The quantified analysis of damages to wastewater treatment plants by natural disasters is essential to maintain the stability of wastewater treatment systems. However, studies on the quantified analysis of natural disaster effects on wastewater treatment systems are very rare. In this study, a total disaster index (DI) was developed to quantify the various damages to wastewater treatment systems from natural disasters using two statistical methods (i.e., AHP: analytic hierarchy process and PCA: principal component analysis). Typhoons, heavy rain, and earthquakes are considered as three major natural disasters for the development of the DI. A total of 15 input variables from public open-source data (e.g., statistical yearbook of wastewater treatment system, meteorological data and financial status in local governments) were used for the development of a DI for 199 wastewater treatment plants in Korea. The total DI was calculated from the weighted sum of the disaster indices of the three natural disasters (i.e., TI for typhoon, RI for heavy rain, and EI for earthquake). The three disaster indices of each natural disaster were determined from four components, such as possibility of occurrence and expected damages. The relative weights of the four components to calculate the disaster indices (TI, RI and EI) for each of the three natural disasters were also determined from AHP. PCA was used to determine the relative weights of the input variables to calculate the four components. The relative weights of TI, RI and EI to calculate total DI were determined as 0.547, 0.306, and 0.147 respectively.

In the recent years, thin film solar cells (TFSCs) have emerged as a viable replacement for crystalline silicon solar cells and offer a variety of choices, particularly in terms of synthesis processes and substrates (rigid or flexible, metal or insulator). Among the thin-film absorber materials, SnS has great potential for the manufacturing of low-cost TFSCs due to its suitable optical and electrical properties, non-toxic nature, and earth abundancy. However, the efficiency of SnS-based solar cells is found to be in the range of 1 ~ 4 % and remains far below those of CdTe-, CIGS-, and CZTSSe-based TFSCs. Aside from the improvement in the physical properties of absorber layer, enormous efforts have been focused on the development of suitable buffer layer for SnS-based solar cells. Herein, we investigate the device performance of SnS-based TFSCs by introducing double buffer layers, in which CdS is applied as first buffer layer and ZnMgO films is employed as second buffer layer. The effect of the composition ratio (Mg/(Mg+Zn)) of RF sputtered ZnMgO films on the device performance is studied. The structural and optical properties of ZnMgO films with various Mg/(Mg+Zn) ratios are also analyzed systemically. The fabricated SnS-based TFSCs with device structure of SLG/Mo/SnS/CdS/ZnMgO/AZO/Al exhibit a highest cell efficiency of 1.84 % along with open-circuit voltage of 0.302 V, short-circuit current density of 13.55 mA cm−2, and fill factor of 0.45 with an optimum Mg/(Mg + Zn) ratio of 0.02.

We evaluated the protective effects of cricket methanol extract (CME) on ultra-violet B (UVB)-induced photoaging in human skin fibroblasts. The fibroblast cells were treated with 10, 50, and 100 μg/mL of CME for 24 h, and then exposed to UVB (30 mJ/cm2). CME showed a dose-dependent cytoprotective effect without any observable cytotoxicity. CME reduced UVB-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 34.4, 34.9, 40.6% at concentrations of 10, 50, 100 μg/mL respectively. CME inhibited the release of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1 and 3. Furthermore, CME also reduced UVB-induced collagen degradation in the fibroblast cells. Taken together, our data suggests that CME has a significant protective effect on UVB-induced photoaging of the skin. This benefit occurs through multiple mechanisms. The results also suggest a potential role for CME as an ingredient in anti-photoaging cosmetic products in the future.

Doenjang is a major fermented soy-based food in Korea. Recent investigations have shown that fermented soybean foods have immunity-enhancing, anti-cancer, anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects. Several studies also have reported that genistein and daidzein, which are easily absorbed in the body are produced in larger quantities in aged doenjang. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the variations in the anti-cancer effects of commercialized doenjang as it ages. Four groups were formed for this study according to aging periods of doenjang, namely short (under 5 years, S group), mid (under 10 years, M group), long (under 15 years, L group) and very long (over 15 years, E group). The anti-cancer effects of doenjang were determined by cell cytotoxicity assays in A549, YAC-1, and HepG2 cancer cell lines. Also, NK cell activity and splenocyte proliferation were assayed for cancer immunotherapy. The quantities of phenolic compounds in doenjang at different ages were also measured. The results showed that the anti-cancer effects increased in the S and M groups for all three cancer cell lines. Interestingly, similar to this result, splenocyte proliferation and NK activity were also the highest in the S and M groups. In contrast, the E group showed significantly reduced splenocyte proliferation. The quantity of phenolic compounds was similar to that of the anti-cancer results. Collectively, these results suggest that the fermentation period of doenjang plays a very important role in determining its anti-cancer effects.

본 연구는 경남 진주시에 위치한 초등학교를 명상숲 조성학교와 일반학교로 구분하여 학교정원 내 식재현황을 비교․분석함으로써 학교정원을 환경교육의 장소로 활용하기 위해 향후 학교정원 조성에 필요한 기초자료를 제공할 목적으로 수행되었다. 학교정원 면적의 경우 명상숲 조성학교에서는 이반성초등학교, 일반학교는 진성초등학교가 녹지비율과 1인당 녹지면적이 가장 풍부한 것으로 나타났다. 학교정원 식물상은 명상숲 조성학교인 봉래초의 41종에서 이반성초의 66종, 일반학교도 금성초의 29종에서 진성초의 68종으로 학교에 따른 차이가 크게 나타났다. 명상숲 조성 시 식재된 식물은 신안초의 10종에서 이반성초의 33종까지 다양하게 나타났다. 학교정원에 식재된 식물과 교과서 언급 식물의 일치율은 일반학교가 명상숲 조성학교 보다 다소 높게 나타났다. 명상숲 조성 시 식재된 식물의 일치율은 22.7%에서 60%로 나타났다. 교목과 교화는 느티나무와 장미가 가장 많은 비율로 지정되어 있었다. 생태적 건강 지수는 명상숲 조성학교가 평균 2.63점, 일반학교가 평균 2.08점으로 나타났는데, 이는 명상숲 조성으로 인한 녹지면적과 종다양도 증가에 의한 것이다.

평생교육사의 전문성 개발에 대해서는 교과목 확대 및 실습 강화 등 많은 노력을 기울이 고 있다. 그러나 이미 현장에서 실천활동을 전개하고 있는 평생교육사의 전문성 개발에 대한 연구와 지원 은 미흡한 실정이다. 평생교육 현장에는 평생교육사 양성과정을 거치지 않고 평생교육활동에 종사하는 사 람들도 있으며, 앞으로 성인학습이 다양하게 확대되고 평생교육사들의 수도 점차 증가할 것으로 예측된다. 성인학습 지원을 위한 평생교육사의 전문성 개발에 대해 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 평생교육사의 직업사회 화 과정에서는 이론적 지식 습득 뿐만 아니라 성찰적 실천 능력이나 문제해결능력을 중심으로 하는 전문 성 개발 전략이 필요하다. 평생교육사의 전문성 개발과 관련하여 이 논문에서는 성찰적 실천에 관한 논의를 전개하였다. 첫째, 평 생교육사의 실천 능력을 개발하기 위한 성찰적 실천의 의미에 대해 규명하였다. 둘째, 성찰적으로 실천한 결과를 전문성 개발에 활용하기 위한 방안을 탐색하기 위해서는 실천한 결과에 대한 성찰과 실천과정에서 의 성찰이라는 두 가지 개념을 중심으로 논의하였다. 마지막으로, 논의결과를 요약한 다음 성찰적 실천을 통한 평생교육사의 전문성 개발 전략을 제시하였다.

본 연구에서는 인천광역시에서 유통되는 엽경채류 농산 물의 안전성을 확보하기 위하여 삼산농산물도매시장 등에 서 수거한 14품목 320건을 대상으로 잔류농약 실태조사를 실시하고 섭취량에 따른 위해평가를 실시하였다. 농산물 전처리 및 잔류농약 분석은 다종농약다성분 분석법으로 검사 가능한 373종의 잔류농약을 분석하였다. 엽경채류 농 산물 320건 중 36건(11.3%)에서 잔류농약이 검출되었으며 파 2건과 부추 1건은 잔류농약허용기준을 초과하였다. 잔 류농약 검출빈도는 부추 13회(21.0%), 파 12회(12.6%)로 다른 농산물에 비해 높은 검출빈도 및 검출률을 나타내었 고 가장 높은 검출빈도를 나타낸 잔류농약은 etofenprox (10회), procymidone (8회), fludioxonil (5회), pendimethalin (3회)로 나타났다. 실험결과 인천지역에 유통되는 엽경채 류 농산물 중 파, 부추, 미나리에 대한 잔류농약 관리가 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 검출 농약에 대한 위해성 평가 결 과 %ADI (Hazard index)는 0.0062-24.1423%로 엽경채류 농산물 섭취에 따른 인체 위해성은 낮은 것으로 판단되었 다. 또한, 농산물은 일반적으로 세척을 하여 섭취하므로 세척을 통해 농산물의 잔류농약을 크게 줄일 수 있어 실 제 농약의 위해성은 더 낮아질 것으로 예상된다. 그러나 농산물은 개인의 기호, 지역 및 계절에 따라 섭취량이 달 라져 위해성이 증가 할 수 있으므로 지속적인 잔류농약 모니터링 및 위해평가를 실시하여 농산물의 잔류농약 안 전성에 대한 관리가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

Cognitive impairment is considered to be key research topics in the field of neurodegenerative diseases and in understanding of learning and memory. In the present study, we investigated neuroprotective effects of Schisandra chinensis (SC) and Ribes fasciculatum (RF) extracts in hydrogen peroxide-induced neuronal cell death in vitro and scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in Sprague Dawley® (SD) rat in vivo. Apoptotic cell death in neuroblastic PC12 cell line was induced by hydrogen peroxide for 1 hour at 100 μM. However, mixture of SC and RF treatment prevented peroxide induced PC12 cell death with no neurotoxic effects. For in vivo experiment, the effect of SC and RF extracts on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in SD rat was evaluated by spontaneous alternation behavior in Y-Maze test. After 30 min scopolamine injection, the scopolamine-induced rats presented significantly decreased % spontaneous alteration and acetylcholine level, compared to non-induced group. However, treatment of SC+RF extracts rescued the reduced % spontaneous alteration with acetylcholine concentration from hippocampus in scopolamineinduced rats. These results suggested that mixture of SC and RF extract may be a potential natural therapeutic agent for the prevention of cognitive impairment.