Amyloid-β protein (Aβ) is known to increase free radical production in neuronal cells, leading to cell death by oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of PineXol® on Aβ25-35 induced neuronal cell death. Rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells were pre-treated with 100 μg/mL of PineXol® for 2 h. The cells were exposed to single dose of 30 μM Aβ25-35 for 24 h. Cell death was assessed by a cell count kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, lactate and dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. An Apoptotic process was analyzed by a protein expression of the Bcl-2 family using western blotting. Cell viability increased in PC-12 cells treated with both Aβ25-35 and PineXol®, compared to the control group. PineXol® induced a decrease of the Bcl-2 protein expression (p<0.05), while Bax and Sod1 increased (p<0.05), indicating attenuation of Aβ25-35 induced apoptosis. These results suggest that PineXol® may be a good candidate for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).

목적: 본 연구는 소프트콘택트렌즈 착용자중 난시처방자의 토릭 소프트콘택트렌즈 처방 비율을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 연구대상은 최근 5년간 소프트콘택트렌즈를 구매한 대상 5,207명(20대)을 대상으로 토릭 소프트 콘택트렌즈 처방 비율을 조사하였다. 성별과 연령에 따른 토릭소프트콘택트렌즈 처방비율을 조사하였으며 난시범위에 따른 조사는 Group1은 C-0.00~-0.75D(1,301명), Group2 는 C-1.00D~-2.00D(2,343명), Group3은 C-2.25D이상(1,563명)으로 분류하여 실시하였다. 또한 난시축에 따라 직난시, 도난시, 사난시의 비율을 조사하였다. 조사결과에 대한 통계는 SPSS 20.0을 사용하여 신뢰도 95%를 기준으로 p<0.05일 때 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 판단 하였다. 결과: 최근 5년동안 소프트콘택트렌즈 구매고객은 전체 5,207명중 남성은 1,215명으로 23.33%, 여성은 3,992명으로 76.67%였다. 토릭소프트콘택트렌즈 처방은 2012년 27.02%, 2013년 25.86%, 2014년 34.07%, 2015년 40.15%, 2016년 53.15%로 매년 증가하였다. 난시 굴절이상도 범위는 매년 GroupⅢ에서 가장 높은 비율로 처방이 되었다(2012년 67.12%, 2013 년 70.21%, 2014년 64.75%, 2015년 75.77%, 2016년 71.97%). 토릭소프트콘택트렌즈 처방 중 난시축에 따른 조사는 직난시는 총1,433명으로 평균 76.30%로 매년 가장 높은 비율로 나타났다(2012년 73.27%, 2013년 74.25%, 2014년 76.94%, 2015년 79.62%, 2016년 77.42%). 결론: 안경원 방문자중 소프트콘택트렌즈 처방자를 대상으로 토릭콘택트렌즈의 처방을 조사한 결과 남성보다 여성에서 처방 비율이 높았으며, 난시굴절이상도가 높을수록 토릭소프트콘택트 렌즈의 처방비율이 높게 나타났다. 여성의 토릭소프트 콘택트렌즈의 처방에 더 많은 관심이 필요할 것이다.

As ZIF materials have their unique properties such as high surface area, tunable pore structure, thermal and chemical stability, they can be used in various applications including gas separation and catalysis. For synthesis of ZIF membranes, fixing sub-micron ZIF seed particles on the support is challenging and important. In this work, ZIF-8 seed layer was synthesized by conversion synthesis of ZnO layer on support in H-mIm solution, followed by the secondary growth synthesis of ZIF-8 membranes. The parameters of conversion seeding had been investigated to control the reaction rate combining the dissolution rate of ZnO and the crystallization rate of ZIF-8. This ZIF-8 membranes showed the better coverage of seeding layer and improved gas separation properties compared with the membranes prepared by traditional dip-coating seeding method.

PURPOSES : It is necessary to clarify the rheological properties of cement paste as a basic research in the development of mechanistic concrete mix design. The rheological properties of cement paste with different binder types, mix propositions, and with/without high range water reducers have been analyzed. METHODS: In this study, ordinary Portland cement, fly-ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume, and limestone powder were used as binders. The range of water-binder ratio was 0.3-0.5, and a total of 30 different mixes have been tested. The slump flow test, V-funnel test, and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) test were performed to analyze the rheological properties of cement paste. RESULTS : As a result of the slump flow test, it was found that the composition ratio of the binder contents greatly affected the paste flow when the high range water reducers were added. The results of V-funnel test showed that when the water-binder ratio was decreased without high range water reducers, the binder composition ratio had a large effect on the passing time of the V-funnel tester, but with high range water reducers the impact of the binder composition ratio was decreased. The slump flow and V-funnel have a certain relationship with the rheological factors (yield stress and plastic viscosity), but the correlation was not significant. Finally, we proposed the M-value considering the density and specific surface area of the binder. The correlation between rheological factors and M-value were better demonstrated than experimental values, but there is still a limit to predict the rheological factor in general mix design. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the rheological properties of cement paste were analyzed. The binder type, composition ratio of binder, and with/without high range water reducers have combined to provide the complex effects on the rheological properties of cement paste. The correlation between the proposed M-value and rheological factor was found to be better than experimental results, but needs to be improved in the future.

Palatability and texture analysis of nine Korean rice cultivars were investigated to select the most appropriate rice variety for the cooked-rice processing. The rice cultivars studied consisted of Samkwang, Seonpum, Wolbaek, Andabyeo, Dasan-1, Ilpum, Haiami, Jungsanggold and Chindle. They revealed the moisture, protein, amylose and starch contents of 10~12, 5~6, 12~19, and approximately 90%, respectively. Among the evaluated rice varieties, WB exhibited the lowest amylose content (12.7%) and Jungsanggold the next (17.2%). In the rapid-visco analyzer test, Jungsanggold, Chindle, Wolbaek and Seonpum revealed a low value of final and setback viscosities than other varieties. Using a toyo meter analyzer, Chindle, Haiami, Samkwang were selected as having high toyo palatability values, while Dasan-1, Wolbaek and Andabyeo revealed low values. Toughness and adhesiveness of all nine cooked rice varieties were highest in Jungsanggold, Chindle and Ilpum. Also, palatability of cooked rice was highest in the following order: Chindle (80.03) > Samkwang (76.21) > Jungsanggold (74.08). The results of this study suggest that Chindle may be effectively used to produce processed cooked rice.

본 연구에서는 울진군 죽변의 암반조간대에서 2년(2015-2016)간 계절별 저서동물의 군집구조와 분포양상을 분석하였다. 죽변 암반조간대의 종조성은 5문 41종으로 자포동물 4종, 연체동물 19종, 환형동물 3종, 절지동물 13종, 극피동물 2종이 출현하였으며, 총개체수 1,642 inds./m2, 총생체량 1,959.42 gWWt/m2 조사되었다. 조간대 상부는 조무래기따개비(Chthamalus challengeri), 좁쌀무늬총알고둥(Nodilittorina radiata)이 우점하였다. 하부는 지중해담치(Mytilus galloprovincialis), 배무래기(Nipponacmaea schrenckii), 구멍밤고둥(Chlorostoma turbinata)이 우 점하였다. 계절별 우점종의 경우, 조간대 상부에는 겨울과 봄에 조무래기따개비, 여름과 가을에 좁쌀무늬총알고둥이 우점하였다. 조간대 하부는 전 계절에 걸쳐서 지중해담치가 우점하였다. 군집분석을 통해 생물군집의 분기별 유사성을 분석한 결과, 이들 지역은 세 개의 그 룹으로 구분되었다. 조간대 하부의 2015년 11월, 2015년 8월, 2016년 2-8월의 Group A와 조간대 하부의 2016년 11월, 2015년 5월의 Group B, 2015년-2016년 조간대 상부의 Group C로 구분되었다.

목적: 양안시기능 이상이 없는 학생들의 컬러렌즈 선호도를 조사한 후, 컬러렌즈 색상에 따른 읽기능력을 분석하였다. 방법: 색각이상 및 안질환이 없고, 교정시력 1.0 이상이며 양안시기능이 정상인 대학생 (20-29세) 19명을 대상으로 Intuitive Colorimeter Mk.3을 이용하여 근거리 독서 시 선호하 는 컬러렌즈 색상을 조사하였다. 총 163개의 단어와 12줄로 이루어져 있고, 서로 연결되는 의미 있는 문장이 아닌 단어로 이루어진 읽기 시표를 사용하여 1분간 읽은 단어수를 측정 하여 컬러렌즈 착용 전과 후의 읽기능력을 검사하였다. 결과: 대상자가 선호하는 컬러렌즈의 색상은 green이 가장 많았으며 blue-green, rose, purple, yellow 순이었다. 근거리 작업시 불편함을 느끼는 visual stress는 yellow 색상을 선택한 학생이 가장 높았으며 rose 색상을 선택한 학생이 가장 적었으며 통계적으로 유의미 하였다(p=0.00). 컬러렌즈 착용 전 정확하게 읽은 단어의 개수는 purple 그룹이 가장 많았고 green 그룹이 가장 적었다(p=0.04). 컬러렌즈 착용 후 정확하게 읽은 개수는 blue – green 그룹이 가장 많았고 green 그룹이 가장 적었다(p=0.03). blue-green 그룹은 컬러렌즈 착용 전보다 착용 후의 읽기 속도가 증가하였으나, 나머지 그룹은 감소하였다(p=0.00). 결론: 양안시기능 이상이 없는 대학생들은 green 컬러렌즈를 많이 선호하였다. 다른 색상은 읽기속도가 감소한 반면, blue-green 컬러렌즈는 읽기속도가 향상되어 컬러렌즈의 긍정적 효과가 나타났다. 추후 파장별 색수차와 조절력의 연관성을 분석하여 컬러렌즈의 긍정적 효과의 근거에 대한 후속 연구가 필요하다.

목적: 폭주부족안을 선별할 수 있는 CISS 설문결과를 사위량과 폭주근점 및 조절용이성 등의 결과와 비교하여 CISS 설문의 점수와 양안시기능과의 상관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 안질환이 없고, 교정시력 1.0 이상의 대학생(20-29세) 39명을 대상으로 CISS 설문을 진행하여 얻어진 점수를 4개의 그룹(Group1 : 10점 이하, Group2 : 11-20점, Group3 : 21-30점, Group4 : 31점 이상)으로 분류하고, 모든 대상자들의 원거리 및 근거리 사위도, 폭주근점, 조절용이성 검사를 실시하였다. 결과: CISS 설문 결과에 따라 분류한 4개의 그룹에서의 원거리 및 근거리 사위량과 폭주근점, 조절용이성 검사 결과를 비교하였다. 원거리 사위량은 각 그룹별로 서로 다른 결과를 나타내었으나 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 근거리 사위량은 Group1보다 Group4에서의 사위량이 높게 측정되었으며, CISS 점수가 높아질수록 근거리에서의 외사위량이 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 폭주근점 검사 결과에서도 마찬가지로 점수가 높은 그룹에서 폭주근점이 더 멀어짐이 나타났으며, 조절용이성 검사에서도 CISS 점수가 높을수록 조절용 이성이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: CISS 설문지는 근거리 작업에 불편함을 느끼는 폭주부족안의 자각증상들로 이루어진 설문지를 활용하여, 이 설문의 결과와 실제 근거리의 조절 및 폭주량의 연관성을 확인하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 독서 또는 근거리 작업 시에 불편한 자각증상이 있는 경우, 근거리에서 외사위량이 크게 나타나거나 폭주 및 조절 능력이 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 추후 폭주부족안의 자각증상을 줄여줄 수 있는 양안시기능 처방에 관한 후속 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.

As ZIF materials have their unique properties such as high surface area, tunable pore structure, thermal and chemical stability, they can be used in various applications including gas separation and catalysis. For synthesis of ZIF membranes, fixing sub-micron ZIF seed particles on the support is challenging and important. In this work, ZIF-8 seed layer was synthesized by conversion synthesis of ZnO layer on support in H-mIm solution, followed by the secondary growth synthesis of ZIF-8 membranes. The parameters of conversion seeding had been investigated to control the reaction rate combining the dissolution rate of ZnO and the crystallization rate of ZIF-8. This ZIF-8 membranes showed the better coverage of seeding layer and gas separation properties compared with the membranes prepared by traditional dip-coating seeding.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of roasted peanuts and the antioxidative effect of peanut oil added with sesame oil. Saltiness of roasted peanut increased with increasing salt content. In terms of color value, L and b values decreased as increasing concentration increased, whereas a value increased with increasing salt content. Overall, sensory evaluations proved that roasted peanuts with 15% added salt was preferred over other samples. For peanut oil added with sesame oil, acid values increased during the storage period, whereas samples made with sesame oil had lower values than the control group. Peroxide values increased rapidly for 21 days and then decreased. The acid and peroxide values were lower in peanut oil added with 50% sesame oil compared to peanut oil added with 30%, 10%, and 70% sesame oil, as well as the control. The TBA values of peanut oil made with 50% and 30% sesame oil were lower than those of the control and 70% and 10% sesame oil. According to the Rancimat method, PS-50% (524 min) and PS-30% (453 min) demonstrated longer induction periods as compared to the control (280 min), PS-70% (445 min), and PS-10% (291 min) samples.

The Automobile HVAC system is a habitat for odor-associated fungal communities. We investigated the odorassociated fungal community in an automobile HVAC system using a high-throughput DNA sequencing method. The fungal community structure was evaluated via metagenome analysis. At the phylum level, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were detected, accounting for 43.41% and 56.49% of the fungal community in the HVAC system, respectively. Columnosphaeria (8.31%), Didymella (5.60%), Davidiella (5.50%), Microxyphium (4.24%), unclassified Pleosporales (2.90%), and Cladosporium (2.79%) were abundant at phylum of Ascomycota and Christiansenia (36.72%), Rhodotorula (10.48%), and Sporidiobolus (2.34%) were abundant at phylum of Basidiomycota. A total of 22 genera of fungi were isolated and identified from the evaporators of the HVAC systems which support fungal growth and biofilm formation. Among them, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Alternaria are the most representative odor-associated fungi in HVAC systems. They were reported to form biofilm on the surface of HVAC systems with other bacteria by hypha. In addition, they produce various mVOCs such as 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetic acid, butanoic acid, and methyl isobutyl ketone. Our findings may be useful for extending the understanding of odor-associated fungal communities in automobile HVAC systems.

This study investigated the odor-associated bacterial community in automobile HVAC systems. Through a metagenome analysis, it was found that; Massilia (42.426%), Sphingomonas (28.200%), (10.780%), and Methylobacterium (5.756%) were abundant in the HVAC systems. Massilia can cause the biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) producing odor in automobiles. Sphingomonas produces volatile halogenated compounds or degrades organic pollutants. Rhodococcus is reported to produce sulfur compounds which give off an odor similar to rotting eggs and cabbages. Methylobacterium is one of the most representative bacteria that causes odor in automobile HVAC systems. The evaporator is considered as the appropriate habitat for microorganisms in automobiles because of its high humidity and organic adsorption. Massilia, Sphingomonas, Rhodococcus, Methylobacterium, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Arthrobacter, Micrococcus, and Pseudomonas, listed in order from most to least present, were isolated as abundant bacteria in the evaporator of the HVAC systems.

The oocyte undergoes various events during In vitro maturation (IVM) and subsequence development. One of the events is production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is a normal process of cell metabolism. But imbalances between ROS production and antioxidant systems induce oxidative stress that negatively affect to mammalian reproductive process. In vitro environments, In vitro matured oocytes have many problems, such as excessive production of ROS and imperfect cytoplasmic maturation. Therefore, In vitro matured oocytes still have lower maturation rates and developmental competence than in vivo matured oocytes. In order to improve the IVM and In vitro culture (IVC) system, antioxidants, vitamins were added to the IVM, IVC medium. Antioxidant supplementation was effective in controlling the production of ROS and it continues to be explored as a potential strategy to overcome mammalian reproductive disorders. Based on these studies, we expect that the use of antioxidants in porcine oocytes could improved maturation and development rates.

Recently, as demand for Electric Car has been increasing, it has been a main factor that maximizing performance and ensuring the stability of the Electric Car battery to increase the reliability of Electric Car. Above all the study on thermal control in a big influence on the performance and battery life is growing in parallel. This study has compared cooling effect of an Electric Car battery between battery with Heat Sink and without Heat Sink for optimum design of Electric Car battery. Battery is simply modeled into four cells, divided into two cases of battery with Heat Sink that attached on the cell's side and without Heat Sink. And this research was conducted on forced convection. The battery which is designed by this way was numerically analyzed by CFX 14.5. Numerical results, revealed that the battery with Heat Sink was superior in terms of cooling effect. According to the numerical analysis by battery cell's temperature variations, the battery with Heat Sink turned out to be superior in cooling effect to the battery without Heat Sink.

The aim of this study was to investigate change of plasminogen activators (PAs) and their inhibitors (PAIs) mRNA and protein expression level by heat stress in porcine endometrial cells. The endometrial epithelial cells were isolated from endometrial epithelium in porcine uterus and cultured in different temperature conditions (38.5 and 41.5℃) for 24 h. Expression of urokinase-type PA (uPA), tissue-type PA (tPA), PA inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and -2 (PAI-2) mRNA in epithelial cells were analyzed using reverse transcription-PCR and protein levels were measured by immunofluorescence. In result, mRNA expression of uPA, tPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 were decreased in 41.5℃ than 38.5℃ culture condition, however, significant differences were no detected. uPA, tPA and PAI-2 protein were mainly expressed in nucleus, whereas PAI-1 was distributed in cytoplasm and nucleus. uPA and tPA protein levels were increased by heat stress treatment and significant difference was only detected in tPA level (p<0.05). In contrast, two types of PAIs protein level were decreased in 41.5℃ cultured group compared with 38.5℃ group. In present study, tPA protein expression was upregulated by heat stress in porcine endometrial cells. This result suggest that change of tPA by heat stress may be related to blood flow into uterus and intrauterine microenvironments, and could directly and indirectly influence to reproductive performance in pigs.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a faculty development program for nursing simulation educators. Methods: This study developed one-day education program based on the ADDIE model. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires to investigate learners’ needs and participants’ evaluation of the pilot program. The data were analyzed using EXCEL with descriptive statistics. Results: The participants’ satisfaction with the program showed an overall high level of satisfaction. Two types of faculty development were developed based on the needs assessment. In addition, a review of the existing programs, namely, basic and advanced courses, were conducted based on the learning needs hierarchy. Conclusion: The development and pilot testing of a faculty development program for nursing simulation educators are feasible. Further research should focus on the short- or long-term evaluation of the program using the experimental research design.

Variations among 15 major waxy cultivars in terms of milling appearance and cooking characteristics at different moisture contents were investigated. Hardness of milled rice kernels increased and 1000-grain weights decreased with the reduction of moisture content. The milled rice kernels showed about two-fold hardness gap between 12 and 16% moisture contents. The 1000-grain weights revealed 6% reduction from 21.4 g to 20.2 g at 16% and 12% moisture contents, respectively. The whiteness of waxy rice which indicated varietal variation also increased with decrease of moisture contents. In most cultivars, the whiteness of waxy rice peaked and stabilized at around 14% moisture content. In milling properties, brown/rough rice ratios were not affected by moisture content, however, milled/brown rice ratios increased with the decrease of moisture contents between 14 - 16%. This implied that the proper moisture content for milling rate of waxy rice is lower than that of non-waxy rice. The chalkiness expression of milled waxy rice varied directly with moisture contents. At 16% moisture content, the rates of translucent and semi-translucent kernels like non-waxy rice were 49.0 - 84.4% while at 14% moisture content, the rates of chalky rice were 88.7 - 99.9%. In terms of cooking properties of milled waxy rice with different moisture contents, lower moisture contents (12 - 13%) were related with higher water absorption rates. The higher volume expansion of cooked milled rice and more soluble solid after cooking in most cultivars showed the possibility of low palatability of cooked waxy rice with lower moisture contents (below 13%).