This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of soybean fermented with Monascus. Also, the changes in the content of isoflavones and Monacolin K were analyzed. It was observed that the glycoside forms of daidzin and genistin were converted to aglycones of daidzein and genistein within 6 days of fermentation. The product can be used as a health functional material that can increase bioavailability. Monacolin K production was found to increase significantly with the progression of fermentation with an increase to 0.04 mg/g and 0.44 mg/g on 6 and 12 days of fermentation, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of soybean fermented with Monascus was significantly increased compared to that of soybean. The protein expression of inflammation-related genes (TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2) in the MIN cell was significantly increased in the presence of alloxan compared to the normal group, but a decrease was observed in the presence of soybean fermented with Monascus. In conclusion, soybean fermented with Monascus showed the highest antidiabetic and antioxidant effects. These results suggest that soybean fermented with Monascus has the potential to be used as a beneficial ingredient with antidiabetic and antioxidant effects.

제2형 당뇨 마우스로 8주간 50%, 75% 강도의 유산소성 및 저항성 운동을 수행하여 항 당뇨 및 지질 개선에 미치는 영향을 비교 분석하였다. 39주령 C57BL/6 마우스 48마리를 일반식이정상군 (Normal, n=8)을 제외하고, Streptozotocin (STZ)으로 당뇨를 유발하여 제2형 당뇨군(DM, n=8), 제2형 당뇨+VO2max 50% 유산소운동군(DM50A, n=8), 제2형 당뇨+VO2max 75% 유산소운동군(DM75A, n=8), 제2형 당뇨+1RM 50% 저항운동군(DM50R, n=8), 그리고 제2형 당뇨+1RM 75% 저항운동군 (DM75R, n=8)으로 구분하였다. 유산소성 운동은 주 5일, 1일 40분씩 8주간 트레드밀 운동을 실시하였으며, DM50A군은 1~4주는 8m/min, 5~8주는 8~10m/min으로, DM75A군은 1~4주는 12m/min, 5~8주는 12~14m/min으로 점증하여 실시하였다. 저항성 운동은 주5일 8주간 사다리 저항운동을 실시하였으며, DM50R군은 1RM의 50%, DM75R군은 1RM의 75%로 운동 반복 사이 2분간의 휴식을 주어 총 8번의 Climbing을 실시하였다. 8주간의 운동 후 공복 혈당은 DM군에 비해 DM운동군에서 유의적으로 낮았으 며, 인슐린은 운동에 따른 유의한 차이가 없었으나, HOMA-IR은 DM군에 비해 DM운동군이 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다. HbA1c는 DM군에 비해 DM50R 및 DM75R군이 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 총콜레스테롤과 LDL-C는 DM운동군 간의 차이가 없었으나, HDL-C는 DM75A군이 가장 높은 수준으로 나타났고, 중성지방은 DM75R군이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 심혈관 위험 지수는 Normal군 및 DM75A군이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 T2DM 마우스에서 중강도의 저항성 운동은 혈당 및 인슐린 저항성 조절에 더 나은 개선을 보여주었으며, 중강도의 유산소성 운동은 HDL-C 수준 증가를 통한 심혈관 위험 지수를 감소 하는데 효과적이었다.

Curcumin is a hydrophobic polyphenol extracted from turmeric that exhibits a variety of biological functions has albeit with limited efficacy as a functional food material owing to its low absorption when administered orally. The newly developed curcumin powder formulation exhibits improved absorption rate in vivo. This study evaluates the anti-oxidant effects of Theracurmin® (TC), which is highly bio-available in curcumin powder. The antioxidant activity of TC was investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, ferrous reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, NO radical, superoxide radical, H2O2 scavenging activity, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Additionally, we evaluated the antioxidant activity of TC in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Type 2 diabetic rats. As a result of oral administration of TC for 13 weeks in type 2 diabetic rats, the group administration of 2,000 mg/kg significantly increased FRAP, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced the level of glutathione (GSH) in liver tissue 1.9, 1.2, and 1.2-times, respectively. Furthermore, serum TAC levels increased by 1.3-fold after the rats were administered with a dose of 500 mg/kg. These results were consistent with the in vitro assay results. In conclusion, TC exhibited its potential as a functional food material through its antioxidant properties.

In this study, we assessed antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-Alzheimer activities of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten (OFI) at harvest time. OFIs were cultivated December 2015~November 2016 in Jeju island. The 70% ethanol extracts of OFI were used to investigate total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, antioxidant(DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay), anti-diabetic(yeast α-glucosidase and rat α-glucosidase inhibition assay), and anti-Alzheimer(Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition assay) activities. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of OFIs were 17.40~23.11 μg garlic acid/mg Ex and 2.17~6.22 ug (+)-catechine/mg Ex, respectively. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity of OFIs were 131.98~184.90 mg ascorbic acid(AA) eq/100 g and 63.60~101.83 mg AA eq/100 g, respectively. In the anti-diabetic and anti-Alzheimer activities, 70% ethanol extracts of OFI exhibited moderate inhibition activity, compared to control (acarbose and beberine). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-Alzheimer activities were no significant differences by season, respectively. Therefore, information on comparative biological evaluations of OFI may be a beneficial in exploring functional food and drug development.

The objective of this study was to determine the anti-diabetic effect of the water extract of Neolentinus lepideus in a diabetic mouse model. Seven-week-old C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice were fed either a control diet (CD) or diet supplemented with 1% or 5% of N. lepideus water extract (NLWE1 or NLWE5) for 10 weeks. Oral administration of NLWE significantly decreased the body weight gain compared to that of CD-fed group. Mice in the NLWE group had significantly lower levels of fasting serum glucose, fatty acids, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to those in the control group. These effects were accompanied by reduced fatty liver and improved glucose tolerance in the NLWE group. Taken together, these results suggest that N. lepideus might have potential as a dietary supplement to control diabetes.

Metabolic syndrome, including obesity, glucose intolerance and elevated blood pressure, is related to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have reported the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects of purple corn extract. We investigated the efficacy of purple corn extract (PC) against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and glucose intolerance, and examined the underlying mechanisms by analyzing expression of proteins and genes involved in glucose regulation and macrophage infiltration. C57BL/6 mice were fed with normal chow diet (ND), or HFD treated with distilled water (DW, control) or PC, for 10 weeks. Although body weights were similar in the HFD-fed groups, we observed a decrease in the liver and epididymal adipose tissue (EAT) weights, and enhanced glucose tolerance test (GTT) results in the PC group, as compared with DW group. Liver showed increased Akt phosphorylation in the PC-treated mice; however, no changes were observed in the EAT, for all groups. In PC-treated mice, decreased macrophage infiltration was seen in the EAT, with a reduced expression of macrophage marker genes. Finally, proinflammatory cytokine gene expressions were decreased by PC in the EAT, and a modest trend for downregulation was observed in the liver. Hence, we conclude that PC may decrease glucose intolerance by increasing the phosphorylation of Akt and reducing the macrophage infiltration into the EAT.

The anti-diabetic effect of dried-silkworm Dongchunghacho water extracts was investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Seven-week-old SD rats were randomly assigned to six groups: normal control (NC) group, diabetic control (DC) group, water extracts of Paecilomyces japonica grown on a dried-silkworm (PJ-DS, 50 mg/kg) group, PJ-DS (250 mg/kg) group, water extracts of Cordyceps militaris grown on a dried-silkworm (CM-DS, 250 mg/kg) group, and water extracts of dried-silkworm (DS, 250 mg/kg) group. These groups were orally provided with sample dissolved in water respectively for four weeks after an injection of STZ (60 mg/kg, ip) followed by identification of diabetic control (DC) group. After four weeks, body weight of all diabetic groups was significantly lower than that of the normal control (NC) group, but among diabetic groups there were no significant differences. Blood glucose levels of the PJ-DS (50 mg/kg), PJ-DS (250 mg/kg), CM-DS (250 mg/kg) and DS (250 mg/kg) groups were reduced compared to the DC group by 3.0 percent, 18.5 percent, 6.9 percent and 13.1 percent, respectively. Concentration of total cholesterol and triglyceride in blood plasma were to some degree decreased in PJ-DS (250 mg/kg) and DS (250 mg/kg) groups compared to the DC group. According to these results dried-silkworm Dongchunghacho water extracts (PJ-DS) boost protection against STZ-induced toxicity.

This study investigated the antidiabetic effect of amaranth grain ethanol extract (AEE) in a diabetic animal model, db/db mouse. The mice were divided into 4 groups: normal control mice (C57BL/6J), diabetic mice (C57BL/6J db/db), diabetic mice fed a lower concentration of AEE (0.3 mg/kg), and diabetic mice fed a higher concentration of AEE (0.5 mg/kg). After 10 weeks of treatment, body weights, blood insulin levels and blood glucose levels of each group were compared. At the end of treatment, the results showed that both AEE supplemented groups had lower body weights than those in the diabetic groups although higher than those in the normal groups. Moreover, in both AEE supplemented groups, serum insulin levels were higher and blood glucose levels were lower than those in the diabetic groups although both values were higher than those in the normal groups. The results of this study suggest that AEE can alleviate many of the common symptoms of diabetes in diabetic mice and, therefore, has potential as a therapeutic supplement for normalization of blood glucose and insulin levels in humans.

영지버섯과 상황버섯의 항당뇨 효능을 알아보기 위하여 실험을 수행하였으며, 당뇨병에 negative regulator로 작용 하는 PTP1B의 억제 활성을 살펴본 결과 영지버섯과 상황 버섯이 억제 활성을 보였으며, 타액의 α-amylase는 타액 과 췌장내에서 탄수화물의 소화에 있어서 중요한 효소로 작용하며 이 효소를 저해시킴으로서 탄수화물의 소화 속 도를 지연시켜 식후 혈당 상승을 억제할 수 있다. α- amylase 억제활성정도를 실험으로 확인한 결과 양성대조 구와 비슷한 억제활성을 보였으며, 상황버섯은 89%로 Acarbose와 같은 억제 활성을 보였다. α-glucosidase는 다 당류의 탄수화물을 단당류로 분해하는 탄수화물의 소화와 흡수에 필수적인 효소로 억제활성을 실험으로 확인한 결 과 양성대조구와는 다르게 낮은 억제 활성을 보였다. 두 가지 소화효소에 모두 억제활성을 보이는 기존제품의 단 점을 보완할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구에서는 메탄올과 열수를 이용해 갈색먹물버섯의 자실체로부터 추출한 물질의 항산화, 항당뇨, 항콜린에스 테라아제, 항티로시나제와 항염증 효과를 탐색하 였다. 고 속액체크로마토그래피를 이용해 추출물의 페놀성 화합물 을 분석한 결과 procatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, (-)- epicatechin, naringin 등 총 4종류의 페놀성 화합물이 확 인되었다. 항산화 효과 실험에서 DPPH radical 소거능은 양성대조군으로 사용한 BHT에 비해 낮았지만 효과가 비 교적 우수하였고, 철 이온을 제거하는 항산화 효과는 메 탄올과 열수 추출물이 양성대조군인 BHT에 비해 30% 높게 나타났으나 환원력은 양성대조군에 비해 43% 정도 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 항당뇨 실험에서 α-amylase와 α- glucosidase에 대한 메탄올과 열수추출물의 저해효과는 2.0 mg/ml의 농도에서 각각 62.26%와 67.59%를 보여 양 성대조군인 acarbose의 81.81%에 비해 낮았다. 아세틸콜 린에스테라아제에 대한 메탄올과 열수추출물의 저해효과 는 1.0 mg/ml의 농도에서 각각 94.64%와 74.19%를 보여 양성대조군인 galanthamine의 97.80%에 비해 낮았다. 티 로시나아제에 대한 메탄올과 열수추출물의 저해효과는 2.0 mg/ml의 농도에서 각각 91.33%와 91.99%를 나타내 양성대조군인 kojic acid의 99.61%와 매우 유사한 효과를 얻었다. 염증저해 효과 실험에서는 RAW 264.7 대식세포 가 배양되고 있는 배지에 갈색먹물버섯 자실체의 메탄올 과 열수추출물을 각각 전 처리 한 후 염증매개 물질인 LPS를 투여하여 메탄올과 열수 추출물의 NO 생성 저해 효과를 조사한 결과 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 생성 된 NO의 양이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 갈색 먹물버섯의 자실체에는 항산화, 항당뇨, 항아세틸콜린에 스터라제 항티로시나아제 및 항염증 효과를 나타내는 물 질이 함유되어 있어서 천연 건강식품으로 이용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Anti-diabetic activities of cultured mycelia from Ganoderma applanatum are being evaluated in this study. The OGTT and 4-weeks of repeated oral efficacy tests are conducted in mice at the doses of 0 (vehicle treatment), 25, 75 and 225 ㎎/㎏/day, respectively. In human study, the test article was administered orally every day for 8-week at a dose of 1,500 ㎎/㎏, tid and placebo group. The blood glucose levels (BGL) at 0.5 hour after treatment are significant decreased in all treatment groups of OGTT test. In the 4-week test, BGL of 75 and 225 ㎎/㎏/day group is continuously decreased during all treatment periods and the BGL of 25 ㎎/㎏/day group show decreasing trends at the final week, the pancreas weight of all treatment groups are being increased, and the Langerhans-islet numbers were increased at all treatment groups with a dose-response manner. There are no test article-related abnormal signs and the fasted blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PPG) and HbA1c are decreased significantly after 8-week treatments. These results that the cultured mycelia from Ganoderma applanatum could decrease BGL by protecting the degeneration of Langerhans islets.

본 연구는 동충하초(Isaria tenuipes)를 유전적 당뇨 질환 동물모델인 OLETF 랫드에서 4주간 경구 투여하여 항당뇨 효과에 대한 연구결과로써, OLETF 랫드 동충하초(Isaria tenuipes) 투여군은 당뇨대조군과 비교하여 투여 4주에는 사료 섭취량과 체중이 증가하였다. 이는 동충하초(Isaria tenuipes)를 섭취한 OLETF 랫드는 고지방식 사료만 섭취 한 OLETF 랫드에 비해 당뇨 유발이 개선된 결과로 판단 된다. 혈중 포도당 농도, 인슐린 농도 및 인슐린 저항성 지표인 HOMA-IR 수치가 용량 의존적으로 감소하였다. 또한 GLUT4 유전자 발현을 측정한 결과 대조군에 비해 동충 하초(Isaria tenuipes) 투여군의 mRNA 및 단백질이 용량의존적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 따라서, 동충하초 (Isaria tenuipes)의 섭취가 제2형 당뇨에서 인슐린의 감수성이나 저항성에 영향을 미치고, 혈당을 강화시키는 것으로 사료되므로 당뇨병환자의 혈당저하에 기여할 것이라 기대한다. 이에 본 연구는 천연물질을 이용한 당뇨병의 예방 및 치료에 동충하초(Isaria tenuipes)를 사용할 수 있는 이론적 토대를 제공할 것으로 생각된다.

In this study, we observed anti-diabetic effects of acid hydrolyzed silk peptides, where the amount of peptides in the total amino acid mixture was strictly regulated. Using in vitro diabetes models, silk peptide-containing amino acid mixtures of 5.60% (G5), 11.30% (G10), 14.50% (G15), and 20.50% (G20) were examined separately in order to determine whether they have biological activities. According to our results, a cytoprotective effect was observed following treatment of interleukin-1β in RINm5f pancreas β-cells. As a consequence, Bax, a pro-apoptotic gene, was down-regulated, while Bcl-2, a pro-survival gene, was retained at normal level. Results of the 4’,6-diamidino-2-phentylindole (DAPI) staining assay confirmed that G20 has a better cytoprotective effect. Insulin release from RINm5f cells showed a significant increase following treatment with G5-G20, suggesting that silk peptide effectively regulated and induced insulin production. Single treatment with G5-G20 resulted in enhanced glucose uptake in L6 skeletal muscle cells. In addition, a higher amount of each group inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase. In summary, these data suggest that silk peptide may have an anti-diabetic effect through protection of pancreas β-cells and enhancement of insulin release, which showed a close association with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), and can improve glucose uptake, which was the major target for therapy of Type 2 diabetes. Taken together, we concluded that acid hydrolyzed silk peptides can be used effectively for control of blood sugar metabolism via improvement of the problematic indices of Type 1 and Type 2 DM.