내시경 유두부괄약근 절개술 후 통상적인 내시경결석제거술로 제거가 어려운 거대총담관결석에 대한 치료로 일차적으로는 소절개 내시경 유두부괄약근 절개술 후 내시경 유두부 큰풍선 확장술을 권고한다. 내시경 유두부괄약근 절개술과 내시경 유두부 큰풍선확장술 후에도 제거가 어려운 거대총담관결석의 경우에는 담도내시경하 전기수압쇄석술 또는 레이저쇄석술을 고려해 볼 수 있으며 일시적 담관 스텐트 삽입술을 권고한다. Billroth-II 수술, Roux-en-Y 문합술 등 해부학적 변화로 내시경역행 담췌관조영술이 어려운 총담관결석 환자에서는 소장내시경 또는 경피경간적 담도내시경을 통한 담석제거술을 선택적으로 시행할 수 있으며, 초음파내시경 유도하 중재 시술도 최근 시행되고 있다. 재발성 총담관결석에 대한 일차 치료로는 내시경역행담췌관조영술이 추천된다.

총담관결석의 치료를 위해 안전하고 효과적인 ERCP를 시행하려면 적절한 예방적 항생제의 사용은 필수이며, 출혈 관련 합병증 감소를 위해 항응고제의 중단과 출혈 위험성이 높은 환자들에게 EST 대신 EPBD를 시행하는 것이 필요하다. 뿐만 아니라 PEP 감소를 위한 적절한 췌관 스텐트의 삽입을 고려해야 하며, 담낭 담석이 동반되었을 경우 총담관결석의 치료가 끝났다면, 환자 상태를 고려하여 선택적으로 담낭절제술을 시행해야 한다.

본 연구는 국내산 목재의 효율적인 이용과 이용확대를 목표로, 낙엽송, 소나무 그리고 백합나무의 도장처리에 따른 흡수성과 방사방향 및 접선방향 의 고습환경하의 팽윤율을 조사하였다. 도장처리재는 미처리재에 비해 3수종 모두 고습환경에 노출 된 후 150시간 이후의 흡수율은 작게 나타났고, 도장처리재의 흡수율은 백합나무(2.2%) > 소나무(2.1%) > 낙엽송(1.9%)의 순이었다. 고습환경에 노출된 후 150시간 이후의 함수율은 흡습량에 비례하여 증가하였고, 그 크기는 백합나무 > 낙엽송 > 소나무의 순이었으나, 소나무의 경우 양자의 차이가 적은 것이 확인되었다. 도장처리재의 방사방향 팽윤율은 2.18% - 3.44%의 범위였고, 그 크기는 낙엽송이 백합나무나 소나무에 비해 현저히 적은 값을 나타내었다. 또한, 도장처리재의 접선방향 팽윤율은 4.17% - 6.36%의 범위에 있었고, 이 값은 방사방향과 같이 낙엽송이 가장 적었고, 소나무, 백합나무의 순이었다. 이 값은 미처리재에 비하여 0.85 – 0.96배의 적은 값을 나타내었고, 방사방향의 약 1.9배 높은 값을 나타내는 것이 확인되었다.

PURPOSES : This study aims to evaluate the vertical displacement caused by differential drying shrinkage in concrete pavements within tunnels under various independent variables using structural analysis. METHODS : The behavior of differential drying shrinkage was assessed based on literature reviews of slab thickness and atmospheric humidity. The equivalent linear temperature difference (ELTD) values were analyzed using regression analysis. A three-dimensional solid element model of a two-lane highway tunnel section with six slabs was created using the ABAQUS finite element program by referring to standard drawings. Dowels and tie bars were placed in accordance with the highway standards of the Korean Highway Corporation. RESULTS : The results of a finite element analysis revealed no significant difference in vertical displacement owing to the type of slab base. However, thicker slabs exhibited a smaller vertical displacement. Additional dowels installed at the shoulder of the driving lane did not significantly inhibit vertical displacement. A narrower joint spacing resulted in a smaller vertical displacement. A comparison with field data from Tunnel A showed that the amount of differential drying shrinkage varied with the relative humidity of the atmosphere during different seasons. CONCLUSIONS : Increasing the slab thickness and reducing the joint spacing can improve driving performance by mitigating differential drying shrinkage during dry winter conditions. Future research will involve the creation of indoor test specimens to further analyze the behavior of differential drying shrinkage under varying conditions of relative humidity, slab base moisture, and wind presence.

본 연구에서는 연속철근 콘크리트 포장(CRCP) 본선차로에 줄눈 콘크리트 포장(JCP) 길어깨가 적용되었을 경우에 타이바와 슬래브에 작용하는 응력을 완화시키고자 창녕밀양 고속도로 건설사업단 1공구에 타이바 규격 및 배치에 따른 3가지 경우를 구성하여 시험시공 을 실시하였다. 각 경우마다 타이바에 철근 변형률계를 설치하고 길어깨 포장에 콘크리트 변형률계를 설치하여 거동 분석을 수행하였 다. 분석 결과, 모든 경우에서 타이바와 콘크리트 슬래브의 응력이 강도에 비해 작게 분석되어 공용성에는 문제가 없음을 확인하였다. 향후 주기적인 거동 분석을 통해 최적의 타이바 배치 및 규격을 설계하여 콘크리트 포장의 공용성을 향상시키고자 한다.

최근 자율주행차량 기술의 급속한 발전은 교통 시스템의 효율성을 향상시키는 동시에, 도로 인프라에 새로운 도전 과제를 제기하고 있다. 자율주행차량은 차선 유지 시스템을 통해 일정하게 차선 중앙을 주행하는 특성이 있으며, 이로 인해 특정 휠패스(Wheel Path) 구 간에 하중이 집중되는 문제가 발생한다. 특히 중차량과 자율주행차량이 빈번하게 운행되는 도로 구간에서는 이러한 하중 집중으로 인 해 도로 포장층의 소성 변형과 균열이 빠르게 진행되며, 결과적으로 도로의 내구성이 크게 저하된다. 이는 도로의 유지보수 주기를 단 축시키고, 유지 비용을 증가시키며, 도로 이용자들에게 안전상의 위험을 초래할 수 있다. 이를 해결하기 위해 다양한 도로 보강 기술이 연구되어 왔으며, 그중 섬유 보강 그리드 기술이 주목받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 탄소섬 유와 유리섬유를 결합한 하이브리드형 섬유보강 그리드를 개발하고, 이를 자율주행차량이 운행하는 도로 구간에 적용함으로써 도로의 내구성 향상과 유지보수 비용 절감을 목표로 한다. 탄소섬유는 높은 강도와 내구성을 제공하여 휠패스 부위에 집중되는 하중에 대한 저항성을 강화하고, 유리섬유는 비휠패스 구간에 경제적인 보강 효과를 제공한다. 본 연구는 자율주행차량 시대에 적합한 도로 보강 솔루션을 제시하고, 이를 실증 구간에서 평가하여 그 효과를 검증하고자 한다. 이를 통해 도로의 반사균열 저항성 및 소성변형 저항성을 개선하고, 도로 수명을 연장함으로써 자율주행차량이 증가하는 교통 환경에서도 지속 가능한 도로 관리 방안을 제시할 수 있을 것이다.

Oyster mushroom is one of the most widely cultivated and consumed mushrooms in Korea, and mechanization and automation of cultivation systems have enabled mass production. Many cultivars have been developed to replace the old ones such as ‘Suhan‘ and ‘Chunchuneutari 2 ho,‘ which have been cultivated for over 20 years. Among these, ‘Soltari‘ was developed in 2015. Although it has excellent quality, its cultivation is challenging and the productivity is somewhat lower. To address these issues, the Mushroom Division at the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science selected the genetic resource KMCC05165 and attempted hybridization between monokaryons from KMCC05165 and ‘Soltari(KMCC04940)’. Through repeated cultivation tests and evaluation of fruiting body characteristics, the superior strain ‘Po-2019-smj22’ was selected and finally named ‘Otari‘. The optimal mycelial growth temperature of ‘Otari’ was between 25 and 30°C and optimal fruiting body growth temperature was between 13 and 18°C. Mycelial growth on PDA medium was best at 25°C, and at the same temperature, mycelial growth was similar across four media: PDA, MEA, MCM, and YM. In 1,100 mL bottle cultivation, the yield was approximately 174 g, which is about 5% higher than the control cultivar ‘Soltari‘, and the number of valid individuals was also higher at about 25. The diameter and height of the pileus were 29.8 mm and 17.6 mm, respectively, slightly smaller than ‘Soltari‘, and the stipe was thin and long with a thickness of 12.2 mm. Additionally, the pileus’ lightness index (L index) was 30.7, indicating a darker brown color compared to 'Soltari.' With excellent mycelial growth, ease of cultivation, and high yield, the new cultivar ‘Otari‘ is expected to be widely adopted by domestic oyster mushroom farms.

현대는 개인의 정신적 가치를 존중한다는 이름하에 개인이 가지는 종교적 믿음 역시 다양성의 측면에서 수용하는 양상을 보인다. 이에 반해 종교적 근본주의는 종교적 믿음의 순수성과 해석의 단일성을 강조하면서 인간의 존엄성을 위협하고 있는 실정이다. 이 두 관점들은 서로의 극단적인 지향점에만 치중한 채 근본적인 물음을 스스로에게 던지고 있지 않고 있다. 그 물음이란 바로 (1) 종교의 근원은 무엇이며, (2) 결국 인간이 중심인 종교에서 다양성과 배타성 가운데 어느 쪽이 더 근원적인가이다. 윌리엄 제임스는 이러한 물음들 가운데 (1)을 그의 저작인 󰡔종교적 경험의 다양성󰡕에서 현상학적으로 탐구하고, ｢믿으려는 의지｣라는 논문에서 (2)를 믿음의 선택이라는 관점에서 탐구한다. 필자는 이 글에서 제임스가 두 저술에서 비판적으로 고찰한 문제의식을 살펴보고, 그가 던지는 종교적 혹은 윤리적 시사점들이 가지는 현대성에 주목하여 그것이 현대 정신문명의 위기를 해결하는 데에 일정한 기여를 할 수 있다는 점을 보여주고자 한다.

이 연구에서는 국내산 중·소경목 이용확대 및 목재마루판으로써 효율적인 활용을 위하여 남양재인 티크, 멀바우와 국내산재인 낙엽송과 백합나무를 혼합적층한 직교형적층패널을 제작하였고, 상온침지 및 내수 침지박리시험을 실시하여 치수안정성과 내수성을 조사하였다. 상온에서 24시간 침지 후 측정한 흡수율은 3.4% - 6.8%의 범위에 있었고, TLa (Teak-Larch)가 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. 흡수두께팽창률은 TTu (Teak-Tulip tree)가 4.7%로 가장 낮았고, TLa가 7.0%로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. TLa를 제외한 모든 시험편이 KS에 고시된 목재제품의 규격과 품질기준 6%이하에 부합하였다. 내수침지박리시험 후의 박리율의 경우, TLa가 1.1%로 가장 낮았고, MLa (Merbau-Larch)가 50%로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. MTu (Merbau-Tulip tree)와 TLa는 KS에 고시된 품질기준에 부합하였으나, MLa와 TTu는 고시된 품질기준에 부합하지 못하는 것이 확인되었다. 내수침지박리시험 후의 흡수율과 흡수두께팽창률은 각각 13.3% (TLa) - 29.1% (MTu), 7.5% (TTu) - 9.8% (MTu)의 범위로 흡수율은 4.3배, 흡수두께팽창률은 1.4배 상온침지 후의 그것보다 증가하는 것이 확인되었다.

중재 시술의 발전으로, 노출된 방사선으로 인한 의료 방사선 중재 시술자에 미치는 건강 위협이 증대됨에 따라 시술 중 방사선 노출을 최소화하기 위한 관심과 노력이 요구되고 있다. 이에 대한췌장담도학회에서는 투시 장비를 이용한 중재 시술 중 의료 방사선 중재 시술자에게 미치는 방사선 노출을 최소화하기 위한 권고안을 개발하였다. 본 권고안은 방사선 차폐, 방사선 투시기와 방사선량의 관리, 방사선 노출 선량 한도 및 감시, 임신과 출산 총 4가지 분야로 나누어 중재 시술자에게 방사선 노출의 위험을 이해하기 위한 지식을 전달하고 실질적으로 수행해야 하는 권고사항을 명확히 제시하여 불필요한 방사선 노출을 피하기 위한 실용적인 접근이 가능하도록 구성되었다. 본 권고안을 통해 의료 방사선 중재시술자의 방사선 노출을 최소화하여 안전하고 효과적인 중재 시술이 이루어질 수 있기를 기대한다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between ecotoxicity and water quality items using Daphnia magna in public sewage treatment plant process and to obtain operational data to control ecotoxicity through research on removal efficiency. The average value of ecotoxicity was 1.39 TU in the influent, 1.50 TU in the grit chamber, and 0.84 TU in the primary settling tank and it was found that most organic matters, nitrogen, and phosphorus were removed through biological treatment in the bioreactor. Using Pearson’s correlation analysis, the positive correlation was confirmed in the order of ecotoxicity and water quality items TOC, BOD, T-N, NH3-N, SS, EC, and Cu. As a result of conducting a multilinear regression analysis with items representing positive correlation as independent variables, the regression model was found to be statistically significant, and the explanatory power of the regression model was about 81.6%. TOC was found to have a significant effect on ecotoxicity with B=0.009 (p<.001) and Cu with B=16.670 (p<.001), and since the B sign is positive (+), an increase of 1 in TOC increases the value of ecotoxicity by 0.009 and an increase in Cu by 1 increases the value of ecotoxicity by 16.670. TOC (β=0.789, p<.001) and Cu (β=0.209, p<.001) were found to have a significant positive effect on ecotoxicity. TOC and Cu have a great effect on ecotoxicity in the sewage treatment plant process, and it is judged that TOC and Cu should be considered preferentially and controlled in order to efficiently control ecotoxicity.

PURPOSES : This study aims to provide quantitative profile values for the objective evaluation of concrete surface profile (CSP) grades in concrete structures. The main aims are to quantify the CSP grade required for concrete surface pretreatment and proposing a more suitable CSP grade for structural maintenance. METHODS : Initially, the challenges in measuring concrete surface profiles were outlined by analyzing pretreatment work and profile samples of concrete pavements. Theoretical foundations for quantifying concrete surface roughness were established, and regression models including linear regression, cubic regression, and log regression were selected. Additionally, the interquartile range anomaly removal technique was employed to preprocess the data for regression modeling. RESULTS : Concrete CSP profiles were measured through indoor tests, and the measured data were quantified. Linear regression, cubic regression, and log regression models were applied to each CSP grade for comparative analysis of the results. Furthermore, comparative studies were conducted through adhesion strength tests based on the CSP grade. CONCLUSIONS : Our results are expected to establish objective standards for the pretreatment stage of concrete repair and reinforcement. The derived reference values can inform standards for the restoration and reinforcement of concrete structures, thereby contributing to performance improvement. Moreover, our results may serve as primary data for the repair and reinforcement of various concrete structures such as airports, bridges, highways, and buildings.

PURPOSES : Recently, air pollution due to fine particulate matter has been increasing in Korea. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are particulate matter precursors significantly contributing to air pollution. Increasing efforts have been dedicated to NOx removal from air, since it is particularly harmful. Application of titanium dioxide (TiO2) for concrete road structures is a suitable alternative to remove NOx. As the photocatalytic reaction of TiO2 is the mechanism that eliminates NOx, the ultraviolet rays in sunlight and TiO2 in existing concrete structures need to be contacted for the reaction process. For the application of vertical concrete road structures such as retaining walls, side ditches, and barriers, a pressurized TiO2 fixation method has been developed considering the pressure and pressurization time. In this study, longterm serviceability and repeatability were investigated on concrete specimens applying the dynamic pressurized TiO2 fixation method. Additionally, the environmental hazards of nitrate adsorbed on TiO2 particles were evaluated. METHODS : Concrete specimens to simulate roadside vertical concrete structures were manufactured and used to evaluate the long-term serviceability and repeatability of the dynamic pressurized TiO2 fixation method. The NOx removal efficiency was measured using NOx evaluation equipment based on ISO 22197-1. In addition, the nitrate concentration was measured using a comprehensive water quality analyzer for evaluating environmental hazards. RESULTS : As the experiment to evaluate the NOx removal efficiency of the dynamic pressurized TiO2 fixation method progressed from one to seven cycles, the nitrate concentration increased from 2.35 mg/L to 3.06 mg/L, and the NOx removal efficiency decreased from 53% to 25%. After seven cycles of NOx removal efficiency evaluation, the average nitrate concentration was 3.06 mg/L. The nitrate concentration collected immediately after the NOx removal efficiency test for each cycle was in the range of 2.51 to 2.57 mg/L. By contrast, it was confirmed that the nitrate concentration was lowered to approximately 2.1 mg/L when the surface was washed with water. CONCLUSIONS : The NOx removal efficiency was maintained at over 25% even after seven cycles of NOx removal efficiency evaluation, securing long-term serviceability. In addition, the harmful effects on the environment and human health are insignificant, since the nitrate concentration was less than 10 mg/L, in accordance with domestic and foreign standards. Practical applicability of the pressurized TiO2 fixation method was established by evaluating the long-term serviceability, repeatability, and environmental hazards.

We analyzed risk factors of coastal gillnet fishers during fishing process and considered work safety measures to reduce safety accidents during fishing using a UWB (ultra wideband) based positioning system. The static position accuracy of the UWB based positioning system was 45 cm. When entering a port, there is a risk of falling overboard. When casting a net, there was a risk of falling overboard due to being hit by fishing gear or guards, or getting caught in a buoy line or sinker line. When hauling a net, there is a risk of getting caught between fishing gear and net hauler, and the risk of musculoskeletal disorders due to repetitive work over a long period of time. Most safety accidents during work on fishing boats are blamed on human errors of the fisher and skipper, but safety accidents occur due to a mixture of mechanical and equipment factors, work and environmental factors, and management factors in addition to human errors. Therefore, the 4E were presented as countermeasures against the 4M, which are causes of safety accidents, and the proposed measures were used to identify risk factors for operation process, comply with work safety rules, and ensure the wearing of personal protective equipments. We need to reduce safety accidents during work by making it part of our daily routine. These research results can be used in the future for optimal placement of fishing gear and fishing nets in other coastal industries where safety accidents occur frequently.

Buckwheat leaves have the best antioxidant properties, including flavonoids, rutin, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging ability compared to common buckwheat and tartary buckwheat. The total dietary fiber content of the powder extracted by mixing buckwheat leaves and sea tangle was 30.5%. To manufacture bread containing mixed buckwheat flour, 10, 20, and 30% buckwheat flour was mixed in to produce buckwheat bread. The bread’s characteristics underwent significant changes with varying levels of buckwheat flour. As the buckwheat content increased, the size of the bread decreased, but its hardness, gumminess, and chewiness tended to increase. The sensory characteristics of the bread were not improved due to the addition of gluten in the case of bread mixed with 20% buckwheat flour. When the buckwheat flour content was mixed at 20%, and the mixed extract of buckwheat leaves and sea tangle were added at 0.4% and 1.0%, there was no significant difference in the appearance of the buckwheat bread. Still, regarding sensory properties, the preference was higher in the sample with 1.0% added buckwheat flour.