본 연구에서는 SLSTR로부터 산출된 위성 해수면온도 자료를 수집하여, 한반도 연안 해역에서의 실측 자료와 의 일치점을 생산하여 정확도를 검증하고자 하였으며 정확도에 영향을 미치는 환경적 요인에 대해 분석하였다. 2021년 1월부터 2023년 12월까지 3개년의 자료를 수집하였고, 총 497개의 일치점을 생산하였다. SLSTR 위성 해수면온도는 부 이 관측 해수면온도와 비교하였을 때 0.42K의 평균 제곱근 오차와 0.24 K의 평균 편차를 보였으며, 이는 SLSTR 위 성 사전 발사 요구사항을 만족하는 수치였다. 주간에는 0.14 K, 야간에는 0.29 K의 평균 편차로 야간의 음의 편차가 더욱 크게 나타났으며, 겨울철에는 음의 편차가, 여름철에는 양의 편차가 나타나는 계절적 변동성을 보였다. 해역별로는 동해에 비해서 황해와 남해에서 평균 제곱근 오차의 범위가 넓게 나타났다. 이외에도 연안으로부터의 거리, 풍속, 해수 면온도의 공간구배와 같은 요인에 의해 변동하는 특성이 나타났다. 위성 해수면온도는 4 m s1의 낮은 풍속 범위에서 주 간에는 양의 편차가, 야간에는 음의 편차가 나타났으며 전반적으로 야간의 편차가 더욱 큰 것으로 나타났다. 연안으로 부터의 거리가 멀어질수록 위성 해수면온도의 오차는 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 해수면온도의 공간 구배가 커질수록 평균 제곱근 오차가 증가하였다. 본 연구 결과는 다양한 환경적 요인에 의한 영향을 많이 받는 국지적인 환경에서의 SLSTR 위성 해수면온도 활용 연구를 위한 선행 연구로 추후 위성 해수면온도의 오차 변동 특성에 대한 이해를 바탕으 로한 연구가 진행되어야 함을 강조하였다.

내시경적 역행성 담췌관조영술 중 선택적 삽관은 유두가 보이지 않는 경우, 특히 게실 내 유두(intradiverticular papilla, IDP) 또는 점막 주름에 의해 유두가 덮여 있을 때 어려울 수 있다. Endoclip을 이용한 삽관술은 유두를 외번시키고 고정하는 데 효과적이며, 단독으로 또는 다른 기구와 함께 사용할 수 있는 안전한 기술이다. 본 증례에서는 endoclip을 사용하여 IDP 2예와 점막 주름에 의해 유두가 덮인 1예에서 성공적으로 유두 삽관을 수행한 경험을 보고한다. 두 증례에서는 endoclip만을 사용하여 보이지 않는 유두를 재위치시켜 삽관에 성공하였고, 한 증례에서는 endoclip을 이용해 여분의 주름을 카테터로 밀어 내어 삽관에 성공하였다. Endoclip을 이용한 유두 삽관술은 다양한 상황에서 단독으로 또는 다른 기구와 함께 적용할 수 있는 유용한 방법으로 평가된다.

이 연구는 인도네시아의 제도적 민주화 이후 특징적인 선거 제도가 정 착된 과정과 그 요인을 분석한다. 대규모 인구가 참여하는 인도네시아 선거는 짧은 민주적 선거 제도의 역사에도 불구하고 안정적으로 정착해 왔다는 평가를 받고 있다. 인도네시아는 다당제를 기반으로 하는 비례대 표제와 대통령제를 동시에 운영하고 있으며, 그에 따라 정치적 불안정성 이 발생할 가능성이 있다. 또한 개방형 비례대표제는 유권자에게 다양한 선택권을 제공하지만, 정보 습득과 판단이 필요한 복잡한 제도다. 이러한 위험 요소를 보완하기 위해 인도네시아 선거 제도는 봉쇄조항과 동시선 거와 같은 제도적 안전 장치를 도입해왔다. 연구 결과, 봉쇄조항 도입 이 후 주요 정당을 중심으로 적정한 수의 정당이 원내에 진입했고, 동시선 거 도입으로 투표율이 상승했으며, 유권자들이 정당 투표와 대통령 후보 투표에서 일관된 패턴을 보이는 경향이 나타났다는 점을 확인했다. 이는 인도네시아의 선거 제도가 안정화되고 활성화됐음을 시사한다. 본 연구 는 제도적 민주화 이후 인도네시아 선거 제도의 정착 과정을 체계적으로 분석했다는 점에서 의의가 있으며, 이 연구의 결과는 인물, 주요 정치적 사건 등을 복합적으로 고려한 후속 연구에 유용하게 활용될 수 있다.

도로 주행의 안전성 측면에서 타이어-노면간 미끄럼 마찰력은 주행 차량의 제동거리와 직접적인 요인으로 작용한다. 포장재료와 공법은 노출되는 포장 표면에 적절한 노면의 조직(Texture)을 형성하여 노면의 미끄럼 마찰력을 증가시킨다. 도로 표면에 노출되는 사용골재의 크기와 종류를 달리하거나 인위적인 홈을 주어 Macrotexture와 Microtexture를 형성 한다. 형성된 노면 조직은 시간이 경과 됨에 따라 환경하중과 교통하중이 반복 재하되면서 표면마모가 급격히 진행된다. 교통량의 흐름에 따라 마모로 인해 Microtexture 뿐만 아니라 Macrotexture의 노면조직은 매끄러운 표면으로 변해간다. 교통량의 흐름은 다양하다. 교통량 통계자료에 따르면 고속도로 이용차량의 약 70%는 승용차와 같은 2축 1단위로 구성 된 1종 차량이 차지하고 있다. 이는 국내 교통 특성은 포장 마모에 취약한 환경임을 말해주고 있다. 주행 차량들의 좌/ 우 바퀴의 간격과 주행위치의 다른 궤적에 따라 차량바퀴의 횡방향 변동을 원더링(Wandering)이라하는데, 도로포장 분 야에서 교통특성이 포장에 미치는 영향으로 원더링에 대한 연구 많이 진행 되어왔다. 본 연구에서는 실제 고속도로와 시 험도로에서 횡방향 위치별 미끄럼 마찰을 반복 조사하여 차량의 원더링에 따라 미끄럼 마찰저항이 다르게 분포함을 정 량적으로 입증하였다.

Phosphine (PH3) fumigation has been widely used for controlling storedgrain insect pests, causing the development of resistance of stored-grain insect pests to phosphine. PH3 resistance in Sitophilus oryzae has been reported in Korea. However, PH3 resistance in Tribolium castaneum has not been reported yet. This study was conducted to determine susceptibilities of T. castaneum collected from five different domestic locations to PH3. The susceptibility to PH3 was investigated using the FAO fumigation method. All domestic T. castaneum individuals were controlled by PH3 at 0.04 g m-3. At 0.01 g m-3, T. castaneum collected from two domestic locations did not exhibit 100% mortality. A P45S point mutation in dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (dld) gene was found in a PH3-resistant strain of T. castaneum (Aus07), but not in five domestic stains or a PH3-susceptible strain (Aus10). No significant difference was found in dld or cyt-b5-r gene expression across all tested strains. However, the Gyeongju-collected strain of T. castaneum showed more than a 1.7-fold increase in cyt-b5-r expression compared to the Aus07 strain. cDNA sequence analysis revealed that P45S (C133T) in the dld gene was only present in Aus07. A characteristic single nucleotide polymorphism in the cyt-b5-r gene sequence was identified in the five domestic strains. This study suggests that it is necessary to continuously monitor PH3-susceptibility of T. castaneum in Korea to quickly identify resistant individuals and prevent the spread of PH3 resistance through rapid control.

One of the harmful substances produced by livestock manure is ammonia (NH3), which is emitted at a high rate. Additionally, NH3 reacts with sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere to produce fine particulate matter (PM2.5). However, the management and countermeasures for NH3 in livestock facilities were found to be inadequate. To establish effective measures, an NH3 emission factor that complies with certified methodologies is required. This study calculates the emission factor by monitoring NH3 concentration and ventilation between September 2022 and May 2023 in a mechanically-ventilated enclosed facility. The data measurement was performed in accordance with the VERA test protocol from Europe, and NH3 concentrations were monitored in real-time using photoacoustic spectroscopy measurement equipment. The average NH3 concentrations for Rooms 1, 2, and 3 during the entire period were measured at 0.96 ± 0.39 ppm, 1.20 ± 0.57 ppm, and 1.34 ± 0.71 ppm, respectively, with an overall average of approximately 1.17 ± 0.49 ppm. The average ventilation was recorded at 2,782.0 ± 1,510.4 m³/h, with an average internal temperature of 26.0 ± 1.5 °C and a relative humidity of 63.9 ± 5.2%. The average emission factor per room was calculated as 0.14 ± 0.03 g/day/pig for Room 1, 0.19 ± 0.07 g/day/pig for Room 2, and 0.15 ± 0.05 g/day/pig for Room 3. Ultimately, this study determined the average NH3 emission factor for the weaned pig facility to be 0.16 g/day/ pig.

This study was conducted to secure basic data for developing technologies to reduce the generation of odor substances by investigating the effects of environmental temperature on growth performance and the generation of odor substances from feces in growing pigs. A total of 16 pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, average body weight 56.49±0.47kg) were randomly assigned to two treatments: thermal-neutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) conditions. The experiments were conducted for two weeks, with average temperature-humidity indices of 68.91±0.09 for TN and 85.98±0.08 for HS. The results showed that HS significantly decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI, 33.3%) and average daily gain (ADG, 25.8%) compared with TN (p<0.05). Non-esterified fatty acid in serum was lower (36.2%) in HS compared with TN (p<0.05). However, protein, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and IgG in serum showed no difference between HS and TN. Phenol (350.0%) and skatole (416.3%) were significantly higher in HS than in TN (p<0.05). The decrease in growth performance is attributed to reduction in ADFI. The increase in phenol and skatole in HS is presumed to be due to the effect of HS on the metabolism of intestinal microbial composition. Digestion rate, intestinal microbial composition, and urine emissions are known to affect odor substances. Further research on the content of odor substances in urine, nutrient digestion rate, and intestinal microbial composition is considered necessary to determine the exact associations.

In this paper, we covered the basic design process of water-cooled cabinets and studied how to determine the target performance of heat exchanger design, which is essential in water-cooled cabinet design. A theoretical method was presented to set the target efficiency of the heat exchanger, and the pressure drop of air passing through the heat exchanger was predicted analytically. A cabinet-level thermal analysis was performed using the target efficiency and pressure drop data of the heat exchanger. The accuracy of the theoretical method was judged by comparing the theoretically predicted operating environment of the internal equipment with the analytically predicted operating environment of the internal equipment.

PURPOSES : This paper presents a foundational study aimed at strengthening the competitiveness of future overseas construction engineering projects, efficiently guiding investment decisions for the government or private sectors and establishing policy suggestions for areas that need to be supplemented and linked. METHODS : The data envelopment analysis (DEA) model was used to measure the operational efficiency for individual types of work. The DEA model for measuring efficiency uses the representative Charnes, Cooper, and Rhode (CCR) and Banker, Charnes, and Cooper (BCC) models. RESULTS : By using statistics of overseas construction projects and conducting DEA, it was revealed that construction management was most needed in the energy facility sector of overseas construction projects. CONCLUSIONS : Although the capabilities of our country's companies are excellent, it was evident that the energy and industrial facilities sectors, which need to be supplemented to enhance their competitiveness, require policy support that incorporates construction management (CM). Consequently, it was confirmed that the construction management sector needs investment that should continue to be activated in the future. Additional research is needed that considers variables and environments related to overseas construction projects’ on-site conditions. To this end, the government should continue to promote research and government investment linked to CM to make progress in overseas construction sectors.

하수기반역학을 이용한 코로나19 감시 결과, 연구기간 (2022년 8월-2023년 8월)동안 울산지역 4곳 하수처리장의 전체 174건 모든 시료에서 코로나바이러스-19가 검출되었 다. 확진자 수와 하수 내 코로나바이러스 농도와의 상관 분석 결과, 높은 상관성이 나타났으며 특히 하수감시가 임 상감시보다 2-3주 앞서 농도가 증가함으로써 조기 인지의 가능성도 볼 수 있었다. 또한 코로나19 변이 분석 결과 역 시 유행 시기별 우세종화된 변이와 비교적 유사하여 변이 예측도 가능하였다. 하수감시가 전국적, 전세계적으로 적용되고 있으며 많은 연구가 국가적 사업으로 진행되고 있 다. 이에 따라, 하수 분석방법 및 분석기기 발전 등의 지 속적 연구 업데이트가 필요하다. 또한 코로나19를 통해 감 염병의 선제적 모니터링 및 유행 예측의 가능성을 확인하 였으므로 다양한 병원체 및 식품·의약품 등에 확대 적용 이 진행 중이다. 따라서 본 연구는 감염병 검출분야에서 더 나아가 하수 내 식품 성분, 활성물질 및 미생물 등의 분석을 통해 지역사회의 식품안전 및 전반적인 위생환경 감시를 위해 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Nano-oxide dispersion–strengthened (ODS) superalloys have attracted attention because of their outstanding mechanical reinforcement mechanism. Dispersed oxides increase the material’s strength by preventing grain growth and recrystallization, as well as increasing creep resistance. In this research, atomic layer deposition (ALD) was applied to synthesize an ODS alloy. It is useful to coat conformal thin films even on complex matrix shapes, such as nanorods or powders. We coated an Nb-Si–based superalloy with TiO2 thin film by using rotary-reactor type thermal ALD. TiO2 was grown by controlling the deposition recipe, reactor temperature, N2 flow rate, and rotor speed. We could confirm the formation of uniform TiO2 film on the surface of the superalloy. This process was successfully applied to the synthesis of an ODS alloy, which could be a new field of ALD applications.

PURPOSES : The variability of hot bin aggregate weighing was evaluated through analysis of production data from three domestic asphalt batch plants. METHODS : Years of HMA production data that includes 94,362 batches from three HMA plants are analyzed for the study. Through the evaluation, the influencing factors of hot bin aggregate measurement variability were analyzed. RESULTS : The variability of hot bin aggregate weighing was found to vary greatly depending on the plant, and it was also found that the variability maintains a certain level regardless weighing amount in each hot bin. Also mixture type turns out to be the one of the major influencing factor that SMA showed the smallest variation in hot bin aggregate weighing, which imply the variability could be reduced by strengthening quality management effort. In addition, hot bin gate driving method did not show any significant effect on the variability while 2nd hot bin showed highest variability. CONCLUSIONS : Based on this analysis, problems with the current hot bin aggregate measurement standards were identified, and alternative criteria that could be improved were proposed.

Supplementing feed components is becoming increasingly difficult for various reasons, including increased shipping costs, decreased capture efficiency, and global warming. For this reason, much research has been conducted globally to find alternative protein sources. The black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) is an important feed item for nutritional accumulation and has environmental consequences. Few studies have been conducted to determine the nutritional level of the substrate, but most of these studies have involved modifying the substrate material. The aim of this study was to determine the ideal crude protein(CP) content of a substrate for BSF rearing. The experimental treatment was separated into three CP levels (low, 13.5%; medium, 20%; high, 26.5%) in the substrate. The results showed that the BSF weight (6.46%) and protein conversion ratio (1.13%) increased as the substrate CP level increased (p<0.05). In addition, protein (14.38%) and lipid (13.12%) yields were significantly increased (p<0.05). The BSF CP level increased as the substrate CP level increased (p<0.05). CP levels in the substrate upregulated the levels of certain fatty acids, essential amino acids, and non-essential amino acids (p<0.05). In conclusion, the potential values of BSF as feed were improved as the CP level of the substrate increased; However, no difference was found between medium and high CP levels in the rearing substrate. These results suggested that the substrate CP level should be at the medium level for optimal product quality. In conclusion, BSF quality is influenced by substrate nutrient levels, necessitating the development of specialized substrates for effective rearing.

For sustainable livestock industry, black soldier fly as eco-friendly animal protein source is spotlighted for swine and poultry. However, most of black soldier fly is reared in dirty condition like food waste. In this study, we investigated the effects of fiber level on the growth performance and nutrient composition of black soldier fly reared in specific substrate. Treatments were divided in two as Low (fiber level: 7.1%), and High (fiber level: 14.2%) with a total of 50,000 eggs each. The rearing box had a dimension with 1064 × 507 × 320 cm (length × width × height). Black soldier fly survival rate (72.24 vs. 76.48) and substrate consumption (77.43 vs. 80.37) were greater in High than Low. However, bioconversion (10.59 vs. 9.80) and protein conversion (8.97 vs. 8.00) were increased in Low than High. Gross energy was higher in High compared with Low (4,133 vs. 4,208). Some of essential amino acid (Isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan) were significantly higher in High compared with Low, and non-essential amino acid (alanine, aspartate, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine) were higher in High compared with Low. Acids such as C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, and C20:1 were higher in High compared with Low, while C18:4 was higher in Low compared with High. As a result, black soldier fly reared in high fiber substrate might be a preferred option for rearing and producing a reliable animal protein source for monogastric animal.