This study evaluated the quality characteristics of rice-doenjang prepared with Aspergillus oryzae MD05 and Bacillus subtilis HJ18-4. The physicochemical characteristics of rice-doenjang prepared with three types of meju, such as grain type(Rice 1), disc shape(Rice 2), and brick shape(Rice 3), were compared. We determined amino and ammonia nitrogen contents, protease and amylase activities, reducing sugar content, and total aerobic counts and lactic acid bacteria counts. The amino nitrogen and reducing sugar contents in all meju types gradually increased during fermentation. The amino nitrogen contents reached 151.5～200.0 ㎎%. Rice 3 were had the highest levels among the 4 types of rice-doenjang. After 42 days of fermentation, amylase and protease activity of Rice 3 were 366.57 and 94.26 unit/g, respectively, which were the highest levels among the 4 types of rice-doenjang. The total aerobic bacteria counts were not changed during 42-day fermentation. This results suggest that high quality characteristics of brick-shaped meju(Rice 3) were better than those of the other meju preparations.

시판되고 있는 16종의 살충제 중 buprofezin이 포함된 7종의 혼합제와 8종의 단제를 선정하여 귤가루깍지벌레(Planococcus citri)의 약충과 성충에 대하여 약제감수성을 조사하였다. 성충에 대해서 buprofezin이 15%와 20%가 포함된 합제(buprofezin 15%+acetamiprid 4%, buprofezin 20%+dinotepuran 15%, buprofezin 20%+thiacloprid 5%, buprofezin 20%+thiametoxam 3.3%)는 90% 이상의 높은 살충활성을 나타내었다. 약충에 대해서도 buprofezin함량이 높은 약제(buprofezin 15%+acetamiprid 4%, buprofezin 20%+dinotepuran 15%, buprofezin 20%+thiacloprid 5%, buprofezin 20%+thiametoxam 3.3%) 일수록 살충활성이 높았다. 그러나 buprofezin 15%+etofenprox 3% 약제는 buprofezin함량이 높음에도 불구하고 약충과 성충 모두에 살충활성이 낮았다. 예외적으로 buprofezin 10%+clothianidin 3%는 buprofezin함량이 낮음에도 불구하고 약충과 성충에 각각 96.6%, 86.6%의 높은 살충활성은 나타내었다. 살충활성이 우수한 5종 약제로 3령 약충에 대한 침투이행성과 잔효성을 검증한 결과에서 약제 모두 살충효과가 낮았다.

The purpose of this study was to compare convenience food purchasing behaviors and food habits. The study, which asked surveyed 131 female college students in Daejeon, in 2011, on how they used nutrition labels. The subjects were divided into two groups, in terms of the way they checked examined nutrition labels: a "Check" group(n=62, 47.3%) and a "No check" group(n=69, 52.7%). Reasons given for not reading nutrition labelings were "a habit of buying" for 72.2%, and "too small or rude" for 19.1%. The "Check" group reported higher interest in nutrition(p<0.001) and hygiene(p<0.01) than the "No check" group. Those who used the labels had higher cereal(p<0.01) and vegetable(p<0.01) consumption and a lower intake of fast foods(p<0.05). But however, most of the subjects(65.6%) chose by taste, at the time they purchased the convenience foods. The subjects considered "expiry date"(n=87, 66.4%) to be more important information on food labels than "nutrient composition"(n=11, 8.4%). The number of products whose nutrition labels were checked by over 50% was five out of 12. In conclusion, our study suggests that proper use of nutrition labeling may improve food choices and enable healthy dietary practices. Further efforts are needed to provide the public with nutrition education programs on how to read nutrition labeling. Modifying nutrition labels to make them easier for the public to understand should also be considered.

Richard Misrach is a landscape photographer who has worked on the subject of the deserts in the American West since 1979. His "Bravo 20" is part of his project titled Desert Cantos. Published in 1990, his collection of photographs "Bravo 20: The Bombing of the American West" includes 28 photos that he took during his 18-month stay at the Nevada Desert that's devastated by the illegal bombing of the U. S. Navy. His photos formed a public opinion and made a contribution to turning the Bravo 20 area illegally occupied by the military into public land. The collision between civilization and nature described in his photos reports the murder of the ecosystem and the continuance of internal colonialism through the case study of the irrational military policies. He adopted a strategy of presenting the nature brutally ruined by the civilization of the military in such beautiful colors. He decided to show the ugly place in a beautiful way because he expected that beauty had the ability to deliver complicated ideas and could bring changes to people's viewpoints of things. This study saw that the photos of "Bravo 20" were characterized by his mourning over the ruined nature. To show his condolences, he metaphorically cited historical events in his photos, which accordingly displayed the characteristics of conventional history paintings. The historical events he cited tell a disturbing history of the past and the present involving wars and conquest of the West. He presented them ambivalently in beautiful colors. In his photos of "Bravo 20," he also maintains that a photographer should grow out of the roles as a free observer and engage in polemic, contextualization, and proposition. While the old war photos are snap shots that captured an event at the moment of happening, his post-apocalyptic landscape that dealt with what's left after a disaster is close to war history paintings and grieves over nature by expressing the fear in ruins through sublime beauty. In addition to mourning, he went on a step farther by suggesting the idea of "Bravo 20 National Park" and attempted the revival and rebirth of nature. Unlike the national parks of the previous generation that are based on the concept of protecting beautiful nature from damage, his national park sets out to recover damaged nature as a new type of environment park. He expected his park to play the roles of a memorial park as well by reminding the military, government, corporations and individuals of how their acts endangered the earth and purging the guilt of mankind through the memory of the complex and disturbing history. But his "Bravo 20 National Park" failed to be materialized as a physical park and even received an evaluation that it's not a political statement but a kind of conceptual art. Although the idea was not put into practice physically, it's reproduced in the form of web, exhibition at galleries, photography collections, and individual prints. Thus it's safe to argue that his national park was put into cultural practices, which gives some significance to it. His perception of the environment displays an ecological world view in earth art and ecological art. While the earth artists left their artistic products in photographs, he, on the contrary, visualized the landscape that he chose following his own will. The study offered an opportunity to illuminate Misrach as an environmental artist who aggressively presented his ecological perceptions of the environment through the medium of photography instead of limiting him within the scope of a photographer. It's also revealed that he went on further from the one-dimensional political landscape and added the multiple implications of hoping for rebirth to the landscape photos of "Bravo 20" through his mourning over the contaminated landscape. And in his "Bravo 20," he expressed his determination as an artist to present the dark history of illegal occupation of the American West in beautiful colors and turn the place of despair into a national park of hopes.

Myopalladin (MYPN) is an important expression gene associated with regulation of Z-line structure in muscle and maintains sarcomeric integrity. In this study, we investigated the association between MYPN A1795G SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) and carcass traits (LMA, longissimus muscle area; CW, carcass weight; BF, backfat thickness; MS, marbling score) in Korean cattle. The MYPN A1795G SNP was genotyped in 212 steers and analyzed the associations with carcass traits by PCR-RFLP (Restriction fragment length polymorphism) method. The allele frequencies were 0.566 for G allele and 0.434 for A allele. And the genotype frequencies of GG, GA, and AA genotype were 32.1%, 49%, and 18.9%, respectively. Association analysis indicated that the A1795G SNP of MYPN gene showed a significant association with LMA (p<0.05). The steers with GG genotype had higher LMA than those with the genotypes AA. But no significant associations were observed in other carcass traits (CW, BF, MS). The steers with the GG genotype showed higher CW and BF than those with the genotypes AA and GA. These results suggest that the A1795G SNP of the MYPN gene is associated with LMA and may be useful for candidate marker-assisted selection to increase the levels of LMA in Korean cattle.

The effect of the precipitator (NaOH, NH4OH) and the amount of the precipitator (150, 200, 250, 300 ml) on the formation of Fe3(PO4)2, which is the precursor used for cathode material LiFePO4 in Li-ion rechargeable batteries was investigated by the co-precipitation method. A pure precursor of olivine LiFePO4 was successfully prepared with coprecipitation from an aqueous solution containing trivalent iron ions. The acid solution was prepared by mixing 150 ml FeSO4(1M) and 100 ml H3PO4(1M). The concentration of the NaOH and NH4OH solution was 1 M. The reaction temperature (25˚C) and reaction time (30 min) were fixed. Nitrogen gas (500 ml/min) was flowed during the reaction to prevent oxidation of Fe2+. Single phase Fe3(PO4)2 was formed when 150, 200, 250 and 300 ml NaOH solutions were added and 150, 200 ml NH4OH solutions were added. However, Fe3(PO4)2 and NH4FePO4 were formed when 250 and 300 ml NH4OH was added. The morphology of the Fe3(PO4)2 changed according to the pH. Plate-like lenticular shaped Fe3(PO4)2 formed in the acidic solution below pH 5 and plate-like rhombus shaped Fe3(PO4)2 formed around pH 9. For the NH4OH, the pH value after 30 min reaction was higher with the same amount of additions of NaOH and NH4OH. It is believed that the formation mechanism of Fe3(PO4)2 is quite different between NaOH and NH4OH. Further investigation on this mechanism is needed. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the pH value was measured by pH-Meter.

Inkjet printing was successfully done using Cu nano powder ink after these Cu nano powders were dry-coated with 1-octanethiol for oxidation prevention. 1-octanethiol, which is Self-Assembled Multi-layers (SAMs), was coated approximately 10-nm thick on the surface of Cu nano powders. 1-Octanol, which has the same chain length as that for 1-octanethiol, was used as a solvent to make the ink for inkjet printing. As a result, the fabricated ink was dispersed for about 4 weeks, and after printing and heat treatment at for 4 hours, the resistivity for the printed pattern was measured to be .

There are four (yellow, brindle, black, black in Jeju) kinds of native cattle in Korea. But only twelve hundred Korean brindle cattle (KBC) are remaining in limited areas of Korea and the genetic lineage, diversity, polymorphisms of KBC has not been identified. To analysis genetic polymorphism of KBC, 33 KBC were characterized using 11 microsatellite markers. Size of microsatellite marker was decided using Gene Mapper software after analysis ABI 3130XL. The average of allele numbers of KBC was 6.7 in this study, but that of Hanwoo was 10.0 in our previous report. The observed and expected heterozygosities of KBC were 0.719 and 0.738 but those of Hanwoo were 0.751 and 0.760 in our previous report. Also polymorphism information content (PIC) values were average 0.690 in KBC but 0.725 in Hanwoo. These results demonstrate that genetic polymorphism of KBC have decreased because the population was limited.

사과원 나무좀은 나무내부에 갱도를 만들며, 갱도 내에는 나무좀과 공생하는 암브 로시아균(Ceratocystis sp.)이 번식하게 된다. 나무좀 성충이 산란하면 부화한 유충이 암브로시아균을 먹게되며, 일반적으로 암브로시아균의 독소가 나무를 급격하게 약화 시킨다고 알려져 있다. 사과원에 사용되는 살균제가 나무좀과 공생하는 암브로시아균 에 대해서 약효가 있는지 여부를 확인하기 위하여 본 실험을 수행하였다. 사과원에 일반적으로 사용되는 트리아졸계의 테부코나졸 수화제와 구아니딘계의 이미녹타딘트리아세테이트 액상수화제, 스트로빌루린계인 트리플록시트로빈 액상수 화제를 선정하여, PDA 배지상에서 0.5ml 씩 약제를 분주하고 조직배양 한 암브로시 아균 균사를 5mm씩 지름을 잘라서 접종한 후에 균사 생장속도를 조사하였다. 그 결 과, 트리아졸계의 테부코나졸 수화제를 처리한 구에서 암브로시아균의 균사 생장억제 효과가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 2차실험으로 트리아졸계의 테부코나졸 수화제, 비테타놀수화제, 헥사코나졸 수화제에 대하여 약효를 검토한 결과, 처리구 모두 약효 가 인정되었으나, 테부코나졸 수화제 처리구에서 암브로시아균의 생장억제 효과가 가 장 우수하였다. 암브로시아균을 몸에 보유하고 있는 오리나무좀을 테부코나졸 수화 제에 침지하여 건조시킨 후에 PDA배지에 오리나무좀을 접종한 후, 암브로시아균의 생장여부를 조사하였다. 그 결과, 무처리구와 동일하게 암브로시아균이 생장하였다. 이는 암브로시아균낭이 오리나무좀 가슴의 등판 내부에 존재하여 약제가 제대로 침투 하지 못한 때문으로 추정된다.

2010년에 사과주산지인 경북 군위, 상주, 의성, 청송, 칠곡, 경남 거창, 전북 장 수, 무주, 전남 장성 등 9개 지역 24개 일반사과원에서 복숭아순나방붙이의 발생유 무와 발생정도를 조사하기 위하여 발생예찰용 복숭아순나방붙이 성페로몬 트랩과 복숭아순나방 트랩을 설치하고 4～9월까지 트랩에 유살되는 유살수를 조사하였 다. 또한 복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방 교미교란제로 사용되는 Confuser-R에 대하여 복숭아순나방붙이도 교미교란 효고가 있는지를 검토하였다. 복숭아순나방 붙이는 9개지역 24개 사과원 모두에서 발생하는 것으로 확인되었다. 복숭아순나 방붙이의 연간발생량은 사과원별로 큰 차이를 보였으며, 연간발생량은 15～514 마리로, 복숭아순나방의 연간 발생량 140～592마리에 비하여 적었다. 복숭아순나 붙이의 연간 평균발생량은 198마리로 복숭아순나방 379마리에 비하여 약 0.5배 정도 적었다. 복숭아순나방붙이의 연간 발생량은 상주 > 칠곡 > 청송 > 군위 > 의 성 > 장수 > 거창 > 무주 > 장성 순으로 나타나서, 경북지역 사과원이 복숭아순나 방붙이 발생량이 많았으며, 전라도 지역이 상대적으로 적은 경향이었다. 경북 군 위의 사과시험장에서 심식나방류 교미교란제인 Confuser-R를 처리한 구와 처리 하지 않은 구에서 복숭아순나붙이의 연간 유살량을 조사한 결과, 교미교란제 처리 구에서는 발생예찰용 성페로몬트랩에 전혀 유살되지 않았으며, 교미교란제 미처 리구에서는 연간 245마리가 유살되었다. 따라서, 교미교란제인 Confuser-R이 복 숭아순나방붙이에도 교미교란 효가가 있는 것으로 판단되었다.

In this study, genotyping was executed by using 11 microsatellite markers (BM1824, BM2113, ETH10, ETH225, ETH3, INRA23, SPS115, TGLA122, TGLA227, TGLA53, and TGLA126) for diversity of 214 Hanwoo cows in Hoengseong area. Each marker's size and number of allele, observed heterozygosity, expected total heterozygosity, and polymorphism information content were analyzed by 11 Microsatellite marker. The average of size range was detected from 150.9 to 174.9 in Hanwoo cows of Hoengseong. The number of average allele was 10.0 that is similar to the average of Kangwon Hanwoo, which is known as 10.5 in the previous report. The average were 0.751 for observed heterozygosity, 0.760 for expected total heterozygosity, 0.725 for polymorphism information content, respectively. These results were similar to previous studies in Kangwon Hanwoo, National Hanwoo and Korean Proven Bulls. This study is expected to contribute for genetic improvement of Hanwoo cows in Hoengseong as a popular brand.

Bacillus cereus is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium and produces an emetic or diarrheal syndrome induced by an emetic toxin and an enterotoxin, respectively. In this study, the effect of different types of media, temperature, and time on the sporulation of B. cereus, and thermal resistance of B. cereus spores produced in various temperatures were evaluated. The highest levels of spores were detected when they are produced at 25℃. There were no significant differences in levels of spores produced at 25℃ among culture media and times while levels of spores produced at 43℃ were significantly reduced with the increase of time. However, thermal resistance of B. cereus spores could be affected by incubation temperature. In fact, higher D-values (12.0, 10.1, and 5.9 min for 2, 4, and 6 weeks, respectively) of spores produced at 43℃ were observed than did in samples produced at other temperatures (25 and 37℃). D-values of spores were 7.7, 8.2, and 12.0 min when they were produced at 25, 37, and 43℃ for 2 weeks, respectively. The sporulation of B. cereus at 25℃ could result in high amounts of spores however the sporulation at 43℃ for 2 weeks could be effective to produce thermal resistant spores.

Methyl methacrylate(MMA) was grafted onto microcrystalline cellulose(MCC) with ceric ammonium nitrate(CAN) as a redox initiator at the various conditions. The cellulose triacetate(CTA) composite films added MCC and MMA-grafted MCC powders were prepared on a glass plate. The graft yield(GY) and graft efficiency(GE) of the grafted MCC were calculated with the simple equations by the weight balance method. The double bond of C=O on the grafted MCC surfaces was confirmed by the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection(FT-IT ATR) spectrophotometer. After grafting, the degree of crystallinity of cellulose powders was decresed by judging from x-ray diffraction(XRD) data. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) photos showed the only solvent and CAN solution could change the roughness of MCC powders and the effect of powder dispersions in composite matrix. The tensile strength of MCC/CTA composite films was decreased with increase of MCC powder contents. When 5% grafted MCC was added, the tensile strength of grafted MCC/CTA composite films was increased from 82.3 MPa to 97.2 MPa. The thermal property of powders was also analyzed by the thermogravimetric analysis(TGA).

Crack-free joining of Si3N4 and Al2O3 using 15 layers has been achieved by a unique approach introducing Sialon polytypoids as a functionally graded materials (FGMs) bonding layer. In the past, hot press sintering of multilayered FGMs with 20 layers of thickness 500μm each has been fabricated successfully. In this study, the number of layers for FGM was reduced to 15 layers from 20 layers for optimization. For fabrication, model was hot pressed at 38 MPa while heating up to 1700˚, and it was cooled at 2˚/min to minimize residual stress during sintering. Initially, FGM with 15 layers had cracks near 90 wt.% 12H / 10 wt.% Al2O3 and 90 wt.% 12H/10 wt.% Si3N4 layers. To solve this problem, FEM (finite element method) program based on the maximum tensile stress theory was applied to design optimized FGM layers of crack free joint. The sample is 3-dimensional cylindrical shape where this has been transformed to 2-dimensional axisymmetric mode. Based on the simulation, crack-free FGM sample was obtained by designing axial, hoop and radial stresses less than tensile strength values across all the layers of FGM. Therefore, we were able to predict and prevent the damage by calculating its thermal stress using its elastic modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion. Such analyses are especially useful for FGM samples where the residual stresses are very difficult to measure experimentally.

애멸구(Laodelphax striatellus)의 내생미생물인 Wolbachia에 의해 발현되는 GroEL이 벼줄무늬잎마름병바이러스(Rice stripe virus, RSV)와 결합 반응함에 따라 GroEL 재조합단백질을 이용한 Immunocapture (IC) RT-PCR 검정법에 의해 RSV 이병벼 및 보독충을 진단하는 i-RSVTM Kit를 개발하였다. i-RSVTM Kit는, 반응 용기 표면에 코팅되어있는 GroEL이 시료 마쇄액에서 RSV를 선택적으로 결합하여 분리하는 isolation kit와 분리된 RSV를 95℃에서 10분간 처리하여 RSV의 유전자를 분리시키고 one step RT-PCR을 수행하는 detection kit로 구성되어있다. i-RSVTM Kit를 활용한 애멸구 RSV 보독충 발생예찰 기술을 확립하고자 기존의 ELISA 검정법과 상관 관계를 조사하였다. ELISA 검정법은 벼에서 3.1 ㎍ml-1, 애멸구 1마리ml-1이상의 검출 한계를 보였으나 i-RSVTM Kit를 이용한 IC-RT-PCR 검정법은 벼에서 0.2㎍ml-1, 애멸구 0.2마리ml-1의 검출 한계를 나타냈다. 각 지역에서 채집된 애멸구 월동충 7 개체군의 보독충률을 i-RSVTM Kit를 이용한 분자 검정과 ELISA 검정을 동시에 수행한 결과 i-RSVTM Kit 검정법이 ELISA에 비해 충태와 무관하게 높은 민감도를 나타내었으며 두 검정법간에 r2=0.89의 3차원 상관관계식이 도출되었다. 즉 i-RSVTM Kit 검정법으로 검정시 보독충률 10～70%일 때 ELISA는 9～30%로 보독충률 검정의 정확도에 있어서 i-RSVTM Kit 검정법이 우수한 결과를 나타냈다. 본 검정법을 이용하여 2007년 12월～2008년 3월에 전국 20 여 개 시군에서 채집된 애멸구 월동충의 보독충률을 검정한 결과 충남 서천, 태안, 충북 진천, 전북 부안, 익산에서 20% 이상의 높은 보독충률을 나타내었으며 이 중 서천, 태안, 부안 등은 충의 밀도가 10마리ml-1 이상 상대적으로 높아 RSV 대발생 위험이 높을 것으로 우려된다.

This paper describes the state-of-the art research activities on seismic isolation systems for improving the seismic capacities of the bridges in Korea. Though Korea is located in a region of low-to-moderate seismicity, the construction of seismic isolation systems has increased rapidly. The application of seismic isolation system has become popular worldwide because of its stable behavior and economical construction especially for bridge structures. Since optimal reliability level of isolated bridges can be determined as the one that provides the highest net life-cycle benefit to society, or the minimum Life-Cycle Cost (LCC), an optimal design procedure based on minimum LCC concept is more expedient for the design of seismically isolated bridges in areas of low-to-moderate seismicty. To verify the adequacy of the new design concept based on the LCC minimization, experimental studies on seismically isolated bridge are introduced as well, which include pseudo-dynamic test of scaled pier and dynamic field test of full-scale. With the application of seismic isolation systems, many kinds of dampers to improve the seismic capacity of structure are also applied not only to new bridges but also to existing bridges.

골프의 대중화가 이루어짐에 따라 다양한 연령대가 골프웨어 시장에 흡수되면서 기존의 50~60대 고객 뿐 아니라 30~40대 전문직 종사자들과 20-30대의 젊은 새로운 소비자층이 형성되어 골프웨어에 대한 소비자의 요구도 다양화되어 가고 있다. 본 연구는 골프웨어에 대한 새로운 소비자 요구를 조사하고 분석하여 다양하고 폭넓어진 골프웨어 시장에서 차별화된 상품개발과 기획에 반영할 수 있는 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 조사 대상자는 대전지역에 위치한 골프 연습장을 이용하고 있는 20세 이상의 남녀 150명으로 하였다. 조사방법은 설문지법(Questionnaire method)으로 설문지의 내용은 남녀 골프 참가자들의 인구 통계학적 특성과 운동습관 및 태도에 관한 문항, 현재 착용 중인 골프웨어의 특성에 관한 문항, 골프웨어에 대한 소비자 요구 사항 문항으로 총 45문항을 개발하여 조사를 실시한 결과. 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 조사대상자 들이 현재 착용하고 있는 골프웨어에 대한 특성을 살펴 본 결과, "착용쾌적감이 좋다", "신축성이 있어 활동적이다", "사이즈가 전반적으로 잘 맞는다", "촉감이 좋다"의 문항들에서는 3.5점 이상의 높은 평점을 나타냈으나, "적당한 가격이다", "보푸라기가 잘 생기지 않는다", "세탁후 수축, 신장, 탈색, 이염이 잘 일어나지 않는다"등의 문항들은 3점이하의 비교적 낮은 평가 결과를 나타내었다. 골프웨어에 대한 소비자 요구사항을 파악하여 제품개발에 반영할 수 있도록 하기 위하여 21개의 소비자 요구사항을 추출하였다. 골프웨어에 대한 소비자의 요구사항 중 "착용감"이 가장 중요하게 고려되는 항목으로 나타났으며, 그 다음으로는 "흡수성", "촉감", "신축성", "차외선 차단", "사이즈"등의 순으로 중요하다고 응답하였다. 골프웨어에 대한 소비자의 요구사항이 어떤 차원으로 구성되어 있는가를 밝히기 위해 요인분석을 실시한 결과, 유행/디자인 특성요인, 섬유소재 특성요인, 위생성능 특성요인, 체형보정 특성요인 등 4개의 요인이 추출되었다.