가압식 MF공정의 전처리공정으로 침전지가 없는 혼화/응집공정에서 적정응집제 투입농도선정 및 유기물 제거성능을 평가하였다. 전처리 공정에서 생성된 플럭이 가압펌프의 임펠러에 의해 해체됨을 확인하였으며 원수탁도가 10 NTU 이하로 유입이 될 때, 혼화/응집조와 펌프후단에서 플럭형성을 위한 최적응집제 투입량은 4 mg/L (as PACl 17%)이었다. 이때의 DOC 제거율은 평균 43%이었으며, 응집제투입량을 계속적으로 증가시켜 8 mg/L (as PACl 17%)로 투입을 하였을 때, DOC 제거율은 평균 48%를 나타내어 제거율은 크게 개선되지 않았다. 전처리가 없는 PVDF 가압식 MF공정의 TMP는 0.54bar에서 운영이 되었으며, 혼화/응집 전처리 공정을 적용하여 운영 시 TMP는 0.41 bar로 안정적인 운영이 가능하였다.

신간척지인 새만금간척지에서 청보리 생산성 증대를 위한 적정 질소시비량과 파종량을 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 출현율은 69 ~ 77%, 월동율은 60 ~ 65% 수준이었다. 2. 초장은 질소시비량이 증가할수록 길어졌으며, 파종량간에 는 차이가 없었다. 3. 당 경수는 질소시비량 250 kg/ha까지, 파종량 300 kg/ha까 지 증가하였다. 4. 포장도복은 질소시비량 300 kg/ha와 파종량 400 kg/ha에 서 경미하게 발생하였다. 5. 생체수량과 건물수량은 질소시비량 250 kg/ha까지, 파종 량 300 kg/ha까지 증가하였다. 6. 따라서 신간척지에서 청보리재배시 생산성 증대를 위한 적정 질소시비량은 250 kg/ha, 파종량은 300 kg/ha정도가 적당 할 것으로 생각된다.

국내에서 자생하는 가래나무 톱밥의 적정 첨가량을구명하여 기능성 느타리버섯 재배를 위한 기초자료로 활용하기 위하여 실험을 실시하였다. 가래나무 톱밥의 수분함량은 4.4%였고, pH는 4.5였다. 총 질소함량은 0.21%였고, 총 탄소함량은 46.0%였으며, C/N율은 219였다. 혼합배지의 pH는 접종전 5.0에서 수확 후 5.6~5.8로 약간 높았으며, 총 질소함량은 수확후배지에서 증가하였지만, 총 탄소함량은 변화가 없었으며, C/N율은 수확후배지에서 오히려 감소하였다.무기성분인 CaO, MgO, Na₂O 함량은 접종전보다 수확후배지에서 높았고, K₂O 함량은 오히려 감소하였으나, P₂O5함량은 변화가 없었다. 균사생육은 가래나무 톱밥이 20% 첨가된 배지에서 빠르고, 첨가량이증가할수록 균사생육은 느렸다. 자실체 수량은 가래나무 톱밥 10% 첨가시 163g/850mL으로 가장 높았다. 갓의 직경과 두께는 가래나무 톱밥 10% 첨가시가장 높았으며, 갓의 두께와 대의 굵기는 가래나무톱밥의 비율이 증가할수록 감소하였다. 대의 경도는가래나무 톱밥 20% 첨가시 가장 높았다. 수확기 자실체의 갓과 대의 L값은 가래나무 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하였지만, a, b값은 처리간에 뚜렷한 차이가 없었다. 자실체의 P₂O5, K₂O의 함량은 가래나무톱밥 첨가에서 증가하였지만, CaO, MgO, Na₂O 함량은 거의 차이가 없었다. 자실체의 Cu의 함량은 가래나무 톱밥의 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였지만,Fe, Mn, Zn의 함량은 증가하였다.

By increasing the flow rate of near the river the water level increases. Due to the increased water level, damage occurs in the revetment. In this paper, In oder to estimate the amount of overtopping rate in the revetment near the river the numerical mode

The purpose of this study is evaluating about the survival rate and causes of failed implants. In this study, the 371 implants was evaluated for the survival rate and failing factors of implant. The survival rate was 96.5%. The failure rate was 3.5%. The average life time of implants was 50 months. The average age of patients treated was 49 years old. In total 371 cases, 13 cases failed implants were removed. The causes of failing implants were poor oral hygiene, excessive occlusal loading, smoking, and etc. The leading causes of failed implants were improper oral hygiene and excessive occlusal loading. In conclusion, I suggest that the periodic plaque control and occlusal force management can improve the survival rate of implants.

The present study was conducted to compare on embryo survival rates by blastomere isolation methods, and establish the optimal PCR procedure for perform the sexing of bovine blastocysts produced by IVF. IVF embryos used in the study was used the Bisected or Sliced methods for blastomere isolation, and the survival rates of blastocyst with rapid way of sexing PCR was assessed. In the present study for survival rates in blastocyst was the total cleavage rate was 75% and a blastocyst development among cleaved embryos was 40%. Survival rate of embryos treated with intact, bisected or sliced method was 100, 63.3 or 81.3%, respectively. Therefore, survival rate of embryos treated with sliced method was higher compared to that of embryos treated with bisected method. The sexing rate of female or male was not significantly different between S4BFBR primer and BSY + BSP primer (1.75 : 1 vs. 1.43 : 1), respectively. Because of the PCR amplification using the S4BFBR primer was simpler method than multiplex PCR amplification method. Furthermore, the accuracy of sexing rate and reduction of PCR work time between 2-step and 3-step of PCR methods was 98.0% / 1.5 hr and 97.0% / 3.5 hr, respectively. Based on these results, it can be suggested that the sliced and PCR methods we developed was very effective method to reduce time consuming and procedure of PCR amplification for sexing with the increase of survival rate on the blastocyst.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to evaluate of field application and laboratory performance of warm-mix asphalt (WMA) according to the dosage rate of organic-based WMA additive. METHODS: Three asphalt mixtures, i.e., hot mix asphalt (HMA), WMA with the dosage rate of 1.5%, WMA with the dosage rate of 1.0%, were sampled from the asphalt plant when the field trial project were constructed. With these mixtures, the laboratory testings were performed to evaluate the linear viscoelastic characteristics and the resistance to moisture, rutting and fatigue damage. RESULTS : From the laboratory test results, it was found that the WMA with the reduced dosage rate of additive would be comparable to HMA and WMA with the original dosage rate in terms of the dynamic modulus, tensile strength ratio, rutting resistance. However, the fatigue reisistance of WMA with the reduced dosage rate was slightly worse but it should be noted that the fatigue performance is necessarily predicted by combining the material properties and pavement structure. CONCLUSIONS: Through the field construction and laboratory testings, the dosage rate of organic-based WMA additive could be reduced from 1.5% to 1.0% without the significant decrease of compactability and laboratory performance. The long-term performance of the constructed pavement will be periodically monitored to support the findings from this study.

This study was conducted to investigate optimal time of artificial insemination (AI) to Hanwoo female after natural estrus. AI was occurred 12 and 24 hours after natural estrus in both heifer and multiparous recipient then pregnancy and parturition rates were estimated. Results indicated that AI performed at 24 hours after natural estrus showed significant (p<0.05) higher pregnancy rate in both heifer and multiparous recipient groups with significantly (p<0.05) higher abortion rate. However, there are no significant differences of parturition rate, twin birth and sex ratio in both heifer and multiparous recipient groups. Therefore, our results may suggest that performance of AI at 24 hours after natural estrus promise higher pregnancy rate than AI at 12 hours after natural estrus in both heifer and multiparous recipient.

Yellow clay dispersion has been applied to minimize fisheries impact by the red tide Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms in Korean coasts since 1995. The present preliminary study documents the effect of yellow clay on Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, in terms of oxygen consumption rate (OCR). The OCR in the low clay suspension (0.05 and 0.23 %, w/w) showed normal level compared to the control. In contrast, the OCR for each one of three replicates in the high clay suspension (1.16 and 5.58 %, w/w) was not returned to the previous level that clay was not treated, indicating that high clay suspension (≥1.16%, w/w) might give negative effect on Korean rockfish. Overall, this result suggests that field application of clay to control Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) may not give impact on Korean rockfish once the clay is dispersed in a low concentration (≤0.23%). In order to understand the changes of OCR in the repeated exposure to clay, it is required to do further studies on the changes of OCR when the fish is exposed to clay repeatedly after recovery in the normal seawater.

밀폐된 식물공장 환경에서 환경 조절 및 에너지 소비예측을 위해서는 환경요소들의 변화 요인을 파악해야 한다. 식물체는 광합성 과정에서 많은 양의 물을 증산을 통해 대기 중으로 방출하게 되는데, 일반적으로 식물공장의 특성상 비교적 높은 습도 유지가 필요하며, 증산은 실내 습도에 직접적인 영향을 주기 때문에 식물의 증산량에 대한 정량화가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 식물공장 생육조건에서 4가지 품종의 상추를 재배하면서 생육기간에 따른 엽면적 변화와 증산속도를 측정하고 이를 바탕으로 Penman-Monteith 방정식을 식물공장 조건에 맞게 변형시켰다. 그리고 이러한 결과들을 토대로 식물공장에서 재배 기간 중 증산으로 인해 발생하는 수분의 양을 시뮬레이션을 통해 예측하였다. 그 결과 작물의 엽면적과 증산속도는 생육기간이 진전됨에 따라 점차 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며 엽면적과 증산량 사이는 비례관계를 나타냈다. 증산량 추정 모델식 변형은 일반적으로 다양한 환경 요인들에 의해 증산량이 결정되던 기존의 모델식들에 비해 엄밀한 환경 요소들에 대한 제어가 가능한 식물공장에서 증산량은 환경 요소들은 상수로 취급 가능하며, 작물의 엽면적지수의 변화에 대해서만 주로 결정되었다. 또한 설정된 환경 조건에서 생육기간에 따른 증산량 추정모델을 이용하여 전체 생육기간 중 작물 개체당 누적 증산량을 높은 결정계수(r2)로 예측할 수 있었다. 이렇게 예측된 증산량은 식물공장 환경 제어 기술 중 냉난방 부하 계산 및 관수 계획을 세우는데 활용 가능할 것이다.

본 시험은 사료용 옥수수의 검은줄오갈병에 대한 저항성 품종을 선발하기 위하여 2006년부터 2008년까지 전라북도고창에서 수행하였다. 국내외 사료용 옥수수 10품종을 1모작과 2모작으로 재배하여 품종에 따른 검은줄오갈병의 이병률과 수량성을 조사하였다. 그 결과 사료용 옥수수 품종에 따른 검은줄오갈병의 발병률이 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다 (p<0.05). 검은줄오갈병에 대한 저항성의 정도를 4개의 그룹으로 분류하면, 매우 강한 그룹은 ‘광안옥’과 ‘광평옥’, 강한 그룹은 ‘P3156’과 ‘P3394’, 중간 그룹은 ‘청안옥’과 ‘P32P75’, 약한 그룹은 ‘NC7117’, ‘수원 19호’ ‘DK697’및 ‘GW6959’ 품종이었다. 검은줄오갈병 발생에 따른 사료용 옥수수의 건물수량은 품종 간에 차이가 있었으며(p<0.05), 검은줄오갈병 저항성 품종인 ‘광안옥’, ‘광평옥’,‘P3156’ 및 ‘P3394’ 품종은 이병성 품종보다 건물수량이14～26% 많았다. 따라서 검은줄오갈병 발생이 심한 지역에서 옥수수 재배를 할 때는 반드시 저항성 품종을 선택하는것이 중요하다

The temperature distribution of a generic battery module was analyzed for different flow rates of cooling fluid. For the given battery module design, the temperature of battery cell near the inlet is higher than that of battery cell near the outlet. Because the inlet is located at the higher elevation than the top of battery electrodes, most of the incoming cooling fluid flows directly towards the battery housing wall above the outlet. For the inlet velocities of 1, 3, 5 m/s, the maximum temperature differences are 28, 19, 15 degrees Celcius respectively.

The brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is native to Korea, Japan, and China. H. halys is one of the major polyphagous pentatomids with a wide host range encompassing ornamental shrubs, trees, and cultivated crops such as millet, sesame, soybean, apple, yuzu, pear, cherry, and peach and inflicting losses of several crops in Korea. However, study on dietary importance of these hosts on the development rate of H. halys is sparse. We evaluated fruits of apple and orange with or without soybean plus peanuts as food sources to investigate development rate, mortality and fecundity of the stink bug. Not apple but orange only diet could support development up to adult stage but with higher mortality. First instars were found to molt into second instars without feeding. The longest time H. halys took to develop was in its fifth instar. Overall shortest developmental period (39.82) days was recorded on those fed on orange+soybean and peanut whereas those fed on orange only diet had longest development period (78.92 days). Generational mortality of those fed on diets consisting of soybean and peanuts ranged from 43 to 53%. Those only fed on water could not develop into third instars. H. halys could not develop into fourth instar in apple only diet. However, on orange only diet 20% H. halys could emerge as adults. Fecundity was measured for the first day of oviposition per female. Fecundity was recorded highest (28 eggs) on orange+soybean and peanut diets. The results suggest that H. halys require leguminous seeds in order to develop fully and lay fertile eggs.

본 연구에서는 인천광역시의 37개 사업장(공장)을 대상으로 작업현장의 소음을 측정 및 분석하여 소음이 화재경보음 인지에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 측정결과 평균소음이 95.8dB(A)나왔다. 이는 국내 경보장치 음량기준(화재경보음 발생장치에서 1m떨어진 곳에서 90dB이상)보다 5.8dB(A)높게 나왔다. 미국방화협회(NFPA)에 따르면 암소음(기기음)이 85dB(A)이거나 이상일 경우 화재경보음 인지정도가 미흡하기 때문에 다른 방법을 강구하도록 되어 있다. 또한 화재경보음은 암소음보다 15dB(A) 높아야 한다고 하고 있다. 따라서 주변의 환경을 무시한 획일적인 화재경보음 설계에 대해서 제도적 및 법적 개선이 필요하다고 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 산화 공정이 Zircaloy-4 (Zry-4) 피복관의 염소화 반응 속도에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위하여 Zry-4 피복관의 염소화 반응 실험을 수행하였다. 2시간 마다 반응 생성물을 회수하며 총 6 시간 동안 염소화 반응 실험을 수행하였고, 이를 통해 500도에서 10 시간 동안 산화된 Zry-4의 경우 초기 0-2 시간 구간에서 반응 속도가 현저히 저하되는 것을 확인하였다. 반응 잔류물은 fresh Zry-4와 산화된 Zry-4에서 각각 초기무게의 0.95, 1.65wt%로 확인되었다. 회수된 Zr의 순도는 두 경우 모두 99.61wt%로 동일하였다. 반응 속도의 정량적 분석을 위해 피복관의 반응 시간을 0.5, 1, 2, 4 시간인 경우에 대해 실험을 수행하였다. 실험 결과 분석을 통해 fresh Zry-4의 경우 전 영역에 걸쳐 23.35wt%/h의 단위 시간당 무게감소를 확인할 수 있었고, 산화된 Zry-4의 경우 반응 속도가 두 영역으로 나뉘는 것을 확인하였다. 산화된 Zry-4의 무게 감소 속도는 0-20wt% 영역에서는 17.12wt%/h, 20-100wt% 영역에서는 27.16wt%/h으로 나타났다.

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of artificial insemination (AI) failure in 1,619 Korean native cows at Gangwon East area, Korea. The average AI failure rate was 37.02% in the cows and the highest rate was 40.85% in Yangyang-city. Based on the parity in the cows, the AI failure rate was 49.14% and 29.91% in the first and fifth parity cows, respectively. Whereas cows until fifth parity were decreased in AI failure, cows with sixth or more parity showed an upturning AI failure trends with the increasing of parity number. AI failure rate incidence according to the rump fat thickness measured by ultrasound was 28.9% and 33.4% at 5 mm to 10 mm and over than 15 mm, respectively. There was a positive correlation (0.2186) between AI failure rate of mother and that of their offspring cows. That is, offspring of dams with high AI failure rate showed also higher AI failure than those of dams having lower AI failure rate. In conclusion, these results indicate that the AI failure rate was closely related to the rump fat thickness, parity number, and conception rate of mother cows. In addition, these results might strengthen the basis to improve the reproductive performance in Korean native cows.

This study examined the motility of either the unattached(upper) or attached(lower) Hanwoo sperm to bovine oviduct epithelial cell(BOEC) monolayers to determine whether there are any changes in their motility during co-culture. The cleavage and blastocyst development rate were compared among different preincubation methods in-vitro, after oocytes were fertilized in-vitro with Hanwoo sperm on BOEC monolayers. The motility of frozen-thawed sperm in BOEC co-culture group was significantly higher than controls, especially at 5 hours and 6 hours (p<0.05) of incubation, in sperm treatment medium without heparin and caffeine. The motility of frozen-thawed sperm in BOEC co-culture group was significantly higher than controls, especially at 3 hours (p<0.05) and 6 hours (p<0.01), in sperm treatment medium containing heparin and caffeine. The motility of the attached( lower) sperm was significantly higher than the unattached(upper) sperm during co-culture with BOEC at all times(p<0.01 or p<0.05), except for 6 hours. After Hanwoo oocytes were fertilized in-vitro with the sperm that had been co-cultured with BOEC in sperm treatment medium containing heparin and caffeine, we determined the cleavage and blastocyst development rate, according to the preincubation methods. Both the cleavage and blastocyst development rate from 2 hour preincubation group were the highest, but significant difference was not recognized. These results show that BOEC plays an important role on sperm hyperactivation related to capacitation regardless of heparin and caffeine in sperm treatment medium. However, oviduct epithelial cell had no significant effect on the development of embryos after in-vitro fertilization in the presence of added heparin and caffeine in sperm treatment medium.