicted to be preferred, in comparison with other land coverage types. Annual mean precipitation and the precipitation during the driest period were projected to affect more than temperature’s annual range, and the inhabitation possibility was higher, as distance was farther from road. The reason is that Asiatic black bears are conjectured to prefer more stable area without human’s intervention, as well as prey resource. The inhabitation range was predicted to be expanded gradually to the southern part of India, China’s southeast coast and adjacent inland area, and Vietnam, Laos and Malaysia in the eastern coastal areas of Southeast Asia. The following areas are forecast to be the core areas, where Asiatic black bears can inhabit in the Asian region: Jeonnam, Jeonbuk and Gangwon areas in South Korea, Kyushu, Chugoku, Shikoku, Chubu, Kanto and Tohoku’s border area in Japan, and Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Fujian border area in China. This study is expected to be used as basic data for the preservation and efficient management of Asiatic black bear’s habitat, artificially introduced individual bear’s release area selection, and the management of collision zones with humans.

There is a growing interest in the application of primary hepatocytes for treatment of liver diseases in humans and for drug development. Several studies have focused on long-term survival and di-differentiation blocking of primary hepatocytes in an in vitro culture system. Therefore, the present study also aimed to optimize an in vitro culture system using primary rat hepatocytes. Primary rat hepatocytes from 6-week-old male Crl:CD rats were isolated using a modified two-step collagenase perfusion. Healthy 3.5 × 106 primary rat hepatocytes were seeded into a 2 dimensional (2D) culture in a 25T culture flask coated with collagen type I or into a 3D culture in a 125-ml spinner flask for 7 days. Production of plasma protein (ALB and TF), apoptosis (BAX and BCL2), and CYP (CYP3A1) related genes were compared between the 2D and 3D culture systems. The 3D culture system had an advantage over the 2D system because of the relatively high expression of ALB and low expression of BAX in the 3D system. However, the level of CYP3A1 did not improve in the 3D culture with and without the presence of a dexamethasone inducer. Therefore, 3D culture has an advantage for albumin production and primary rat hepatocyte survivability, but a low expression of CYP3A1 indicated that primary rat hepatocytes require a high–density culture for stress reduction by continuous flow.

특발성 재발성 췌장염은 원인 질환을 찾기 위한 다양한 접근이 필요한데 이 중 바터 팽대부내 종양의 경우에는 영 상학적 검사 외에도 내시경적 유두절개술을 통한 조직검사 와 같은 적극적인 원인 질환의 규명이 필요하겠다. 저자들 은 황달과 같은 담관 폐색에 의한 증상 없이 반복적인 췌장 염만 나타난 환자에서 바터 팽대부내선암을 경험하였기에 이를 보고한다.

This study was carried out to develop techniques for thelog cultivation of Pleurotus pulmonarius. Soil landfill cultivation of the in plastic container boxes containing yield per log thanbut there was no difference in the yield from both spawn Hyangsan” variety. In the caseof soil landfill cultivation in a shaded vinyl house, an Ailanthus tree gave a higher yield than that usingpoplar tree, and the yield of the Hosan” variety washigher than that of the Hyangsan” variety. With regard to proper tree species selection, willow and cherry trees were good for both the Hosan” and “Hyangsan” variet.

FRP Hybrid Bar, composite structures composed of synthetic resins, deformed bar and glass fiber, was invented in order to solve corrosion of rebar in reinforced concrete structures. In order to bond deformed bar and glass fiber to FRP Hybrid Bar, synthetic resins is used. Curing time of the synthetic resins greatly affect productivity. If curing time of synthetic resins is short, cost of facilities is reduced and productivity is increased. Also, If this curing time is shorter or omitted, FRP Hybrid Bar can be commercialized. So, it can cause mass-production and substantial economic effect. Therefore, in this paper, optimum mix proportion is observed in order to increase economic efficiency of FRP Hybrid Bar and reduce curing time of synthetic resins. Total 9 variables are set, adjusting ratio of hardener ratio, and 3 resin moulds on each variables are fabricated. Optimum mix proportion is suggested based on data measured by temperature sensor.

The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of α-linolenic acid (ALA) on viability, acrosome reaction and mitochondrial intact in frozen-thawed boar sperm. The boar semen was collected by gloved-hand method and cryopreserved in 20% egg yolk freezing extender containing ALA (0, 3, 5, and 10 ng/mL) with 0.05% ethanol. The frozen-boar spermatozoa were thawed at 37.5°C for 45 sec in water-bath. The spermatozoa samples were evaluated the plasma membrane integrity, acrosome reaction, and mitochondrial integrity using flow cytometry. In results, population of live sperm with intact plasma membrane was significantly higher in control and 3 ng/mL ALA treatment group than ethanol group (p<0.05). In contract, dying sperms were higher in ethanol group than 3 ng/mL ALA treatment (p<0.05). Acrosomal membrane damage in all sperm population was reduced in 3 ng/mL ALA groups compared with ethanol treatment (p<0.05). However, acrosome damage in live sperm population was no significant difference among the all treatment groups. Mitochondrial integrity was not influenced by ALA treatments in both of live and all sperm population. In conclusion, this results show that supplement of ALA during the cryopreservation process could reduce the membrane damages including plasma and acrosomal membrane, whereas ALA did not influence to mitochondria in boar spermatozoa. Therefore, these results suggest that ALA can protect against the membrane damage derived cryo-stress, and cryopreservation efficiency of boar semen would be improved by use of ALA.

본 연구는 초음파 진동에 의해 발생하는 공동현상을 이용하여 다양한 유용성분과 생리활성을 가지고 있는 녹차와 애엽을 혼합하여 새로운 식품소재를 개발하기 위해서 반응표면분석법에 의한 추출특성을 모니터링 하여 최적 추출조건을 예측하였다. 초음파를 지속적으로 가하는 조건에서 Box-Behnken design에 의해 녹차와 애엽의 혼합비, 용매와 용질의 비, 추출시간을 독립변수로 하여 15구간의 추출조건을 설정하고 추출수율(Y)을 종속변수로 하여 모니터링 하였다. 반응표면분석결과 녹차 및 애엽 혼합 추출물은 녹차의 함량과 추출용매의 양이 증가 할수록 추출 수율이 증가 하였으며, 추출시간은 결과에 큰 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 추출수율을 최대로 얻을 수 있는 녹차 및 애엽 혼합물의 최적 추출조건은 녹차와 애엽의 혼합비 85.86%, 용매와 용질의 비 92.73 mL/g, 추출시간 56.52분으로 확인되었으며, 추출수율의 최대값은 30.03% 로 예측되었다.

The trawl fishery is an important fishery accounting for around 30.0% of adjacent water fishery production in Korea, and the commercial fishing is associated with high rate of fatal and non-fatal occupational injury. The hazard analysis for the fishermen's safety of offshore trawler was conducted to serve as basic data for improving the healthy and safe working environment of fishermen using fishermen's occupational accidents of the national federation of fisheries cooperatives (NFFC) from 2012 to 2014 (n=464). As a result, the occupational accident occurrence rate of large powered trawl fishery was 241.4‰ in east sea trawl fishery, 6.9 times the rate of that. In addition, death and missing rate was found to have very serious level management to 97.7‱ in east sea trawl fishery of death at 6.2 times. The accident occurred in 91.7 to 100.0% was happened at sea. The slipping, others and struck by object and son on occurred more frequently in order in the frequency of accident occurrence pattern. However, the occurrence rate of death and missing did not match the frequency of accident pattern. In other words, slipping occurred more frequently while death and missing risk was not high. The fall in the waters was low while death and missing risk was high. The results are expected to help identify and assess safety hazard occurred in offshore trawlers.

This study carried out an experiment to find out the reaction of hairtail, Trichinus lepturus to the colors of LED light as a basic study on the development of the trolling gear and a method to enable the day-night operation. We used hairtails caught around Seongsan-po, Jeju Island by set nets and hairtail angling. The seven hairtails of the average length 68.9 cm (SD 9.2 cm) and the average weight 135.9 g (SD 47.9 g) were adapted themselves in the experimental water tank, 15 m Self-Governing 1.7 m in height and 1.5 m in depth, and then they were studied. We conducted experiment at the Ocean and Fisheries Research Institute in Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, from November to December 2015, and the sea surface temperature was between 16.5 and 19.5℃. The four colors of LED light, blue, white, green and red, were set up to transmit downward from the marginal area of tank. The 1 meter depth light intensity of LED colors is as follows: 0.09 w/m2/s (blue), 0.18 w/m2/s (white), 0.04 w/m2/s (green) and 0.007 w/m2/s(red) To know the optimum LED color light, we selected one with better reaction rate after comparison of two colors simultaneously and the selected color was again compared to the other color in a tournament style two times a day (day and night) and ten times totally. The reaction rates were shown as the frequencies of hairtail appearance for 5 minutes in the lighting zone after turning on the LED lights. The reaction rate of the blue was at 97% unlike the red 3% (p < 0.001). The blue was at 75% unlike the green at 25% (p < 0.001). The blue was at 67% unlike the white at 33% (p < 0.001). Therefore, the color of light source showing the highest reaction rate was the blue.

본 연구는‘부유’단감의 경제적 가치를 평가하기 위해 이루어졌다. 연구를 위해 최근 9년간의 단감 ‘부유’주산지 소득조사 원시자료(707농가)와 현장을 방문하여 조사한 47농가의 자료를 이용하여 kg 당 수취가격, 투입비용, 주당 수량을 분석하였다. 연구결과 단감‘부유’의 손익분기수령은 성장기 8수 령과 쇠퇴기 85수령으로 분석되어 단감‘부유’의 경제적 갱신 한계 수령은 85수령으로 나타났다. 주당 수량은 65수령을 전후로 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 경제적 내용연수 85수령을 기준으로 한 단감‘부 유’의 주당 경제적 가치는 수익접근법에 의해 10,488천원, 비용접근법에 의해 9,249천원으로 분석되었 다.

우리나라의 시설원예 산업은 농업용 필름이 생산되고 보급되면서 우리나라의 시설원예는 급속도로 발 전하였다. 그 후에 골조는 아연도금 파이프, 피복재는 연질필름을 이용하여 보온재배 위주의 시설이 전 국적으로 설치되었다. 바이오가스에 포함된 황화수소 및 메탄은 온실 자재나 작물에 악영향을 유발하는 요소로 작용될 수 있다. 그리하여 본 연구에서는 유기성폐기물인 바이오가스에서 막 분리법을 이용하여 CO2 가스를 정제, 포집하였다. 그리고 정제된 CO2를 온실에 공급하여 바이오가스에 포함된 성분들이 온실의 자재에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 실험은 세가지 실험구를 설정하여 시행하였으며, 실험 1은 일반적으로 온실 시용에 판매되고 있는 온실용 액화 CO2를 시비한 경우(온실-1), 실험 2는 바이오가스 에서 분리한 CO2를 시비한 경우(온실-2), 실험 3은 CO2를 공급하지 않은 일반적인 경우인 대조구로 실 험을 행하였다. 실험 결과, 시중에는 판매되고 있는 CO2를 시비한 온실과 대조 실험구와 비교하였을 때, 피복자재의 투과도, 인장강도는 세 실험구에서 모두 유사하게 측정되었다. SEM, EDS 분석 결과, 세 실험구에서 산화철의 결정이 나타났으며, 파이프 자재 표면의 O와 S의 함유량은 두 번째 온실에서 높게 나타났다.

본 연구에서는 최대한 인삼의 외형을 원형삼 형태의 홍삼 과 유사하게 유지하면서도 기능성은 증진시킬 수 있는 신속 한 고온고압 처리 공정을 확립하기 위하여 다양한 고온고압 처리공정 조건에 따른 이화학적 성분 특성 및 항산화 활성 변화를 살펴보았다. 산성다당체 및 홍삼 특유의 진세노사이 드 Rh1, Rg2, Rg3의 함량은 140℃, 3 kg/cm2의 고온고압 처리 조건에서 가장 높은 반면, 총 페놀 화합물 및 말톨 함량은 156℃, 5 kg/cm2의 고온고압 처리조건에서 가장 높았다. 그러 나 홍삼의 증자 처리 시 156℃, 5 kg/cm2의 처리조건에서는 시 료가 터지거나 외형의 변형이 심하기 때문에 140℃, 3 kg/cm2를 최적 온도 및 압력으로 설정하였다. 한편, 증자 시간이 증 가함에 따라 총 페놀 화합물, 말톨 및 흑삼특이 진세노사이드 함량은 지속적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으나, 20분간 처리한 군의 외형이 기존의 홍삼과 가장 유사한 외관을 나타 냈으므로, 140℃, 3 kg/cm2에서 20분 동안 증자 처리하는 것 을 본 실험의 최적 조건으로 설정하였다. 최종적으로 이러한 최적조건을 통해 제조된 홍삼의 항산화 효능을 분석한 결과, 시중에서 판매되는 백삼, 홍삼 및 흑삼과 비교하여 높은 항산 화 성분 및 항산화 활성을 나타냈다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 확립된 고온고압 처리를 통한 신규홍삼 제조기술은 그 형태 가 기존의 홍삼 제품과 유사하면서도 공정이 신속하고, 품질 은 흑삼과 비슷한 고기능성 신규 인삼제품 개발 시 응용 가능 한 공정으로 사료된다.

The Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO) is the next generation desalination technique and is considered as a eco-friendly energy. This was conducted to evaluate the effect of the temperature and pressure on the PRO performance. The flux of the permeation was measured under different operating conditions and estimated the power density. An improvement of PRO performance is depend on increasing solution temperature and optimum pressure. The effect of increasing feed solution temperature has stronger impact on the PRO performance comparing to the draw solution temperature. The reason of the results was due to the change of osmotic power, viscosity, water permeability and structure parameter(s).

This experiment was conducted to establish proper irrigation method for water spinach, subtropical vegetable in plastic film house soils to prepare to future global warming of the Korean peninsula. The evaluation of irrigation with 4 different levels as −20, −40, −50 kPa as a starting point(water potential) were compared to –33 kPa as control. All treatments were ended when water potential reached at –10 kPa respectively. The amount of irrigated water, N content, plant growth and fresh yield were investigated. As a result, water potential was correlated positively with irrigation starting point in cultivation period and irrigation times, but the amount water irrigated per time, N content of harvested plant, fresh and dry yield showed negative correlation. The contents of crude protein, P, K, Ca, Fe of harvested part were most high in –50 kPa treatment. We concluded that –50 kPa was optimal irrigation starting point for water spinach cultivation in unheating plastic film house.

잎새버섯(Grifola frondosa)은 민주름목, 구멍장이버섯과, 잎새버섯속에 속하며 사물기생균으로서 참나무류 나 밤나무 등 활엽수의 고사목 그루터기에 늦여름부터 늦가을에 걸쳐 발생한다. 맛과 향이 우수한 식·약 겸용버섯 버섯으로 최근 소비자들의 관심이 높아지면서 잎새버섯 재배 면적이 늘어나고 있다. 잎새버섯 재 배면적이 증가함에 따라 생산된 수확후배지를 곤충 사육, 유기물용 퇴비자원화를 위한 검토가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 잎새버섯 재배 시 잎새버섯 수확후배지 적정 첨가율 및 영양원을 선발하기 위하여 잎새버 섯 수확후배지를 신선한 참나무톱밥 및 영양원별 첨가율을 달리하여 생육 및 수량특성을 조사하였다. 수확 후배지 적정 첨가율 구명시험에서는 수확후배지를 30% 첨가 한 처리에서 자실체 수확소요일수는 55.7일, 자실체 수량은 1kg 봉지배지당 115.4g로 가장 우수하였으며 영양원 선발시험에서는 맥주박 10%, 15% 처리 가 1kg 봉지배지당 수량이 126.9g, 129.9g으로 양호하였으며, 밀기울 혼합 처리에서는 다소 저조하였다.

산느타리는 봄부터 가을에 걸쳐 활엽수의 죽은 나무 또는 떨어진 가지에 군생하거나 단생하는 백색부후균으 로서 일본, 유럽, 북반구일대 등에 분포하고, 한국에서는 한라산, 지리산 등에 분포한다. 갓은 반원형이고 갓 지름은 2~8cm, 자실체는 작고 살은 얇으며 균모의 색은 연한 회색 또는 갈색인데 나중에 백색 또는 연한 황 색으로 된다. 주름살은 백색에서 크림색 또는 레몬색으로 되고 밀생하거나 약간 성기며, 대의 길이는 0.5~1.5cm이고 굵기는 4~7mm로 때로는 없는 것도 있다. 포자는 6~10×3~4μm로 원기둥 모양이고 무늬는 회 색, 분홍색, 연한 회색이다. 산느타리는 맛과 향이 좋고, 씹는 질감이 뛰어나며, 항염증, 항콜레스테롤, 항고지 혈증의 기능성을 가지고 있다. 국내 육성품종으로서는 호산, 강산, 향산, 화산 등 4종이 육성되어 있으나 발 이가 균일하지 못하거나 수량성이 낮은 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 수확소요일수가 빠르고 수량성이 높으 며, 갓색이 흑갈색인 ‘자산’ 품종을 육성하였다. ‘자산’ 품종은 수확소요일수가 26일로 대조품종 ‘호산’에 비 해 3일 빠르고 수량에 있어서는 1,100ml병당 128.6g으로 ‘호산’ 품종에 비해 13% 많았으며 갓색에 있어서는 ‘호산’ L:40.7, ‘자산’ L:34.9로 신품종 ‘자산’이 더 진하게 나타났다.

The present study has investigated teaching motivation and demotivation factors on itinerant English teachers for pre-school children. A total of 119 itinerant English teachers were asked to answer a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale, which had 32 items for teaching motivation and 14 items for demotivation. They also responded to 8 items asking about personal background information, which were used to examine the direct influence on teachers’ (de)motivation. Factor analyses were conducted to explore (de)motivation factors. As a result, five factors emerged regarding teaching motivation: altruistic motivation, intrinsic motivation, interpersonal motivation, monetary reward, and self-improvement motivation. Four teaching demotivation factors were also identified through factor analysis: burnout, lack of self-confidence, insufficient external support, and lack of autonomy. The result of t-test and one-way ANOVA indicated that teachers’ age, marital status, and teaching experiences have influenced teaching motivation, whereas their undergraduate major and age contributed to the level of teaching demotivation. This study implies that it is necessary to provide them with systematic pre- and in-service teacher training programs in order to develop the comprehensive knowledge of early childhood education as well as to improve their overall English proficiency.

‘Shinseong’, a winter forage triticale cultivar (X Triticosecale Wittmack), was developed at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2015. The cultivar ‘Shinseong’ was selected from the cross RONDO/2*ERIZO_11//KISSA_4/3/ ASNO/ARDI_3//ERIZO_7 by CIMMYT (Mexico) in 1998. Subsequent generations were handled in pedigree selection programs at Mexico from 1999 to 2004, and a line ‘CTSS98Y00019S-0MXI-B-3-3-5’ was selected for earliness and good agronomic characteristics. After preliminary and advance yield testing in Korea for 3 years, the line was designated ‘Iksan47’. The line was subsequently evaluated for earliness and forage yield in seven locations, Jeju, Iksan, Cheongwon, Yesan, Gangjin, Daegu, and Jinju from 2013 to 2015 and was finally named ‘Shinseong’. Cultivar ‘Shinseong’ has the characteristics of light green leaves, yellow culm and spike, and a medium grain of brown color. The heading date of cultivar ‘Shinseong’ was April 24 which was 3 days earlier than that of check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’. The tolerance or resistance to lodging, wet injury, powdery mildew, and leaf rust of ‘Shinseong’ were similar to those of the check cultivar. The average forage dry matter yield of cultivar ‘Shinseong’ at milk-ripe stages was 15 MT ha－1, which was 3% lower than that (15.5 MT ha－1) of the check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’. The silage quality of ‘Shinseong’ (6.7%) was higher than that of the check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’ (5.9%) in crude protein content, while was similar to the check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’ in acid detergent fiber (34.6%), neutral detergent fiber (58.6%), and total digestible nutrients (61.6%). It showed grain yield of 7.2 MT ha－1 which was 25% higher than that of the check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’ (5.8 MT ha－1). This cultivar is recommended for fall sowing forage crops in areas in which average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than －10℃.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate topographic characteristics revealed in the predicted distribution areas of Aporia crataegi, according to climate change. Towards this end, this study compared the differences of topographic factors, such as altitude, mountain slope and the aspect of slope, in the distribution areas with different potential inhabitation possibilities of the Aporia crataegi. The inhabitation possibilities of the Aporia crataegi were different, according to altitude and topographic slope, and the inhabitation possibility is judged to be affected more by the topographic conditions including altitude and mountain slope than by the aspect of slope. Especially, the inhabitation possibility of the Aporia crataegi was higher in the higher altitude area, as time goes on furthermore. The reason is that the current climate environment, which is suitable for the potential inhabitation of the Aporia crataegi, is forecast to be formed with an area with high altitude. Although the difference in the aspect of slope was not statistically significant according to inhabitation possibility, the reason why the inhabitation possibility of the Aporia crataegi varies in the mainly southeast slope is conjectured to be derived from the warmer heat environmental condition to grow from a larva into an imago. The result drawn in this study is expected to be utilized as basic data to establish a policy soundly preserving and managing the habitat of biospecies in consideration of climate change and topographic conditions in the natural ecosystem field by using the already built up various biological resources information.