Hypertension is characterized by excessive renin-angiotensin system activity, leading to blood vessel constriction. Several synthetic compounds have been developed to inhibit renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). These drugs often have adverse side effects, driving the exploration of plant protein-derived peptides as alternative or supplementary treatments. This study assessed the phenolic compound and amino acid content and the antioxidant and antihypertensive activity of 5 South Korean staple crops. Sorghum had the highest phenolic compound content and exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Millet grains, particularly finger millet (38.86%), showed higher antihypertensive activity than red beans (14.42%) and sorghum (17.16%). Finger millet was found to contain a large proportion of branched-chain, aromatic, and sulfur-containing amino acids, which are associated with ACE inhibition. In particular, cysteine content was positively correlated with ACE inhibition in the crops tested (r=0.696, p<0.01). This study confirmed that the amino acid composition was more correlated with the antihypertensive activity of grains than the phenolic compound content. Finger millet mainly contained amino acids, which have higher ACE inhibitory activity, resulting in the strongest antihypertensive activity. These findings underscore the antihypertensive potential of select crops as plant-based food ingredients, offering insight into their biological functions.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the physicochemical properties by mixing ratio of soybean and peanut protein to secure basic data for developing alternative protein foods. As a result of analyzing the protein molecular weight pattern, it was confirmed that the specific molecular weight was affected by the soybean and peanut protein mixture. The content of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, glycine, serine, alanine, and tyrosine among nonessential amino acids was higher as the mixing ratio of peanut protein to soy protein was higher. However, the higher the peanut protein mixing ratio, the lower the water absorption capacity. Based on the results of this study, further studies, such as selecting soybean and peanut cultivars for determining the optimal mixing ratio of soybean and peanut protein and processing methods to improve physical properties, are necessary

The purpose of this study was to investigate antioxidant characteristics and anti-adipogenic effects of colored rice and brown rice extracts in 3T3-L1 adipocyte depending on cultivar (Josaengheugchal, Heugjinmi, Hongjinju, Geongganghongmi, Seolgaeng, Milyang 320, Sindongjin, Baegjinju). Colored rice and brown rice was extracted with 100% ethanol, followed by the analysis of polyphenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, antioxidant, and anti-adipogenic activity. Total polyphenol and flavonoid content ranged from 6.86~314.08 mg GAE/g and 1.47~56.88 mg CE/g the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid content was observed in Heugjinmi cultivar. Anthocyanin composition was analyzed by HPLC, cyanidin-3-gluoside and peonidin-3-glucoside was found in black rice including Josaengheugchal and Heugjinmi. Also, the ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity of colored rice cultivars was higher than that of brown rice cultivars, the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity also was observed in Heugjinmi (128.20 mg TE/g). The anti-adipogenic effects of colored rice and brown rice extracts on differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes evaluated that extracts of Heugjinmi cultivar significantly reduced intracellular lipid accumulation. These results provide valuable information for the use of Korean colored rice cultivar as a functional food materials relative to anti-obesity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of enzyme activity and anti-proliferation of human cancer cell lines (HCT 116, NCI-H460 and MCF-7) of peanut skin depending on cultivars (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. K-Ol, cv. Sinpalkwang, cv. Daan, cv. Heuksaeng) and extraction solvent. Peanut skin was extracted with 80% ethanol, 80% methanol, 80% acetone, and distilled water, followed by analysis of the enzyme inhibitory activity and anticancer activity. Methanol extract of Daan cultivar most effectively inhibited α-gluosidase (65.08%, 0.025 mg/mL), tyrosinase (82.49%, 2 mg/mL) and ACE (73.61%, 10 mg/mL). The inhibitory effect of peanut skin extracts on colon cancer cell (HCT-116), lung cancer cell (NCI-H460) and breast cancer cell (MCF-7) growth were investigate using MTT assay. The highest anti-proliferation of cancer cell line of peanut skin extracts was observed in the methanol extract of Daan cultivar. The cell viability on HCT 116, NCI-H460 and MCF-7 cell lines of methanol extracts from peanut skin of Daan cultivar was 48.13%, 41.03%, and 36.02% at 200 μg/mL, respectively. These results suggest that peanut skin extracts may mediate physiological activity, and provide valuable information for the use of peanut byproduct as a functional food material.

This study was conducted to explore the quality characteristics of colored rice depending on the cultivars (Jeogjinu, Josaengheugchal, Joeunheukmi, Heukjinjubyeo, Hongjinju, Heukjinmi, Geongganghongmi) for porridge. The moisture, crude protein, lipid, ash, amylose and damaged starch contents of colored rice ranged from 10.05~11.23%, 7.72~8.69%, 2.68~3.26%, 1.62~1.88%, 6.29~20.31% and 5.06~8.26%, respectively. The highest moisture (11.23%), crude protein (8.69%), lipid (3.26%) and ash (1.88%) contents of colored rice were detected in Heukjinjubyeo, Joeunheukmi, Josaengheugchal and Heukjinmi, respectively. The lowest amylose and damaged starch contents of colored rice were detected in Josaengheugchal and Joeunheukmi, respectively. In general, the water binding capacity, water solubility and swelling power of Heukjinmi were greater than those of the other cultivars. The investigation of the pasting properties (peak, trough, break down, final and setback viscosity, peak time, pasting temperature) of colored rice indicated a low value in Josaengheugchal. The lowest hardness (13,673.25 g) of colored rice was observed in Heukjinjubyeo while the highest digestibility (5.44 glucose mg/g) of colored rice was observed in Josaengheugchal. These results indicated that Josaengheugchal are suitable cultivars for porridge.

재가열에 따른 쌀의 품종별 물리적 특성을 관찰하기 위하여 고품질 밥쌀용으로 개발된 쌀(다보, 대보, 삼광, 수광, 신동진, 진수미, 하이아미)을 취반 후, 24시간 냉장, 냉장 후 재가열에 따른 물리적 특성을 분석하였다. 텐시프레셔를 이용한 품종별 식감특성을 분석한 결과, 경도는 삼광이 가장 낮았으며, 대보, 하이아미가 가장 높았다. 부착성, 탄력성, 찰기는 신동진이 가장 낮았다. 품종에 따라 밥을 취반한 다음 취반 직후, 취반 후 24시간 냉장보관, 냉장보관 후의 색도, 물성, 미세구조를 관찰하였다. 색도 분석결과, 취반 후 냉장 및 재가열에 의해 밥의 명도가 떨어지는 경향을 보였다. 취반한 후의 물성 분석 결과, 하이아미가 다른 품종에 비해 모든 항목에서 가장 높은 값을 보였다. 취반한 후 24시간 냉장 보관하였을 때는 경도, 점착성 및 씹힘성이 증가하였으며, 재가열에 의해 그 값은 다시 감소하였다. 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 밥의 미세구조를 관찰한 결과, 하이아미의 경우 취반 직후에 중앙부분의 입자가 치밀하게 뭉쳐 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 냉장 저장 및 냉장 후 재가열에 의해 모든 품종에서 기공이 조금 더 명확하게 형성된 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 벼 품종 특성에 따라 취반 후 재가열 및 보관에 따라 물리적 품질 특성이 달라지는 것으로 확인되었다. 추후 본 연구결과를 기초로 하여 취반 후 재가열 및 보관에 따른 이화학적 및 관능적 품질 분석 등과 같은 후속 연구를 통해 고품질 밥쌀용으로 개발된 쌀이 산업적 이용을 위한 응용연구가 지속적으로 수행되어야 한다고 판단된다.

The objective of this study was to evaluate quality properties of high quality rice. Seven rice varieties, Dabo, Daebo, Samkwang, Sindongjin, Sukwang, Jinsumi, and Haiami, were investigated for proximate contents and physicochemical characteristics. Moisture content was highest in the Jinsumi (13.13%). Protein and lipid content was highest in the Haiami. The amylose content of the rice cultivars was 20.15~22.51%. The degree of amylopectin polymerization (DP) was analyzed, and in all cultivars, DP 13-24 content was found to be highest, at more than 53%, whereas DP ≥37 content was lowest, at less than 5.81%. With regard to free sugar, maltose content in rice was the highest (≥46%). Toyo value of rice was highest in Samkwang, Daebo, and Jimsumi. Palatability characteristics were highest in Daebo and Jimsumi. Thus, the results of this study suggested that Samkwang, Daebo, and Jinsumi can be effectively used as processed cooked rice, though further studies should be required regarding changes in the quality of rice after cooking.

This experiment was conducted at Suwon, Korea from 2013 to 2015. The objective of this study was to establish the optimum seeding rate, and to clarify the nitrogen fertilizer level for rye seed production in central and north area of Korea. We used Korean rye cultivar ‘Gogu’ for this test. We employed a split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were designed by three seeding levels (3, 5 and 7 kg 10a-1), but other sub-plots were randomly seeded. The plots were treated with three different nitrogen fertilizer levels (3, 6 and 9 kg 10a-1). The percentage of productive tiller, number of grain per spike, fertility rate, 1 liter weight, and 1000-grain weight decreased as seeding rate increased from 3 kg 10a-1 to 7 kg 10a-1, whereas the number of spike per ㎡ increased. Therefore the grain yields of rye had less of an effect by increasing seeding rate. There was an increase in number of spike per ㎡, number of grain per spike, and fertility rate as nitrogen fertilizer level increased from 3 kg 10a-1 to 9 kg 10a-1, but grain yields significantly not affected by the interaction of seeding rate × nitrogen fertilizer levels. However, the best seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer level for rye seed production were 5 kg and 5∼6 kg 10a-1, respectively, considering seed and fertilizer reduction and the prevention of pollution by excess fertilization.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the appropriate amount of oats to add to rice and the merits of oat meal. We analyzed the physicochemical characteristics, cooking properties, functional components, and sensory evaluation according to the amount of oats added in the cooked rice. Compared with rice, the oat showed higher level in protein, fat, total β-glucan and total polyphenol, but not for starch. Therefore, the amount of chemical and functional components was increased significantly with the increase in the amount of oats added. Water absorption and expansion were decreased with the increase in the amount of oat added. Oleic acid content was increased and linoleic acid content was decreased slightly. Unsaturated fatty acid content was greatly increased. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were increased significantly according to the amount of oats added. As a result of sensory evaluation, the most appropriate amount of oat added was 20% and 30%. By the addition of oat, the β- glucan content of the cooked rice and the antioxidant activity could increase.

We investigated physicochemical properties of puffed snacks with intermediate and high amylose rice varieties. The intermediate amylose rice varieties ‘Sindongjin’ and high amylose rice varieties newly developed for food processing, ‘Dodamssal’ and ‘Goami4’ were tested for this study. The crude fat and crude protein contents of the rice cultivars ranged 1.47-3.08% and 6.30-7.63%, respectively. The resistant starch and amylose contents of Dodamssal and Goami4 were higher than those of Sindongjin. The hardness of rice was the highest in Sindongjin and Dodamssal. Also, Hardness of puffed snacks decreased by 72.07% for Sindongjin, 88.21% for Dodamssal and 66.67% for Goami4 compared to raw rice samples. The sensory evaluation showed that the highest scores in taste, texture and overall acceptability of puffed snacks were obtained in Dodamssal. The results of this study indicate that Dodamssal was suitable varieties for puffed snacks. Also, the physicochemical properties of Dodamssal were improved by the extrusion process. Therefore Dodamssal can be used for the industrial production of puffed snacks.

국내에서 생산되는 벼의 저장안전성 확보를 위한 기초기 반연구로 플라즈마 기술을 이용하여 벼의 저장기간 및 온도에 따른 미생물 생육 및 성분 변화를 관찰하였다. 플라즈마 시스템은 컨테이너형 유전격벽 플라즈마로 공기방전방식을 이용하여 삼광, 청품, 미소미, 팔방미 품종을 0, 10 및 20분간 처리하여 4℃, 25℃에서 2달간 저장하여 실험하였 다. 미생물 생육 변화를 관찰한 결과 저장 초기에는 일반호기성 미생물은 3.46-3.86 log CFU/g, 곰팡이는 2.27-2.86 log CFU/g이 검출되었다. 저장온도 및 기간에 따라 일반호기성 미생물 및 곰팡이의 생육은 증가하였으며, 품종간의 큰 차이는 없었다. 저장한 후의 미생물 분석 결과 플라즈마 처리 군의 미생물이 약 1.50 log CFU/g 적게 생육되었다. 플라즈마 처리한 벼의 수분함량을 측정한 결과 플라즈마 처리에 의한 큰 차이는 관찰되지 않았으나, 저장온도가 올라가면 수분함량이 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 지방은 플라즈마에 의해 감소하는 경향을 보였으나, 단백질 함량은 플라즈마 및 저장조건에 따른 일관적인 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 아밀로스 함량의 경우 삼광, 청품, 미소미 품종은 플라즈마에 의한 함량 변화는 관찰되지 않았으나 팔방미는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 플라즈마에 의해 벼의 저장안전성을 개선할 수 있으며 품질 변화의 최소화를 위하여 저온저장이 효과적이라고 판단된다.

Knowledge of the chromosomal constitution of the ancestors of modern soybean will complement plant breeding efforts to improve agronomic and economic characteristics of soybean. Variation block (VB)-based comparison using genome-wide insertion/deletion (InDel) markers was used on a diverse panel of 147 soybean cultivars to assess the impact of chromosomal changes during modern breeding. There were identical variation patterns of the examined InDels consistently appearing in the genome parts arising from parental varieties, indicating that soybean chromosomes in descendants should be all determined by genetic reshuffling of VBs inherited from parental chromosomes. Structure analysis of the accessions through the 202 InDels separated the accessions into four subgroups. Gene introgression revealed by the structure analysis agreed with the fact that a limited number of landraces and elite varieties were introduced and used as donors for breeding soybean cultivars in pedigree analysis. Especially, VBs became more reshuffled over time as a result of the breeding process, which resulted in using breeding parents with new VB-types for improving the end-use value of soybean. Therefore, their clustering using the 202 VB-specific InDels is strongly influenced by the difference in breeding ancestors among the subgroups. This indicates that the 202 InDel markers are very useful for genetic study by analyzing the reshuffling patterns of the parental genomes in the descendant.

We investigated the physicochemical properties and starch structure of various rice varieties including 15 colored cultivars. NKHC showed the highest level of protein, lipid, and total dietary fiber levels. Reddish brown rice showed higher lipid content than that in black rice cultivars. Apparent amylose content of waxy and non-waxy colored rice varieties was within the range of 3~5% and 15~18%, respectively. IP exhibited the highest total starch (TS) content, whereas, NKHC and HJJ showed lower TS content than that in other cultivars. Pasting temperature of all colored rice cultivars, except IP, was about 68°C. Peak viscosity of IP, JJJ, Hong, and GGHM showed high values of 138, 130, 128, and 124, respectively. All the colored rice cultivars presented A-type X-ray diffraction pattern and polygonal shapes of starch granules were observed using scanning electron micrographs (SEM). Major groups of amylopectin chain lengths were B (12 < DP ≤ 24) and A (DP ≤ 12). SMHC showed the highest B chain content and the lowest A chain content (P < 0.05). These experimental results provided useful information for scientists and the food industry regarding colored rice starches.

감자 수요를 확대하기 위해서는 소득 증가와 함께 소비자 의 관심이 증대하고 있는 신선편이식품으로 시장을 보다 더 넓혀 나가야 한다. 이를 위해서는 감자에 존재하는 유독 물질 인 glycoalkaloids에 대한 주의가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 도 입품종인 대서, 수미와 최근 국내에서 개발된 하령, 고운, 홍 영, 자영 품종을 포함하여 국내 주요 24품종을 대상으로 부위 별 PGA 함량을 분석하였으며 그 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음 과 같다. 1. 총 PGA 함량(mg/100g·FW)은 하령(10.1), 수미(9.3), 홍영(7.3), 자영(6.9), 대서(4.8), 고운(3.4), 자심(3.1) 순으로 나타났다. 2. 공시품종의 껍질부위 PGA 함량은 전체 함량의 41 ~ 85% 분포를 보였으며, 국내주요 재배 품종에서 대서는 PGA 함량이 껍질(85%)에서 높고 육질 부위(0.7)에서 낮아 PGA 독성으로부터 가장 안전한 품종이었다. 3. 특히 고운, 자심 품종은 PGA 함량이 제일 낮아 껍질째 감자를 이용하기에 적절하며 중간모본으로 활용가치가 크다 고 판단된다.

Much effort has been expended to find agronomically important QTLs for improving soybean yield. However, the complexity of genome, such as genome duplication, limits the utility of genome-wide association studies and linkage analyses to identify genes controlling yield traits. We propose the variation block method, a three-step process for recombination block detection and comparison. The first step is to detect variations by comparing short-read DNA sequences of the cultivar to a reference genome of the target crop. Next, sequence blocks with variation patterns are examined and defined. The boundaries between the variation-containing sequence blocks are regarded as recombination sites. All the assumed recombination sites in the cultivar set are used to split the genomes, and the resulting sequence regions are named as variation blocks. The practicality of this approach was demonstrated by the identification of a putative locus determining soybean hilum color and known genes such as flower color gene. We suggest that the variation block method is an efficient genomics method for recombination block-level comparison of crop genomes. We expect that this method holds the prospect of developing crop genomics by bringing genomics technology to the field of crop breeding.

Potato glycoalkaloids(PGAs) are potentially toxic to humans at high levels and current safety regulations have recommended that PGAs content in tubers of potato cultivars should not exceed 20 mg/100g·FW. Accordingly, it is important to determine the PGAs composition and levels on potato cultivars for food safty and the breeding for new cultivars with low levels of PGAs. The main aim of this study was to evaluate α-chaconine, α-solanine and total PGAs content in the peel and cortex portions in 24 cultivars including ‘Haryoung’, ‘Goun’, ‘Hongyoung’ and ‘Jayoung’, recently released by Highland Agricultural Research Institute. The total PGAs ranged from 3.1 to 10.1 mg/100g·FW. 75-94% of total PGAs was existed in the peel part of all cultivars. We selected two cultivars, which can be eaten wth the skin on tubers, and so used for soy sauce braised potatoes and baby potatoes for the rest area. These results will provide consumers and breeders with fundamental information about the content of PGAs in Korea major cultivars.

본 연구는 옥수수수염에 함유된 flavonoid 계열의 물질인 maysin, luteolin 7-O-neohesperidoside, luteolin 3'-methyl ether 7-glucuronosyl-(1→2)-glucuronide 및 polyphenol성 물 질인 chlorogenic acid을 추출 및 분리하는 방법에 관한 것 으로, 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 수정되지 않은 옥수수수염의 메이신 함량은 출사 후 3 일에 함량이 최대치에 도달하고, 그 후 감소되는 것으 로 나타났으며, 방임수분된 옥수수수염의 메이신 함량 은 출사후 지속적으로 감소되는 것으로 나타나 화분의 수분 여부에 따라 메이신 함량에 많은 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 2. 채취한 옥수수수염에 에탄올을 가하여 9일간 상온에 서 추출 후 엽록소, 지질 및 당질 등을 제거시키고, C18 column chromatography를 수행하여 분취물 I, II, IIIIV를 얻었다. 3. 분취물의 흡광도를 분석한 결과 분취물 I은 327 nm 및 239 nm에서 최대 흡수 파장(λmax)을 나타내었고, 분취물 II는 339 nm 및 274 nm, 분취물 III는 345 nm 및 277 nm, 분취물 IV는 352 nm, 270 nm, 및 257 nm 에서 최대 흡수파장을 나타내었다. 4. 분취물 I은 m/z 355[M+H]+인 chlorogenic acid(3-(3,4- dihydroxycinnamoyl)quinic acid, C16H18O9)이었으며, 분취물 II는 chlorogenic acid와 m/z 653[M+H]+인 luteolin 3'-methyl ether 7-glucuronosyl-(1→2)-glucuronide (C28H28O18) 를 함유한 혼합물, 분취물 III는 chlorogenic acid와 m/z 595[M+H]+인 luteolin 7-O-neohesperidoside (C27H30O15) 및 luteolin 3'-methyl ether 7-glucuronosyl-(1→2)-glucuronide를 함유한 혼합물이었고, 분취물 IV는 m/z 577[M+H]+인 maysin (C27H28O14, 2''-O-α-L-rhamnosyl- 6-C-(6-deoxy-xylo-hexose-4-ulosyl)luteolin 임을 각각 확인 하였다. 5. 옥수수수염의 알코올 추출물로부터 분리된 분취물 I은 옥수수수염 생체 100 g 당 (수분함량 약 92%) 35 mg/ 100 g, 분취물 II는 48 mg/100 g, 분취물 III는 46 mg/ 100 g, 분취물 IV는 138 mg/100 g을 얻을 수 있었다.

PGA 함량 정보가 없는 유전자원을 활용한 다양한 용도의 감자 품종 개발은 괴경 내 PGA 함량을 높이는 비의도적 결과를 초래할 가능성이 있다. 이러한 배경에서 신품종에 대한 정밀한 PGA 함량 분석은 감자의 식품안전성 제고와 PGA 저 함유 품종 개발을 위한 교배 모부본 확보차원에서 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 도입품종인 대서, 수미와 최근 개발된 하령, 고운, 홍영, 자영 4품종을 대상으로 괴경 부위, 저장기간별 PGA 함량변화를 분석하였다. 그 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.

본 연구에서는 간식용 풋옥수수로 이용되는 찰옥수수 주요 품종인 찰옥 4호와 일미찰을 2기작 재배하여 품질 좋은 찰옥수수 생산을 위한 재배법을 확립하고자 이삭과 종실 특성 변화를 조사하였다. 2기작 재배시 출사일수는 후기작이 전기작 보다 약 20일 정도 빨라졌고, 출사에서 수확적기까지는 약 10일 정도 느려졌다. 파종에서 출사까지의 적산온도는 약 1,380～1,420℃, 출사에서 수확까지는 약 590～630℃ 정도 범위였다. 이삭무게와 이삭직경은 출사 후 일수가 경과함에 따라 유의하게 증가하였으나 파종시기에 따른 차이는 없었고, 이삭길이와 착립길이는 후기작에서 유의하게 짧았다(p<0.05). 알곡 줄수는 파종시기에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았고, 줄당 립수는 찰옥 4호가 전기작보다 후기작에 재배한 것이 적었으며 변이폭이 컸다(p<0.05). 등숙 중 종실의 길이, 너비, 두께와 100립 생체중, 전분함량은 출사 후 일수에 따라 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 후기작 재배시 저온 등숙으로 전기작 보다 100립 생체중과 전분함량의 증가속도가 느려졌다. 찰옥수수의 전분립은 과피와 가까운 배유의 상단부터 집적되기 시작하여 출사 후 일수가 경과함에 따라 배유 내부까지 집적되었으며, 후기작 재배한 찰옥수수는 전분립 축적속도가 느리고 조밀하지 않은 것이 관찰 되었다. 100립 생체중은 springiness(0.80***), cohesiveness(0.44***), adhesiveness(-0.80***), chewiness(0.55***), 전분함량은 springiness(0.79***), adhesiveness(-0.81***), chewiness(0.49**)와 고도로 유의한 정의 상관을 나타내었다.