개의 생애 단계에 따른 영양소 이용성을 이해하는 것은 건강, 발달, 그리고 수명 증진을 위해 중요하다. 특히 자견 시기에는 생리적으로 요구되는 영양소의 결핍이나 과잉 없이 최적의 영양 균형을 유지하는 것이 중요하며, 이 시기의 영양 불균형은 장기적으로 개의 건강에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 이유 후 초기 급성장 단계(12~24주령)의 자견과 성견의 소화율에 대한 연구는 많이 수행되었으나, 자견 성장 후기 단계의 소화율에 초점을 맞춘 연구는 제한적이다. 따라서 본 연구는 비글의 성장 후기 단계를 대표하는 30주령과 42주령에서 주요 영양소와 아미노산의 외관상전장소 화율(apparent total tract digestibility, ATTD)을 비교하였다. 비글 8마리를 대상으로 AAFCO에서 제시한 영양소 요구량을 충족하도록 설계된 사료를 통제된 환경에서 2주간 급여하였으며, 전분채취법을 이용하여 소화율을 평가하였다. 성장률(GR)은 30주에 비해 42주령에서 유의미하게 감소하여 체중 증가 속도가 둔화되는 경향이 확인되었다. 주요 영양소 소화율 분석 결과, 조지방 소화율은 30주령에서 99.01 ± 0.10%에서 42주령에서 97.62 ± 0.15%로 통계적으로 유의미하게 감소하였다(p < 0.001). 또한, 건물 소화율 또한 조지방 소화율과 함께 주령 증가에 따라 유의미하게 감소하는 결과를 보였다(p < 0.05). 반면, 히스티딘 소화율은 30주령의 93.55 ± 0.46%에서 42주령의 94.83 ± 0.24%로, 라이신 소화율은 94.60 ± 0.24%에서 95.19 ± 0.19%로, 아르기닌 소화율은 95.78 ± 0.30%에서 96.43 ± 0.21%로 증가하였다(p < 0.05). 본 연구는 비글의 성장 후기 단계에서 성장률과 조지방 흡수가 감소한 반면, 특정 아미노산의 소화율이 개선되었음을 보여준다. 이러한 결과는 비글의 성장 후기 단계에서도 영양소 이용성이 변화할 수 있음을 시사하며, 성장 단계에 따라 정밀한 영양 관리의 중요성을 강조한다.

This study investigated nutrition quotient (NQ) scores of 283 Vietnamese marriage migrant women and their children in Korea and analyzed the influence of maternal dietary adaptation factors on children's dietary quality. The survey was conducted from February 3, 2025 to February 28, 2025. Based on the acculturation theory, mothers were classified into five dietary adaptation types: complete-assimilation, mixed assimilation-separation, integrated-separation, marginalization, and passive-adaptation. Among preschoolers, the complete-assimilation type had the highest total scores of balance (89.0) and practice (83.4), the lowest score of moderation (30.8), and the highest overall NQ-P score (77.8). Among preschool children, the passive-adaptation type showed the lowest total scores for all domains except moderation. In school-age children, the mixed assimilation-separation type had the highest total scores, while the passive-adaptation type had the lowest scores across all domains except moderation. Among mothers, the complete-assimilation type had the highest total scores in balance (88.0), moderation (66.1), and practice (89.6) domains with, the highest overall NQ-A score (82.1), while the passive-adaptation type had the lowest total scores in all domains except moderation. These results confirm that maternal dietary adaptation can affect children's dietary quality highlighting the importance of dietary education and support for mothers during this stage.

This study was conducted to evaluate the germination rate, chemical composition, and in vitro digestibility of sprouted barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sprouts depending on cultivar and growth duration. Four cultivars Keunalbori1ho, Saekeumkang, Arijinheuk, and Jokyoung were tested under hydroponic and nutrient solution conditions. The germination rate was significantly higher under hydroponic conditions compared to nutrient solution treatment. Sprouts were harvested at 0, 4, 6, and 8 days for subsequent analysis. Chemical compositions, such as dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and crude ash (CA), were analyzed following AOAC (2005) protocols, while neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were determined according to the method of Van Soest et al. (1991). In vitro digestibility was assessed by incubating ground samples with rumen buffer in DaisyII incubators for 48 h. At day 6 of growth, Keunalbori1ho showed the highest NDF and ADF concentrations (48.6% and 26.2%), reflecting its high structural fiber and the lowest digestibility (IVDMD 52.2%, IVNDFD 37.2%). However, it maintained consistent nutritional characteristics across all growth stages, suggesting potential as a stable forage source. In contrast, Saekeumkang exhibited the highest IVNDFD (59.1%) along with relatively low NDF (30.5%) and ADF (16.7%) values (p<0.05), indicating superior digestibility likely attributed to a simpler cell wall structure and higher NFC availability. Notably, digestibility sharply declined by day 8, implying that the optimal harvest window lies around day 6. Therefore, this study suggests that the cultivars Keunalbori1ho and Saekeumkang possess complementary strengths in terms of chemical composition and digestibility, underscoring the importance of optimizing cultivar selection and harvest timing to enhance the potential of cereal sprouts as high quality forage.

This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional composition of various edible and medicinal mushrooms and assess their potential as alternative food sources in response to increased meat consumption, which poses environmental and health risks. The crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, and vitamin C contents of 17 edible and medicinal mushroom species, including Flammulina velutipes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes, and Wolfiporia extensa, were systematically analyzed. Pleurotus ostreatus‘Suhan 2’ and P. eryngii‘No. 2’ showed high crude protein and carbohydrate contents, suggesting excellent potential as alternative protein and energy sources. Flammulina velutipesvarieties ‘TO22’ and ‘Aram’ exhibited relatively high crude fat contents, whereas P. eryngii‘No. 2’ and P. ostreatus‘Suhan 2’ had high vitamin C levels, suggesting a beneficial role in immune enhancement. In contrast, the medicinal mushroom W. extensa had relatively low protein and dietary fiber contents, limiting its potential as an alternative protein source compared to the other edible mushrooms. Nonetheless, it may provide other health benefits. The present study provides foundational data for the utilization of mushrooms as sustainable alternative food resources, supporting efforts to mitigate environmental impacts of meat production and improve dietary health.

콩은 식물성 단백질과 지방을 얻기 위하여 가장 널리 재배되는 주요 콩과 작물이다. 그러나, 성숙 콩 실에는 가공적성과 품질 저하, 알러지 유발 및 소화 불량을 일으키는 성분이 포함되어져 있다. 콩 성숙 종실에서 주요 항영양성분으로 알려진 lectin, KTI, lipoxygenase 및 7S α' subunit의 4가지 단백질이 모두 부재하면서 stachyose의 함량이 낮은 대립 노란콩 ‘백세’ 품종이 국내 최초로 육성되었다. ‘백세’ 품종은 F-1-9와 F-1-6의 육성계통간 교배로 얻어진 집단에서 선발되었다. ‘백세’ 품종은 보라색 화색, 유한신육형, 회색 모용색 및 성숙시 연한 갈색의 협색을 가지며, 종피 및 제색은 노란색이다. ‘백세’의 종실 조단백질 및 조지방 함량은 각각 41.1%와 15.8%이었고, stachyose의 함량은 2.9 g/kg으로 대조 품종인 ‘대원’의 12.7 g/kg보다 훨씬 낮았다. ‘백세’는 콩 모자이크 바이러스, 콩 괴사병, 검은뿌리썩음병, 꼬투리 및 줄기 무름병, 불마름병에 대한 저항성을 나타내었다. ‘백세’는 6월 20일경 파종시 성숙기는 10월 16일경이며, 경장은 53 ㎝, 백립중은 31.0 g 정도이고 2020년 3곳에서의 평균 수량은 2.95 ton/ha-1 정도였다.‘백세’는 2023년 4월 6일 국립종자원에 콩 품종 등록(등록번호: 9515) 되었다.

목적 : 본 연구는 2022년도 국민건강영양조사(KNHANES) 데이터를 활용하여 시력 수준과 정신건강 지표(우울, 불안) 간의 연관성을 분석하고자 하였다. 방법 : 2022년도 국민건강영양조사 원시자료 중 시력검진 및 정신건강 설문(PHQ-9, GAD-7)에 모두 응답한 519명의 성인을 최종 분석 대상으로 포함하였다. 시력 상태는 정상, 경도 시력손상, 저시력으로 구분하였으며, 복 합표본 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 시력과 정신건강 지표 간의 연관성을 분석하였다. 결과 : 경도 시력 손상은 중등도 이상 불안 고위험군에 속할 가능성이 정상 시력군에 비해 약 9.5배 높았으며 (OR=9.54, 95% CI: 2.01–45.25, p=0.005), 저시력군의 경우 우울 위험이 정상군 대비 약 4.3배(OR = 4.27, 95% CI: 0.85–21.56) 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(p=0.081). 결론 : 시력 저하는 단순한 감각 기능의 저하를 넘어 정신건강에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 요인으로 작용할 수 있으며, 특히 경도 시력 손상군은 제도적 지원의 사각지대에 놓여 있어 더 큰 심리적 부담을 겪을 가능성이 높다. 향후 공중보건 정책에서는 시력 저하 단계별 특성을 고려한 조기 선별 및 정신건강 중재가 필요하다.

본 연구는 식물공장에서 미나리(Oenanthe javanica DC.) 를 초장별(20cm, 30cm, 40cm, 50cm)로 재배할 경우 기능성 물질과 영양학적 가치가 유지되는지를 평가하기 위해 수행되 었다. 미나리는 항산화 효과, 항염증, 간 보호 등 다양한 생리 활성을 갖춘 기능성 채소로, 기존 재배 방식의 한계를 극복하 고 연중 안정적인 생산이 가능한 식물공장 재배 가능성을 확 인하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 연구 결과, 초장 30cm에서 칼륨(K)과 칼슘(Ca) 함량이 가장 높았으며, 비타민 C 함량 또 한 1,165.38mg·kg-1으로 가장 높았다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 초 장 20－40cm에서 유사한 수준을 유지하였으며, 초장 50cm 에서 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 기능성 물질인 Quercetin, Apigenin, Isorhamnetin 함량은 초장에 따른 변동 폭이 크지 않아, 단기 재배된 초장이 짧은 미나리도 충분한 기능성 물질 을 함유하고 있음을 확인하였다. 식이섬유 함량 또한 모든 초 장에서 일정 수준(300g·kg-1 이상)을 유지하여 건강 기능성 채소로 활용 가능성이 높았다. 본 연구 결과를 종합하면, 식물 공장에서 초장 30cm로 재배된 미나리는 높은 영양 가치와 기 능성을 유지할 수 있으며, 기존 노지재배 방식과 비교해 연중 균일한 생산이 가능하여 산업적 활용 가치가 클 것으로 판단 된다.

This study analyzed the changes in sodium content across different types of kimchi over various storage periods, distinguishing between solids and seasoning (liquid), to better estimate actual sodium intake and improve the food composition databases. Six types (baechu-kimchi, oi-sobagi, buchu-kimchi, baek-kimchi, dongchimi, and nabak-kimchi) were analyzed using ICP-AES. The results were compared with salinometer readings, food composition databases, and nutrition labels from commercial products. Statistical analyses included the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test (=0.05). The findings showed that the seasoning had significantly higher sodium content than the solids and, except for baechu-kimchi and nabak-kimchi, accounted for more than 50% of the total sodium content. Sodium content varied across kimchi types and changed over storage time. Additionally, sodium content measured by ICP-AES significantly differed from those in the food composition databases and commercial nutrition labels, which often over or under-estimated values. Moreover, sodium content in commercial kimchi products exhibited up to a 581-fold difference between the minimum and maximum values. These results suggest that current databases and labeling systems, which do not distinguish between solids and seasoning, may misrepresent the actual sodium intake. Further research and regulatory measures are needed to improve sodium estimation and consumer guidance.

목적 : COVID-19 팬데믹 기간 동안 사회적 거리두기와 비대면 활동 증가로 인해 생활습관이 크게 변화하였다. 본 연구는 근거리 작업시간, 수면시간, 스트레스 수준의 변화가 비정시(근시, 원시, 난시) 발생에 미치는 영향을 분 석하고자 하였다. 방법 : 본 연구는 질병관리청 국민건강영양조사 제8기(2019~2021년도) 조사 중 2020년에 참여한 대상자들 중 만 40세 이상인 성인들을 대상으로 수행된 단면 연구이다. 연구 대상자는 안검진을 받은 성인 중 안과 질환이 없는 2,564명을 포함하였다. 굴절 이상은 등가구면굴절력을 기준으로 하였다. 결과 : 근거리 작업시간이 하루 4시간 이상인 그룹에서 근시 유병률이 유의하게 증가하였다. 반면, 1시간 이하 의 근거리 작업을 수행하는 그룹에서는 원시 유병률이 높았다(p<0.0001). 수면시간이 6~8시간인 그룹에서 근시 유병률이 가장 높았으며, 원시는 6시간 미만 그룹에서 높았다(p=0.0082). 스트레스 수준이 높은 그룹에서 근시 유 병률이 유의하게 증가하는 경향을 보였으나, 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석에서는 근거리 작업시간이 짧은 그룹에서 난시 유병률이 더 높은 경향을 보였으며(p<0.0001), 수면시간과 스트레스의 영향은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 결론 : 본 연구 결과, 근거리 작업시간 증가가 근시 발생에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 요인임이 확인되었으며, 수면 패턴과 스트레스 또한 비정시와 연관성을 가질 수 있음을 시사하였다. 이는 COVID-19 팬데믹과 같은 환경적 변 화가 시력 건강에 미치는 영향을 이해하고, 근시 예방 및 관리 전략을 수립하는 데 기여할 수 있다.

This study aimed to examine relationships of water and dietary fiber intake with various health-related factors using data from the 2016~2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). A total of 8,419 adults aged 19~49 years were categorized into four groups: (1) sufficient intake of both water and fiber (Type 1) (n=2,235), (2) water deficiency with sufficient fiber (Type 2) (n=1,470), (3) fiber deficiency with sufficient water (Type 3) (n=1,031), and (4) deficiency in both water and fiber (Type 4) (n=3,683). General characteristics, body composition, health behaviors, dietary habits, nutrient and food intake, and dietary quality were compared. Type 4 had more female (p=0.028), older adults (p<0.001), and higher socioeconomic status (p<0.001) than Type 1. Type 1 consumed breakfast more frequently (p<0.001). Nutrition label recognition, usage of nutrition label, and all nutrient intakes were the highest in Type 1 but the lowest in Type 4. Type 1 also had better dietary variety score and nutritional quality. These findings highlight the importance of adequate water and fiber intake for balanced nutrition and suggest that targeted nutrition education is needed, especially for male and low-income groups with insufficient intake.

This study aimed to investigate the changes in nutritional components of six domestically bred soybean cultivars before and after fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus. Analysis of five vitamins and minerals showed that levels of vitamin B2, vitamin B3, phosphorus, and calcium increased in all cultivars following fermentation, with notable variations among the cultivars. Specifically, the vitamin B2 content in Daepung and Daewonkong increase significantly, by 6.8-fold and 6.7-fold, respectively, compared to pre-fermentation levels. Additionally, Danbaekkong exhibited the highest calcium content after fermentation, at 3.90 mg/g. Before fermentation, soybean oligosaccharides contained 3.4 to 9.0 times more stachyose than raffinose; however, these levels decreased by over 80% across all cultivars after fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus. The total dietary fiber content rose from 9.28%~11.32% before fermentation to 12.57%~14.86% afterward, though no significant differences were observed among the cultivars. This study confirms that fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus enhances the nutritional value of domestically bred soybeans, particularly regarding vitamin B2, vitamin B3, calcium, phosphorus, oligosaccharides, and total dietary fiber.

국내 유통 중인 과·채류음료 64건을 대상으로 비타민 C, 폴리페놀, 무기질 함량에 대해 분석하였다. 분석 결과 비 타민 C는 1.851-251.108 mg/100 mL의 범위를 나타냈고, 비 가열 처리 사과주스에서 평균 함량 89.646 mg/100 mL로 가장 높게 나타났다. 폴리페놀은 260.767-1895.095 mg GAE/L의 범위를 나타냈으며 비가열 처리 사과주스에서 평균 함량이 1042.311 mg GAE/L로 가장 높게 나타났다. 무기질의 경우에는 100 mL 당 평균 함량이 가열 처리 오 렌지주스에서 셀레늄, 구리가 각각 0.101 μg, 22.875 μg으 로 가장 높게 나타났다. 비가열 처리 딸기주스에서 마그 네슘, 인, 철의 평균 함량이 각각 4.281 mg/100 mL, 16.085 mg/100 mL, 0.400 mg/100 mL으로 가장 높게 나타 났으며, 가열 처리 딸기주스에서 아연의 평균함량이 149.344 μg/100 mL으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 성인남성기준 일일권장섭취량과 비교해보았을 때, 200 mL의 주스 한 컵 을 마실 경우, 비타민 C는 하루 권장섭취량의 최대 5배 섭 취가 가능했고, 무기질 중 철은 50% 이상 충족이 가능했다.

This study was conducted in September 2023 to establish proper eating habits and enhance the nutritional knowledge of elementary school students in Daegu during a nutrition camp hosted by the Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education. A total of thirty boys and twenty-three girls participated, with an average age of 11.2 years. The breakfast skipping rate was 11.3%, while 84.9% reported eating out once or twice a week, and 86.8% indicated they consumed delivery food once or twice a week. Regarding snacks, 47.5% of students reported eating snacks twice a day, and 73.6% identified as picky eaters. Furthermore, 66% of the participating students had no prior experience with nutrition education or consulting nutritionists. The students' nutritional knowledge score before the start of the nutrition camp was 14.4 out of 20, and after the end of the nutrition camp, it statistically increased significantly to 16.4 points (p<0.001). The level of nutritional knowledge of students who participated in the nutrition camp improved significantly compared to before the start of the nutrition camp, and this result shows that various activity programs including nutrition education and nutrition counseling can be effective.

발효 느타리버섯재배부산물을 급이한 흰점박이꽃무지 유충의 영양성과 안전성을 검증하고자 참나무 발효톱밥으로 사육한 유충의 영양성분 과 유해물질을 비교분석하였다. 조단백질 함량은 발효 느타리버섯재배부산물을 급이한 유충(OMCB)에서 54.0%로 참나무 발효톱밥을 급이한 유 충(FOS) 47.2%보다 1.1배 많았다. 필수아미노산 중 류신은 OMCB에서 2.8%로 가장 높았고, FOS에서는 2.7%로 비슷한 수치였다. 비필수아미 노산은 OMCB에서 프롤린의 함량이 7.2%로 가장 높았고 FOS (5.6%)보다 1.3배 더 높았다. 무기질 중 칼륨은 OMCB (2771.2 mg/100 g)와 FOS (2765.0 mg/100 g)에서 비슷한 수치였고, 불포화지방산 중 올레산은 OMCB (58.2%)와 FOS (59.6%)에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈다. 유 해물질 분석 결과, OMCB와 FOS에서 납, 카드뮴, 비소 모두 식용곤충 중금속 기준에 적합하였고, 식중독균에 속하는 대장균과 살모넬라균은 모두 불검출되었다. 위 연구 결과에 따르면, 발효 느타리버섯재배부산물 급이 흰점박이꽃무지 유충은 단백질과 불포화지방산뿐만 아니라 다양한 영양성 분을 포함하고 있으며, 안전성 또한 검증되었으므로 식용으로 활용하기에 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

This study analyzed the nutritional composition of Korean landrace crops, including 4 rice and 3 legume varieties, before and after cooking. The study aimed to provide fundamental nutritional data for these traditional crops, valuable for dietary planning and product development in the food industry. The results showed that cooking significantly affected most nutrients, except some minerals and vitamins. the nutritional content of the landrace crops was generally similar to common varieties, with some notable differences. Jaepat had higher carbohydrate content than common red beans. Most landrace crops showed higher phosphorus levels compared to common varieties, except Seonbijabi-kong. Potassium content was notably higher in all landrace rice varieties. Regarding vitamins, beta-carotene was not detected in landrace rice, and vitamin B1 and B3 levels were lower in landrace crops. However, Geomeunkkae-ssal-byeo had the highest vitamin E content among landrace rice varieties. This study provides valuable nutritional data on Korean landrace crops, which can be used to promote the consumption and preservation of these genetic resources. The study also suggests that the obtained nutritional information can be utilized as a basis for meal planning by consumers and food service facilities, as well as for product development in the food industry.

The diet composition of bluefin searobin, Chelidonichthys spinosus was studied using 397 specimens collected by fisheries resources survey vessels bottom trawls of national institute of fisheries science in February, June, May, August and November 2022 from nineteen areas in the South Sea of Korea. The species ranged from 9.7 cm to 42.0 cm in total length (TL). C. spinosus was bottom-feeding carnivore that fed mainly on Macrura, which constituted 85.7% of %IRI, especially Leptochela sydniensis. The proportion of Macrura decreased inversely proportional to body size, whereas the consumption of Brachyura and Stomatopoda increased gradually. With the increase in body size of C. spinosus, a significant rise in the mean weight of prey per stomach (mW/ST) was observed (one-way ANOVA, P<0.05).

The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze dietary self-efficacy and Nutrition Quotient (NQ) according to the degree of food-related content use in university students. From October to November 2022, a total of 332 college students (140 males and 192 females) attending universities in Chungcheongbuk-do were surveyed to collect data on general information, food-related content use level, dietary self-efficacy, and NQ for adults. The average dietary self-efficacy score of the group that did not use food content was 3.08 points, which was significantly higher than the group that watched it sometimes (2.89 points) and the group that watched it often (2.83 points) (p=0.0191). The total NQ score of 48.85 points was the highest among the three groups (p=0.0270). For subjects who responded that they had no experience of eating food at all after using food content, their dietary self-efficacy was 3.03, which was significantly higher than the group with occasional or frequent food consumption experience (p=0.0194). Results of this study can be used as basic data for clarifying the relationship between the use of food-related content and eating habits in university students and for proper eating habits education for university students.

This study was performed to analyze dietary influences on the regulation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in postmenopausal women using the 2019-2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). A total of 1,724 women were classified into cardiovascular risk groups based on risk factors and differentiated into high LDLC and normal groups according to the target serum LDL-C levels. The risk group distribution was as follows: Very high-risk group (6%), high-risk group (49.4%), moderate-risk group (42.3%), and low-risk group (2.3%). The high LDL-C group demonstrated abdominal obesity and prediabetes, with their carbohydrate energy intake exceeding the Korean dietary guideline recommendations of 65%. Increased fat (OR 2.67, 95% CI; 1.19-6.02) and cholesterol (OR 2.43, 95% CI; 1.02- 5.77) intake correlated with higher LDL-C risk. The high LDL-C group showed elevated saturated fat and reduced polyunsaturated fat consumption (p for trend <0.001). Thus, to regulate the LDL cholesterol levels in postmenopausal women, they maintain an appropriate weight in addition to managing abdominal obesity and continuously monitoring blood sugar levels. Furthermore, it is important to limit the intake of high saturated fat meats and consume sufficient protein from sources such as beans, fish, and eggs, which contain healthy unsaturated fats.

This study analyzed the changes in the nutritional components, properties, physicochemical properties, general bacteria, and lactic acid bacteria of pickled cabbage depending on the cultivation area. An analysis of the nutritional composition on the first day of storage showed no significant difference in the calories, carbohydrates, protein, fat, and dietary fiber contents regardless of the cultivation region, but regional differences were observed in the vitamin C content in the order of Andong > Pyeongchang > Haenam. The total free amino acid content appeared in the order Andong > Pyeongchang > Haenam, and the GABA (-amino-n-butyric acid) content appeared in the order Haenam > Andong > Pyeongchang. In addition, pickled cabbage was observed on the 1st, 5th, and 10th days of storage at 4oC. No significant change in appearance was observed on the 1st and 5th days, but changes were observed on the 10th day. Regardless of the cultivation area, the salinity (p<0.05) and pH (p<0.05) decreased significantly as the storage period increased, while the sugar content (p<0.05) and acidity (p<0.05) increased significantly. The general bacteria (p<0.05) and lactic acid bacteria (p<0.05) counts increased significantly as the storage period increased, irrespective of the cultivation region.

Supplementing feed components is becoming increasingly difficult for various reasons, including increased shipping costs, decreased capture efficiency, and global warming. For this reason, much research has been conducted globally to find alternative protein sources. The black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) is an important feed item for nutritional accumulation and has environmental consequences. Few studies have been conducted to determine the nutritional level of the substrate, but most of these studies have involved modifying the substrate material. The aim of this study was to determine the ideal crude protein(CP) content of a substrate for BSF rearing. The experimental treatment was separated into three CP levels (low, 13.5%; medium, 20%; high, 26.5%) in the substrate. The results showed that the BSF weight (6.46%) and protein conversion ratio (1.13%) increased as the substrate CP level increased (p<0.05). In addition, protein (14.38%) and lipid (13.12%) yields were significantly increased (p<0.05). The BSF CP level increased as the substrate CP level increased (p<0.05). CP levels in the substrate upregulated the levels of certain fatty acids, essential amino acids, and non-essential amino acids (p<0.05). In conclusion, the potential values of BSF as feed were improved as the CP level of the substrate increased; However, no difference was found between medium and high CP levels in the rearing substrate. These results suggested that the substrate CP level should be at the medium level for optimal product quality. In conclusion, BSF quality is influenced by substrate nutrient levels, necessitating the development of specialized substrates for effective rearing.