에너지 음료는 카페인을 주성분으로 타우린, 비타민 같은 다른 energy-enhancing 성분을 함유하고 있다. 미국과 유럽에서는 글루쿠로노락톤이 에너지 음료에 첨가될수 있으나, 국내에서 의약품으로는 허가되어 있다. 따라서 식품 첨가물로는 그 사용이 금지 되어 있어, 지속적으로 수입 및 유통 음료에서 시험검사를 하여 규제하고 있다. 현재 분석법으로 사용하는 LC-PDA 법은 복잡한 유도체화 과 정을 거치고, 음료 중에 당류들이 위양성 결과를 나타내 기도 한다. 이런 기존 방법의 단점을 개선하기 위해 HILICESI- MS/MS (hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry) 를 이용한 분석법을 개발하고, 선택성, 직선성, 검출한계, 정량한계, 정밀도, 정확성, 재현성에 대하여 분석법 유효성 검증을 수행했고, AOAC, EURACHEM 가이드라인에 부합되는 결과를 얻었다.

Physical and electrochemical qualities were analyzed after KOH activation of a direct methanol fuel cell using needle coke as anode supporter. The results of research on support loaded with platinum-ruthenium suggest that an activated KOH needle coke container has the lowest onset potential and the highest degree of catalyst activity among all commercial catalysts. Through an analysis of the CO stripping voltammetry, we found that KOH activated catalysis showed a 21% higher electrochemical active surface area (ECSA), with a value of 31.37 m2/g, than the ECSA of deactivated catalyst (25.82 m2/g). The latter figure was 15% higher than the value of one specific commercial catalyst (TEC86E86).

본 연구에서는 신갈나무와 졸참나무 임분의 입지환경인자 및 기후인자 자료를 활용하여 출현확률을 평가하였으며, 자료 분석은 Binary logit model을 이용하였다. 추정 결과, 신갈나무는 해발이 높고, 산복이나 산정의 지형에서 확률이 높게 나타난 반면 졸참나무는 대체로 해발고가 높지 않으며, 평탄지와 완구릉지에 비하여 산록과 산복의 지형에서 확률이 증가되는 경향이 나타났다. 그 외 적색산림토양군의 토성을 가지는 지형과 점토군이 아닌 미사군과 모래군으로 갈수록 출현확률이 높아지는 공통적인 특성이 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 장기적인 산림경영 측면에서 조림수종 선정에 유용하게 활용 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

We determined the effects of different water temperatures (15, 20, and 25℃) and photoperiod cycles (24L:0D, 12L:12D, and 0L:24D) on the oxygen consumption of the offspring of a cultured Japanese strain (JJ), a selected Korean strain (KK), and intraspecific hybrid strains (JK and KJ) of red seabream, Pagrus major, under starvation conditions. The different fish strains, water temperatures, and photoperiod cycles had effects on the mean oxygen consumption of fish. Oxygen consumption increased with increasing water temperatures for all photoperiod treatments (p <0.001). Fish held in continuous darkness (0L:24D) used consistently less oxygen than fish exposed to continuous light (p <0.05). The oxygen consumption of fish exposed to the light phase in a 12L:12D photoperiod was higher than that of fish in the dark phase of the 12L:12D cycle, and differences were significant in three of the strains: JJ (15℃), KK (15 and 20℃), and KJ (25℃). The oxygen consumption of the inbred (JJ and KK) and intraspecific hybrid (JK and KJ) strains varied with differing water temperatures and photoperiod cycles. The JK strain displayed significantly higher oxygen consumption than the other strains under all experimental conditions except 15℃ with a 0L:24D photoperiod. The JK and KJ strains usually showed the highest and lowest oxygen consumption values, respectively, whereas the inbred strains exhibited intermediate values. Oxygen consumption in the JJ and JK strains was usually higher than that of the KK and KJ strains. We propose that differences in the thermal sensitivity and photosensitization properties of the strains contribute to differences in their ability to adapt to changes in water temperature and photoperiod, thus resulting in differences in the amplitude of their metabolic rates.

Distillers dried grain (DDG) and makgeolli spent grain (MSG) are agricultural by-product to produce alcoholic beverage. However, they are known to contain enough nutrients. Mealworm is a promising insect resource for an animal feed ingredient as well as alternative human food. With low cost, DDG and MSG were investigated as a feed ingredient for rearing high quality mealworms. DDG and MSG were mixed with wheat bran and compared to control feed (only wheat bran) for its effects on larval survivorship, larval weight, duration for larval development, pupation rate, and pupal weight. Adding DDG on wheat bran showed positive results for larval weight, duration for larval developmental period, and pupation rate. However, adding MSG made longer duration for larval development, but it also improved larval weight, pupal weight with more than 90% pupation rate. We confirmed that adding 30～50% of DDG or MSG to conventional wheat bran have a strong potential to replace the conventional wheat bran insect feed for quality insect production.

남부지역의 효율적인 삼나무 임분 관리방안을 마련하기 위하여 20m×20m 규모의 총 67개 조사구를 설치하였으며, 층위별 식생 및 임분구조 조사에 따른 군락유형 및 생장조사를 실시하였다. 군집분석을 실시한 결과 삼나무군락(C1)과 삼나무-편백군락으로 구분되었으며, 삼나무-편백군락은 다시 졸참-곰솔 군락(C2), 졸참-편백군락(C3)으로 구분되었다. 교목층 삼나무의 중요치는 C1 97.2%, C2 80.7%, C3 47.6%로 유형간 차이가 나타났으며, 아교목층에는 C1 8.9%, C2 15.2%, C3 5.7%로 C2에서 가장 높게 나타났다. C3의 경우 아교목층에 솜대 및 이대가 나타나 이에 대한 관리가 필요한 것으로 사료된다. 관 목층의 경우 C1 9.2%, C2 7.0% 이었으나, C3에서는 삼나무가 나타나지 않았다. 교목층의 종다양도는 C1이 0.059로 가장 낮았으며, C3에서 0.548로 가장 높았다. 우점도는 C1에서 0.958로 나타나 삼나무 가 우점하는 것으로 나타났으며, C3은 우점도가 낮게 나타나(0.393) 다수의 종이 경쟁하고 있는 것으로 사료된다. 평균직경연년생장량은 7.01(C2)∼8.04(C1)mm/yr의 범위로 나타났으며, 유형별 관리방안은 C1의 경우 경쟁목제거, 가지치기, 솎아베기가 적합하며, C2의 경우 경쟁수종 제거를 통한 삼나무 전형 군으로의 유도 및 수하식재를 통한 타 수종으로의 갱신이 더욱 유리할 것으로 판단되었다.

본 연구는 완도수목원 내 붉가시나무 천연림에 대한 솎아베기 강도에 따라 임분의 식생구조 변화를 분석하였다. 붉가시나무림 솎아베기 대상지에서 24과 33속 36종이 출현하였다. 그 중 대조구의 교목층 에서 타 처리구에 비해 출현종수가 많았으며, 아교목층 이하에서의 출현종수는 솎아베기 강도구, 약도 구, 대조구 순으로 나타났다. 식생 층위별 중요치 분석 결과, 교목층은 붉가시나무, 아교목층은 붉가시 나무와 동백나무의 중요치가 높았으며, 관목층에서는 동백나무가 주로 우점하고, 초본층은 마삭줄이 우 점하는 것으로 나타났다. 종 다양도 분석 결과는 솎아베기 강도구가 가장 높았고, 약도구, 대조구 순으 로 나타나, 솎아베기가 하층 식생의 경쟁을 유도하는 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구 결과는 산림관리와 생물다양성의 보전에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

우리나라 남부지역에 분포하는 붉가시나무와 졸참나무의 수고와 흉고직경 생장을 추정하고 특성을 비 교하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 남부지역에 분포한 지위지수 10~12인 졸참나무 표준지 28개소와 붉가시나 무 표준지 32개소의 조사 자료를 4가지 비선형 생장모형식으로 분석하였다. 붉가시나무와 졸참나무의 추정된 수고생장 모형식과 흉고직경생장 모형식 모두 Chapman-Richards식의 설명력이 가장 높은 것 으로 나타났다. 수종간 생장비교 결과, 졸참나무에 비해 붉가시나무의 초기 수고생장이 느린 것으로 나 타났으며, 45년에 가까워지면서 그 격차는 줄어드는 양상이 나타났다. 흉고직경의 경우 초기부터 지속 적으로 졸참나무의 생장이 우수한 특성이 나타났다. 따라서 두 수종간 생장특성을 고려하여 차별화된 적정 임분관리기법이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 서울시 우면산 산사태 피해지를 대상으로 자연 상태의 피해복원지와 인접 미피해 산림지역 의 토양 특성을 비교하기 위해 실시하였다. 산사태 발생 1년 후 2012년 9월 피해 극심지 3개 지역(자연 생태공원, 남부순환도로변, 남태령 전원마을)을 대상으로 각 지역별 피해복원지 3개소와 인접한 미피해 산림지역 3개소 등 총 18개소를 선정하였다. 선정된 조사지는 10m×10m 크기의 조사구를 설치한 후 임분 현황 및 토양 이화학적 특성 분석용 시료를 채취하였다. 토양 용적밀도의 경우 피해복원지 1.14g cm-3, 미피해지 0.87g cm-3로 피해복원지가 유의적으로 높았으나(P<0.05), 기상의 경우 피해복원지 27.6%, 미피해지 37.7%로 피해복원지가 낮게 나타났다. 그러나 토양 내 유기탄소, 질소, 칼륨, 칼슘, 마그네슘 등의 농도와 저장량은 피해복원지와 미피해지 및 지역 간 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 본 연구 결과에 따르면 우면산 지역 산사태 피해복원지는 인접 미피해 산림지역에 비해 토양 용적밀도나 기상 같은 토양의 물리적 성질이 저하되는 것으로 나타났다.

Insect is an important player in the ecosystem as a prey for animals. Moreover, they are a valuable candidate food source for rearing animal. Tenebrio molitor (Coeloptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae are known as a good food source with high protein, unsaturated fatty acid, minerals. Therefore, it has strong potential to substitute the conventional meat consumption. To utilize T. molitor as a feed, the standard mass-rearing protocol is required. To make standard mass-rearing protocol, we tested different temperature(17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and 30°C) conditions for egg, larvae, pupae and adult T. molitor to identify the optimal rearing condition. Hatching was occurred within 15~32.5°C range. However, 17.5~27.5°C was required to get more than 70 % hatching rete. When the eggs were treated in 22.5~27.5°C, all eggs were hatched within 10 days. As larval development, shorter developmental period, higher pupation and eclosion rates were observed within 25~27.5°C temperature range. In addition, we compared the number of egg, oviposition duration and time required to start egg-laying. The minimum egg-laying(258.40±10.86) was observed at 17.5°C, but the maximum(749.10±7.45) was at 27.5°C. The maximum oviposition duration (137.00±12.73 day (mean±S.D.)) was achieved at 27.5°C, but the minimum (87.50±3.54 day (mean±S.D.)) was at 30°C. The time required to start egg-laying was less than 10 days at 17.5, 27.5, and 30°C. To consider all the factors, we concluded that the optimal temperature is 27.5 °C.

본 연구는 남부지역 맹종죽 및 솜대림의 죽령에 따른 현존량 추정 및 비교를 위해 당년생과 2년생 이상의 죽림을 대상으로 10m × 10m 크기의 조사구 3개를 각각 설치하여 경급에 따라 선발하고 벌채하였다. 부위별 건중량은 맹종죽과 솜대 모두 줄기>가지>잎, 죽령별로 2년생 이상>당년생 순으로 나타났으며, 건중량비는 맹종죽 2년생 이상 0.62, 당년생 0.55, 솜대 2년생 이상 0.60, 당년생 0.57로 나타났다. 줄기 건중량비를 이용한 절단 위치 선정 군집분석 결과 두 죽종 모두 수고의 75% 위치에서 상단부와 하단부 두 집단으로 구분 후 절단하여 분석하면 현존량 조사가 효율적이라고 판단된다. 추정식 W=aD+bD2을 이용하여 추정된 지상부의 ha당 현존량은 맹종죽 2년생 이상 106.4ton/ha, 1년생 5.5ton/ha, 전체연령 113.3ton/ha, 솜대 2년생 이상 109.2ton/ha, 1년생 6.4ton/ha, 전체연령 106.0ton/ha로 나타났다. 지하부의 ha당 현존량은 맹종죽 지하경이 32.85ton/ha, 원뿌리 10.56ton/ha로 지하경>원뿌리 순이였으며 지상부 현존량의 35.8%였다. 솜대는 지하경 16.89ton/ha, 원뿌리 21.06ton/ha로 원뿌리>지하경 순이였으며 지상부 현존량의 38.3%로 나타났다.

Insect pollinators of the endanger orchid Cypripedium japonicum were surveyed and identified during two years, as a part of a conservation project of the orchid at Jukyeup-san and Hwaak-san (Mt.), South Korea. In total 40 individuals of 16 species in 4 families were identified. The dominant family was Halictidae, and Lasioglossum exiliceps Vachal visited the most frequently C. japonicum during the surveys. The average visiting frequency was 2.5 individuals per hour and the highest 4.3, from 12:00 – 13:00 in a day. After 15:00 insects did not visit the flowers at all. However, all of the visiting insects were found to not carry a pollinium or pollens of the orchard on their bodies; pollen carryover by any of the visiting insects did not occur at all. The orchid seems to require certain pollinators in particular body thickness due to its unique pollination mechanism. The orchid has two exit route openings, around 1 cm in diametre, where the entrapped insects can exit and an anther is situated just in front of each opening. It was inferred that a pollen carrier should be around 1 cm in body thickness. Therefore, the candidate species as the proper pollen carriers can be Tetralonia nipponensis Perez, Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans Smith and Bombus consobrinus Dahlbom among the surveyed visitors.

Polyhedrin is the major component of the nuclear viral occlusions produced during replication of the baculovirus Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). To enhance the production efficiency of foreign protein in baculovirus expression system, the effects of various polyhedrin fragments were investigated by fusion expressing them with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Recombinant viruses were generated to express EGFP fused with polyhedrin fragments based on the previously reported minimal region for self-assembly and the KRKK nuclear localization signal (NLS). The marked increase of EGFP by these fusion expressions was confirmed through protein and fluorescence intensity analyses. Among the fusion-expressed protein in nucleus and cytoplasm, the most hyper-expression was observed in the fusion of amino acids 19 to 110 and 32 to 59 of polyhedrin. Also these fragments, some degradation of only the fused polyhedrin was observed in the fusion of amino acids 19 to 85 and 32 to 85. The production of E2 protein, which is a major antigen of classical swine fever virus, was dramatically increased by fusion expression with polyhedrin amino acids 19 to 110, and its preliminary immunogenicity was verified using experimental guinea pigs. The production of luciferase was approximately two folds increased by fusion expression with polyhedrin amino acids 32 to 59, and its activity was measured using Luminometer. This study suggests a new option for higher expression of useful foreign recombinant protein using the partial polyhedrin fusion expression in baculovirus.

Flexible transparent conducting films (TCFs) were fabricated by dip-coating single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) onto a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. The amount of coated SWCNTs was controlled simply by dipping number. Because the performance of SWCNT-based TCFs is influenced by both electrical conductance and optical transmittance, we evaluated the film performance by introducing a film property factor using both the number of interconnected SWCNT bundles at intersection points, and the coverage of SWCNTs on the PET substrate, in field emission scanning electron microscopic images. The microscopic film property factor was in an excellent agreement with the macroscopic one determined from electrical conductance and optical transmittance measurements, especially for a small number of dippings. Therefore, the most crucial factor governing the performance of the SWCNT-based TCFs is a SWCNT-network structure with a large number of intersection points for a minimum amount of deposited SWCNTs.

우리나라 남부권역에 분포하는 곰솔 임분의 식생, 생장, 형질을 권역 및 건전도에 따라 임분 특성을 분석하여 시업적 기초 자료를 제공하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 아교목층 이하에서는 교란임지가 건전임지 보다 많은 종이 출현 하였으며, 종 다양도 지수는 교목층을 제외한 모든 층위에서 건전임지(0.097 ∼1.520)와 교란임지(1.507∼1.669) 사이에는 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 교란임지와 지역별 유사도분석에서, 경상권과 전라권이 층위별로 0.280∼0.607, 제주권역은 0.189∼0.318로 지역 간 차이를 나타내었다. 연년생장량은 정상임분이(0.39∼0.48 ㎝/year) 교란임분(0.25∼0.37 ㎝/year)보다 높게 나타났으며, 생장율도 건전임지(7.74∼8.51%)와 교란임지(3.79∼5.52%)간에는 유의적 차이를 보였다. 임목 형질은 경상권과 전라권에서 B급 이하, 제주권은 B급 이상, 교란지에서는 C급의 비율이 상대적으로 높게 나타는 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 곰솔 임분은 현재의 식생, 생장, 형질적 특성을 고려하여 차별화된 맞춤형 임분 관리가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다.

The purpose of this study was to test the effect of Gastrocnemius and Low Back-muscle isotonic exercise on static•dynamic standing balance during the period of 4 weeks. This study was two groups pretest-posttest design. Nineteen subjects who were over 22 years old were randomly assigned to either the experimental group that received the Gastrocnemius muscle exercise(n=9) or the low back muscle exercise(n=10) : The former group performed isotonic exercise(plantar flexion), the latter group performed isotonic exercise(trunk extension) a total of 18 times for three times per week for four weeks. Two groups also performed static and dynamic balance before the exercise and 4weeks after the exercise. The data were analyzed by using the paired t-test and independent t-test. The results were as follows: As compared with change of dynamic balance performance capacity at two groups, a significant difference was shown in the test(p<.05), but not in static balance(p>.05). Also, a significant difference of balance between groups was not shown in the test. In this study indicated that gastrocnemius and low back muscle isotonic exercise will have positive impact on standing balance.

The fact that flip-flops, one of many different types of unstable shoes, are light and relatively easy to put on, accounts for their popularity among people. But because flip-flops rely heavily on the support of a single thong between your first and second toes, they impose a huge amount of pressure onto lower leg. Thus in the following experiment we tried to examine the different effects of flip-flops and running shoes in terms of their effect on muscle activity and fatigue of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius during walking. In order to measure an electromyogram we used Free EMG system. 10 men and 10 women in running shoes ran on treadmills for 15 minutes at 4.8km/h, 2 days later the same experiment was carried out, but this time, in flip-flops. p value turned out to be greater than .05 and thus there was no considerable difference between the effects of flip-flops and running shoes on muscle activity and fatigue during walking. Therefore we conclude that despite the fact that flip-flops are considered unstable, their effects on muscle activity and fatigue of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius are negligible.

Mealworms, Tenebrio molitor (L.) is used as an important animal feed additive for growth promotion and health management, but potentially exposes to fungal infection. In this work, virulence of two species of entomopathogenic fungi against the insect, and the relationship between abiotic features and virulence were investigated. Secondly our consideration was also given to the effect of chemical fungicides on conidial germination for risk control. Between Beauveria bassiana (Bb) and Metarhizium roberstii (Mr) (previously M. anisopliae), Bb isolates had much higher virulence (~100% mortality in 3~4 days after the treatment), rather than Mr isolates in laboratory assays. Next, fungus-treated mealworms were kept at wheat bran at 20, 25, 30 and 35℃ with 3, 6, 9 times of water spray to the feeds for set-up of different humidity conditions. Inoculation of fungi to mealworms was conducted by fungal spray and feeding methods, which resulted in higher virulence in feeding method. In the feeding method, all temperature treatments except 35℃ showed high virulence against mealworms, but any significant relationship between virulence and humidity was not observed. In the chemical fungicide screening, fluazinam (CAS No. 79622-59-6) and mancozeb (8018-01-7) significantly inhibited the germination of Bb and Mr conidia. This work suggest that contamination of wheat bran with fungal pathogens, particularly B. bassiana may induce mycosis of mealworms, but introduction of effective fungicides possibly reduce fungal infection.