감귤류 과피는 플라보노이드의 중요 급원 중의 하나로 아시아에서 민간 의약품으로서 오래전부터 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 진귤(Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka) 과피에서 HPLC-MS/MS를 이용하여 9종의 플라보노이드 성분을 동정하였으며, hydroxypentamethoxyflavone과 dihydroxytetramethoxyflavone은 진귤에서 처음으로 확인되었다. 총 플라보노이드의 항산화 활성은 25~500 mg/L 의 농도범위에서 DPPH·, ABTS·+, NO· 소거능 및 환원력에 의해 측정되었으며, 시료의 첨가량이 많아짐에 따라 항산화 활성은 유의적으로 증가하였다.

감귤류의 껍질은 플라보노이드의 중요한 소스 중의 하나로서 동아시아에서 내장 및 염증성 질환을 치료하는 민간 의약품으로서 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 하귤 (C. natsudaidai) 껍질에 포함되어 있는 플라보노이드 성분을 고성능액체크로마토그래피-이중질량분석법 (HPLC-MS/MS)으로 10 개성분을 동정하였다. 플라바논, 플라본 및 쿠마린 유도체는 각각 hesperetin, noviletin 및 coumarin을 사용하여 유효화 하였으며 유효화된 방법으로 정량하였다. 상관계수 (r2)는 > 0.9970으로서 높은 값을 보여주었다. LOD는 >0.01 mg/L이었으며 LOQ는 >0.05 mg/L이었다. 플라보노이드의 총량은 9229.7 ± 0.5 mg/kg 이었다. Naringin의 량이 5010.0 ± 4.5 mg/kg으로 가장 많았으며 sinensetin의 량이 0.6 ± 0.1 mg/kg으로 가장 적었다. 항산화력을 25 μg/mL 에서 500 μg/mL의 농도범위에서 DPPH·, ABTS·+, NO· 소거능 및 FRAP의 항으로 분석하였다. 감귤 플라보노이드의 항산화 능력은 시료의 량이 증가하면 증가함을 알 수 있다.

The effect of subcritical water for the extraction of total polyphenols and flavonoids from apple peel was investigated, and then the antioxidant activity of the extracts was estimated. Maximum yields of total polyphenolic compounds(36.4±1.9 mg quercetin equivalent(QE)/g dried material) and flavonoids(9.9±0.8 ㎎ QE/g dried material) were obtained by subcritical water extraction(SWE) with operating conditions of 190℃, 1, 300 psi, and 20 min. Furthermore, the highest antioxidant activity(76.1±1.1%) was observed in the extract obtained from SWE using the same conditions. The flavonoids from the SWE of apple peel were compared to three conventional extraction methods in terms of their extraction efficiency and antioxidant activity. The SWE was significantly more effective than hot water (90℃), methanol, and ethanol extraction for flavonoid yield by 4.7-, 2.2-, and 1.3-fold, respectively, and for antioxidant activity by 11.0-, 4.9, and 2.8-fold, respectively.

산뽕잎, 은행잎 및 혼합차의 침출시간에 따른 항산화 활성을 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성과 FRAP 방법으로 조사하였으며, 총 페놀 화합물의 함량은 Folin-Ciocalteu법, 플라보노이드 함량은 HPLC로 분석하였다. 침출시간에 따라서 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성과 FRAP 활성은 은행잎차, 혼합차, 산뽕잎차 순으로 높게 나타났다. 총 페놀 성분 함량은 은행잎차, 혼합차, 산뽕잎차 순으로 높았으며 산뽕잎에 은행잎을 2:1로 혼합하였을 때 항산화 활성이 증가하였다. 침출시간 3분 정도에서 산뽕잎차 및 혼합차는 비교적 항산화 활성이 높았으며 은행잎차는 6분 까지 활성이 증가하였다. HPLC로 분석한 플라보노이드 성분 함량은 quercetin이 모든 차에서 가장 함량이 높았으며, 은행잎차, 혼합차, 산뽕잎차 순으로 플라보노이드의 총 함량이 높게 나타났다. 제조한 침출차 들의 항산화 성분 함량과 항산화 활성의 상관계수는 0.87 이상으로 상관성이 상당히 높았다.

본 연구에서는 흑미의 가공부산물인 흑미강으로부터 기능성 polyphenol 및 flavonoid가 새로운 추출방법인 아임계 추출법을 통해 추출되었고, 열수(80oC), 에탄올, 설탕용액을 이용한 기존 추출법과의 추출효율이 비교 분석되었다. 건조된 흑미강 시료로부터 polyphenols(35.06±1.28 mg QE/g dried material) 및 flavonoids(7.08±0.31 mg QE/g dried material)에 대한 최대 수율이 아임계 추출법(190oC, 1300 psi, 10 min)을 통해 획득되었으며, 이것은 기존 추출법 가운데 가장 높은 수율을 보인 에탄올 추출법을 통한 polyphenols(2.98±0.74mg QE/g dried material) 및 flavonoids(0.58±0.21mg QE/g dried material) 수율 대비 11.77배와 12.21배 이상 더 높은 것이었다. 추출방법에 따른 흑미강 추출물의 항산화 활성은 에탄올 추출물에서 가장 높게 관찰되었다. 그러나 흑미강 시료 1 g 당 획득된 추출물의 건조중량 차이 비교를 통해서 얻어진 건조 흑미강 1 g 당 함유된 항산화 성분의 상대수율(relative yield, %)은 최적조건(190oC, 1,300 psi, 10 min)의 아임계 추출법을 통해 획득된 추출물에서 가장 높았으며, 이것은 에탄올 추출물의 항산화 성분 상대수율에 비해 대략 11.53배 이상 더 높은 것이다. 이상의 결과들은 아임계 추출법이 흑미강으로부터 기능성 polyphenols 및 flavonoids를 추출하는데 매우 적합한 방법임을 설명하고 있으며, 유기용매 추출법을 포함한 기존의 전통적 추출법에 대한 매우 효과적인 대안임을 제시하고 있다.

This study was to investigate the effect of flavonoid treatment on in vitro development of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos, and their pregnancy and delivery rate after embryo transfer into recipient. In experiment 1, to optimize the flavonoid concentration, parthenogenetic day 2 (≥ 2-cell) embryos were cultured in 0 (control), 1, 10 and 20 μM flavonoid for 6 days. In the results, in vitro development rate was the highest in 10 μM flavonoid group (57.1%) among treatment groups (control, 49.5%; 1 μM, 54.2%; 20 μM, 37.5%), and numbers of total and ICM cells were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 10 μM flavonoid group than other groups. We found that 10 μM flavonoid treatment can significantly (p<0.05) decrease the apoptotic index and derive high expression of anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, cell growth and development marker genes such as Mn-SOD, Survivin, Bax inhibitor, Glut-5, In-tau, compared to control group. In experiment 2, to produce the cloned Jeju Black Cattle, beef quality index grade 1 bull somatic cells were transferred into enucleated bovine MII oocytes and reconstructed embryos were cultured in 10 μM flavonoid added medium. When the in vitro produced day 7 or 8 SCNT blastocysts were transferred into a number of recipients, 10 μM flavonoid treatment group presented higher pregnancy rate (10.2%, 6/59) than control group (5.9%, 2/34). Total three cloned Jeju Black calves were born. Also, two cloned calves in 10 μM flavonoid group were born and both were all healthy at present, while the one cloned calf born in control group was dead one month after birth. In addition, when the result of short tandem repeat marker analysis of each cloned calf was investigated, microsatellite loci of 11 numbers matched genotype between donor cell and cloned calf tissue. These results demonstrated that the flavonoid addition in culture medium may have beneficial effects on in vitro and in vivo developmental capacity of SCNT embryos and pregnancy rate.

This study was conducted to compare the antioxidant activities of fermented soy products such as chungkukjang, meju and doenjang with soybeans. Total phenolic, flavonoids contents and antioxidative activities of the methanol extract of soy and fermented products were compared with specific reference to alpha-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrozyl (DPPH) radicals scavenging effects, ferric /reducing power (FRAP), inhibition of conjugated diene formation and tyrosinase activities. Total phenolic and flavonoids contents increased in soybeans after fermentation. Fermented soy products also displayed enhanced antioxidative activities in comparison with the non-fermented soybeans. There were linear relationships between total phenolic and flavonoids contents and ferric reducing/antioxidant power of the samples. Overall, the fermented soy products showed a better antioxidant activity than soybeans. Among the 3 kinds of fermented soy products, chungkukjang, meju and deonjang, doenjang exhibited the highest levels of DPPH-free radicals scavenging activity, ferric /reducing power, inhibition of conjugated diene formation and tyrosinase activities. The fermented soy products with longer fermentation time demonstrated the higher antioxidant activities as well as higher total phenols and flavonoids in the order of doenjang > meju > chunghlkjang> soybeans.

우리나라에 자생하는 엉겅퀴를 대상으로 식물부위, 건조방법에 따른 총플라보노이드와 apigenin 함량 분석 및 엉겅퀴차의 소비자 기호도 검사를 수행한 결과, 잎에서 추출된 총플라보노이드 함량이 가장 높았으며, 꽃 및 줄기의 순서로 나타났다. 건조 방법에 따른 총플라보노이드의 함량은 잎과 꽃에서는 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 줄기에서는 동결건조와 오븐건조가 자연건조보다 높게 나타났다. Apigenin함량도 잎에서 가장 많이 확인되었으며 꽃, 줄기의 순서로 나타났다. 건조방법에 따른 apigenin함량 변화는 엉겅퀴의 잎과 줄기에서는 나타나지 않았으나, 꽃에서는 동결건조와 자연건조보다 오븐건조에서 그 함량이 높게 나타났다. 소비자 기호도 검사에서는 엉겅퀴꽃잎혼합차의 선호도가 엉겅퀴잎차 보다 높았으며, 이러한 제품이 시판될 때의 구매의향도 엉겅퀴꽃잎혼합차가 엉겅퀴잎차보다 높게 나타났다.

The contents of total flavonoids, total antioxidant status and superoxide scavenger activity of edible plants were measured. Among twenty one samples of leafy vegetables and teas, mugwort (Artemesia capillaris) and green teas gave high total flavonoids contents, 48.2 mg/g sample and 44.7 mg/g sample, respectively. The highest concentration of total flavonoids among eighty nine samples analyzed was 52.1 mg/g sample from propolis. When samples were tested for total antioxidant status, a kind of groundsel showed the highest Total Antioxidant Status(TAS) value, 13.4 mM among leafy vegetables and teas and green tea gave high TAS value, 11.84 mM. On the other hand, purslane gave the lowest TAS value, 0.01 mM. The superoxide scavenge activity was measured from the extracts of all edible plants. The superoxide scavenge activity of polygonatum(81.1%) and chrysantemum (78.5%) were the highest among leafy vegetables, teas and medicinalplants. On the other hand, ginseng, poria, cassiae semen and dioscoreae rhizoma showed no superoxide scavenge activities.

The flavonoids are one of the most numberous and widespread groups of natural constituents. The low molecular weight of benzo-γ-pyrone derivatives are ubiquitous in plants and are vegetables, nuts, seeds, leaves, flowers, and bark. The flavonoids constitute of a large class of compounds, ubiquitous in plants, containing a number of phenolic hydroxyl groups attached to ring structures, conferring the antioxidant activity. Epidemiologic studies suggest that the dietary intake of antioxidants constitutes a risk factor for vascular disease, indicating that oxidation may be important in the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis. Elevated plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration are associated with accelerated atherosclerosis, LDL is oxidized by smooth muscle cells, resulting in several chemicals and physical changes of LDL. Oxidized LDL is responsible for cholesterol loading of macrophages, foam cells formation and atherogenesis. There have been insulficient tests of the protective effects of flavonoids against LDL oxidation to make definitive statements about their structure activity relationships. However, hydroxylation of the flavone nucleas can appears to be advantageous because polyhydroxylated aglycone flavonoids are potent inhibitor of LDL modification. This identification may lead to new and more effective antioxidant strategies for abrogating the atherosclerotic process, the leading cause of death and disability in industrialized societies.

The present study were conducted to determine physiological activities and antioxidant effects [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, reducing power, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and Fe2+ (ferrous ion) chelating capacity] of 70% methanol, chloroform:methanol, 2:1 volume ratio (CM) and ethyl acetate extract of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Bioactive compound of tannin 0.125±0.007 mg Catechin Equivalent (CE)/g dry weight. Turmeric extracts yield were 70% methanol 16.54%, CM 5.64% and ethyl acetate 4.14%, respectively. Antioxidant activity of the samples exhibited a dose-dependent increase. Results showed that extraction solvent had significant effects on total flavonoid content and antioxidant effects of ethyl acetate. But ferrous ion-chelating capacity of 70% methanol extract was higher than CM and ethyl acetate extract. From the results of this study, turmeric can be utilized as a valuable and potential nutraceutical for the functional food industry.

In Korea, common and Tartary buckwheat are cultivated mainly in spring and fall, however the available buckwheat varieties are still very limited. In this study, we have evaluated buckwheat germplasm for agronomic traits and compared flavonoids contents in different cultivation period and collection area. In common buckwheat, the number of days from sowing to flowering was 40 and 31 days and from sowing to maturity took 90 and 69 days in spring and fall cultivation, respectively. The number of nodes and branches were higher in spring cultivation while the hundred seed weight was higher in fall cultivation. The average flavonoids contents in common buckwheat were 0.20 ㎎/g dry weight (DW) and 0.40 ㎎/g DW in spring and fall cultivation, respectively. The highest flavonoids content was detected in Jeonnam accessions with 0.29 ㎎/g DW and 0.43 ㎎/g DW during spring and fall cultivation, respectively. The flavonoids contents were varied from 1.5 to 2.5 times according to the collection area. These results suggest that the agronomic traits and flavonoids contents were vary depending on the cultivation environment and germplasm collection area. Therefore, it is necessary to select the material by considering the characteristics of the germplasm for breeding of new varieties.

Background : The licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) is one of the Mongolian traditional useful medicinal plants. The roots and rhizomes are rich in triterpenoids, flavonoids and glycosides. It is have been employed clinically for their antiinflammatory, antiulcer, antimicrobial and anxiolytic activities. In this study, we was undertaken to explore the phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity and total flavonoid content of G.uralensis. Methods and Results : In vitro culture related greenhouse, field growing G. uralensis and the wild type roots were dried in shade and grind in mechanical grinder. 1 g of powdered roots were extracted in 25 ㎖ of methanol with concentration of 40 ㎎/㎖. The antioxidant activity and total flavonoid contents were investigated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryldydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay and aluminium trichloride method, respectively. The production of glycyrrhizic acid determined by thin layer chromatography. In the phytochemical screening showed presence of secondary metabolites flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids and tannin. The extract possessed potent antioxidant activity having IC50 value 2,000 ㎍/㎖ (59.97 ± 2.55) in wild type and 1,000 ㎍/㎖ (68.73 ± 3.99) in greenhouse samples. Field grown G.uralensis roots extract gave highest total flavonoid content with 30.21% compared with wild type and greenhouse grown samples (16.71% and 10.71%). Conclusion : Based on the results of investigations, G. uralensis is a potent source of novel bioactive compounds. Further investigations regarding more biological activities by high sensitive techniques such as HPLC and GC-MS need to be conducted.

Background : Miscanthus sinensis is a C4 crop with high photosynthetic efficiency and is known as a representative cellulose-based bio-energy crop originating in East Asia such as Korea, Japan, and China. It also has a high resistance to environmental conditions such as low temperature and drying and pests. However, many studies on the antioxidant activity of the M. sinensis have not been conducted. Therefore, this study was conducted to measure total phenol and total flavonoid contents of the M. sinensis accessions collected from some countries and to select the M. sinensis accessions with rich total phenol and total flavonoid contents. The results of this study can be used as basic data for future breeding. Methods and Results : This study carried out the total phenol and total flavonoid contents analysis of M. sinensis collected from different country to preserve genetic resources. Total 205 accessions of M. sinensis were collected from the USA, China, Korea, Japan, Thailand and Zambia. Their leaves were extracted with 100% methanol and concentrated at 45℃. To determine total phenol and total flavonoid contents, we measured the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The highest total phenolic conten t(81.04 ± 0.02 ㎎·GAE/g) showed in the accession (PMS-178) from China. The highest total flavonoid content (32.66 ± 0.01 ㎎·QE/g) showed in the accession (KMS104) from Korea. On the other hand the lowest total phenolic content (1.11 ± 0.00 ㎎·GAE/g) and the total flavonoid content (0.81 ± 0.00 ㎎·QE/g) were obtained from the accession (M. sinensis ‘Super Stripe’) from USA. Conclusion : In this study, we analysed the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents by country of origin.

Background : Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is the fifth most important crop in the world. Although it is known as a crop with many medicinal action, Studies on sorghum breeding are inferior to other crop. Therefore, it is necessary to cultivate excellent varieties of sorghum which is stable and has excellent physiological activity. So, this study was conducted to investigate the total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content of the sorghum accessions to select the sorghum accessions with rich antioxidants. The results of this study can be used as basic data for future breeding. Methods and Results : The seeds for study were supplied from the Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources of National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The seeds were extracted with 100% methanol and concentrated at 45℃. To determine antioxidant, we measured the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The highest total phenolic content showed in the accession from IT No. 155552 (55600.34 ± 17.78 ㎎·GAE/g) and the total flavonoid content showed the highest in IT No. 143716 (116563.20 ± 149.39 ㎎·QE/g). On the other hand the lowest total phenolic content showed in the accession from IT No. 135777 (20.14 ± 4.29 ㎎·GAE/g) and the total flavonoid content showed the lowest in IT No. 152910 (701.25 ± 5.53 ㎎·QE/g). Conclusion : Among 300 sorghum accessions, we analysed the total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents.

Background : Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a member of the malvaceae family and has been prescribed in traditional folk medicine in Africa and India. It showed broad biologicas activities such as hepatoprotective activity, antioxidative activity and haematinic activity. Kenaf leaves contain a lot of vegetable calcium, protein, iron and vitamins, so have high potential as functional food. Thus, the present study purposed to analyze useful substances contained in kenaf leaves and their activities and look for their possibilities as the materials of food and medicine. Methods and Results :　We sowed the seeds of three varieties of kenaf, namely, Dowling, Everglade-41 and Tainung-2 at planting space of 20 × 20㎝ on the field and collected plants on the 98th , 127th and 141st days from sowing. The total polyphenol content was measured using a slightly modified Folin-Denis method, which uses the phenomenon that a phenolic substance turns blue by reaction with phosphomolybdate. Conclusion : We analyzed SOD enzyme activity related to the scavenging of superoxide anion radical (․O2-) through NBT reduction. As for the SOD activity of leaf extract by variety, the activity was 92.6%, 91.0% and 92.6%, respectively, in Tainung-2 on day 98, 127 and 141 from sowing, slightly higher than those in the other two varieties but not significantly different. The activity was slightly higher in the middle period of growth than in the harvest period, but not much different according to harvest time. As for the DPPH radical scavenging activity of leaf extract by variety, the activity was 80.87% and 80.71%, respectively, in Tainung-2 on day 98 (30th of October)and day127 (28th of September), slightly higher than the other two varieties.