This study was conducted to evaluate Korean rice cultivars to search any suitable varieties for the northern region of the Korean Peninsula (North Korea). A total of 92 rice varieties which included 74 bred cultivars from South Korea, 13 collections from North Korea and five local cultivars from China, were involved in the evaluating trials for their performance. Stability at three sites inthe northeastern areas of China, which are located in the northern border areas of North Korea, for three years from 2017 to 2019. The ecologically well-adapted rice varieties were selected at each trial site during the first year and employed again as the materials for the subsequent yield trials. A total of six varieties with relatively better performing and stability were selected through the subsequent trials at three sites for three years: Unkwang, Daejin and Taebaek at Dandong region; Hanseol and Taebong at Longjin region; Taebong and Namweon at Hunchun region, respectively. Dandong is located in the southeast parts of Liaoning, which has similar climatic characteristics to the west coastalregion of North Korea. Longjin is located in the middle-east parts of Jilin, which has also similar climatic characteristics to the northern inland region of North Korea. Hunchun is located in the northeastern parts of Jilin, which has presumably similar climatic characteristics to the northern part of the eastern coastal region of North Korea. Unkwang is characterized by its early maturity, with the heading at the 2nd of August, and reveals a yield potential of 7.11 T/ha with resistance to the blast (BL) and the bacterial leaf blade (BLB) diseases. It is predicted to be suitable for the northern area of the Suyang mountain region and the central inland region of North Korea. Daejin has asemi-early maturity heading around the 6th of August and yields of 6.06 T/ha with resistance to BL, BLB, and stripe virus (SV) diseases. Daejin will be adaptable to the northern area of Suyang mountain region. Taebaek is medium maturing variety of Indica/Japonica type. It is heading at the 14thof August with good ripening at maturity, and has yield potential of 6.84 T/ha with resistance to BL, BLB and SV diseases. It will be adaptable to the southern area of Suyang mountain region. Hanseol is early maturing, heading on the 3rd of August, and yields 6.44 T/ha with the short stature and cold tolerance (CT). It will be adaptable to the northern inland and mountainous regions of North Korea. Taebong is semi-early maturingwith the heading at the 6th of August and has a yield potential of 6.96 T/ha with cold tolerane and blast resistance. Taebong was also outstanding in theHunchun region, indicating a more or less wide adaptability in cold areas. It is expected to be adaptable to the northern inland region of North Korea as well as the northern part of the eastern coastal region. Namweon is a medium-maturing variety with aheading date of August 10, and a yield potential of 4.76 T/ha with cold tolerance and resistance to rice neck blast disease. It is expected to be adaptable to the northern part of the eastern coastal region.

영남 평야지에서는 추석전 햅쌀 출하를 목적으로 조기재배나 극조기재배가 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 그러나 극조기 벼 수확 이후에 후작물로 적합한 작목이 없어서 휴경을 하는 농가가 많아 적합한 작부체계 개발을 위한 재배법 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 시험은 극조기 벼 수확 후 이모작 작부체계에 적합한 벼 품종 및 재배시기 설정을 위해 수행하였다. 조생종 14개 품종을 4월 7일, 4월 14일, 4월 21일, 4월 28일에 각각 이앙하였을 때, 극조기 벼 이모작을 위한 기준 출수기인 7월 10일 이전에 출수가능한 품종은 백일미, 주남조생, 중모1032, 진옥이었다. 이 품종들의 적산온도로 추정한 적정 이앙시기는 4월 10일에서 4월 20일 사이로, 이 시기에 이앙할 경우 8월 20일 이내에 수확이 가능하여 8월 하순 후작물과의 작기연결성에 유리한 적합 품종으로 판단된다.

The physiological characteristics, growth, and yield of each regional rice variety (‘Odaebyeo’, ‘Saechucheong’, ‘Ilmibyeo’) were investigated depending on the impact of changes in temperature and CO2 concentration. Experiments were conducted with a control group, which reflected atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature, and treatment groups, in which the CO2 concentration and temperature were increased by 250 ppm and 2.0℃ from those in the control group. The results showed that the increase in CO2 concentration and temperature reduced the growth and yield of the rice ‘Odaebyeo’, but did not substantially change the productivity of the ‘Saechucheong’ and ‘Ilmibyeo’. The increase in CO2 concentration and temperature increased stomatal conductance and rate of transpiration of the ‘Odaebyeo’ variety, thereby decreasing its water use efficiency (WUE). In contrast, the increase in CO2 concentration and temperature increased the photosynthetic rate and WUE of the ‘Saechucheong’ and ‘Ilmibyeo’ varieties. The gradual change in climate is considered to directly affect growth and development of rice and diversely affect the productivity of each variety. Therefore, it is necessary to implement technological development, select regionally optimal rice varieties, develop new rice varieties, as well as conduct long-term monitoring of each rice variety for climate adaptation to counter global warming.

This study compares the quality characteristics of Jeung-pyun prepared by supplementing with rice mash of various cultivars. Results showed high contents of crude protein and crude ash in Saeilmi. The highest and lowest amylose contents were obtained in Goami4 and Baekjinju, respectively. Saeilmi had the highest water absorption index (WAI) of rice flour, whereas the highest water-soluble index (WSI) was obtained in Baekokchal. Maximum viscosity, minimum viscosity, and breakdown were high in Baekjinju, and high cooling viscosity and setback levels were determined in Goami4. The sugar content, total free sugar, and pH of the rice mash were highest in Baekjinju. The highest volume of Jeung-pyun was obtained with Saeilmi supplementation, whereas the specific volume was highest in Baekokchal. Evaluation of L, a, and b color values of Jeung-pyun revealed the maximum L value in Saeilmi, a value in Goami4, and b value in Baekjinju. The physical properties of Jeung-pyun were lower in all supplemented groups compared to the control group for hardness, adhesiveness, and chewiness. The lowest chewiness was obtained in Baekokchal-supplemented Jeung-pyun. We conclude that supplementation with different varieties of rice affects the quality characteristics of Jeung-pyun, which are important factors for manufacturing processed foods.

The Korea-Africa Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (KAFACI) has been cooperating with AfricaRice since 2014 for the eradication of hunger and poverty in Africa through sustainable agriculture and its industrialization. At first, rice breeding activities for staple food production started with KAFACI member countries by sharing high-yielding Tongil-type rice breeding lines and varieties. The Africa Rice Development Partnership project entitled “Enhancement of high-yielding rice germplasm and breeding capacity of rice producing countries in Africa” is implemented for the period from 2016 to 2025 with three phases. The actual rice breeding activities have been conducted by applying anther culture haploid breeding technology in the laboratory and field of AfricaRice Saint-Louis center. The 1,547 elite lines selected through participatory variety selection were distributed to 21 national breeders of KAFACI member countries. These lines derived from the 1,181 cross combination and 34,616 breeding lines on Korea and AfricaRice germplasm crossed. Among them 11 new Tongil-type rice varieties have been selected and registered in the national variety catalogue of Senegal, Mali, Rwanda, Malawi, and Tanzania.

최고품질 벼 품종의 외래품종 대체를 위하여 국내 재배 외래품종의 선호 요인 분석을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 ‘추청’ ‘고시히카리’ 등 국내 선호도가 높은 외래품종의 취반시 미립의 모양과 체적변화를 조사한 바, 1. 취반 시간에 따른 입장은 최고품질 벼의 경우 ‘삼광’이 199%로 가장 높았고 ‘일품’이 172%로 가장 낮았으며 삼광’의 경우 배양 후 5~10분 사이에 입장이 가장 빠르게 늘어났고 ‘일품’은 취반시간에 따라 일정한 비율로 증가하였다. 2. 국내에서 선호되는 외래 품종의 경우 취반시 미립의 신장변이의 폭이 적었으며 ‘삼광’이나 ‘하이아미’에 비하여 일정한 비율로 증가하였으며 ‘고시히카리’와 ‘히토메보레’는 취반 15분 이후부터 신장율의 변화가 상대적으로 적었다 3. 미립 신장지수는 ‘삼광’과 ‘하이아미’가 ‘일품’보다 높았으며 ‘삼광’은 취반 10분 후 신장지수의 변화가 거의 일어나지 않았고 일품’과 ‘고시히카리’는 취반후 미립의 모양이 상대적으로 작게 변하였다. 5. 최고품질 벼 및 외래품종의 취반한 후 미립 모양은 조사한 모든 품종의 미립 표면이 다소 불규칙적으로 팽화하였지만 ‘고시히카리’의 경우 백미 원형을 가장 잘 유지하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

The effect of 16 cultivars on the quality of the rice porridge was investigated. The ‘Geunnun’ had the highest water absorption rate, but the ‘Segyejinmi’ yield (w/w) was the highest. The total sugar content of the rice porridge was 0.29~8.10%, showing significant variation among the cultivars. High amylose ‘Dodamssal’ and ‘Hwaseonchalbyeo’ glutinous rice displayed rotational viscosities of <20,000 cP. Rotational viscosities for boiled rice cultivars were 30,000~40,000 cP, representing an intermediate level, and the rotational viscosities of ‘Geonyang2’ and ‘Hanareum4’ were over 50,000 cP. These results suggest that the viscosity of rice porridge varies significantly among raw material cultivars. Among other variables affecting the texture profile of rice porridge, there were significant differences in hardness and gumminess among the cultivars. As a raw material, ‘Baekokchal’, a kind of glutinous rice, is known to be whiter than the non-glutinous rice, but after processing to porridge, it showed the lowest L value (71.1). Starch degrading enzyme activity was not significant in most types of rice porridges within 30 or 60 minutes. Therefore, enzymatic starch degradation is thought to be completed within 30 minutes. Among the tested raw materials, ‘Miho’ was 73.5 μg/mg, indicating the best digestibility in vitro.

본 연구는 최근 지구 온난화로 인하여 벼의 재배 가능 기간이 길어짐에 따라 남부지방의 벼 2기작 재배의 가능성을 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. 전기작 벼는 4월 15일에 9 개의 품종을 이앙하였다. 전기작 벼의 수확 후 후기작으로는 11개의 품종을 8월 1일에 이앙하여 11월 초에 수확하였다. 전기작의 5 개의 품종(기라라397, 백일미, 조안, 한설 그리고 중모1031)은 7월 말에 수확이 가능하였다. 전기작은 기라라397과 백일미 품종이 수량이 가장 많았다. 전기작의 쌀 수확량은 지역 평균 수확량의 약 93% 정도였다. 후기작은 지녹과 기라라397이 수량이 가장 많았다. 후기작 벼 재배에서 쌀 수확량은 정상적인 계절 재배보다 생육기간이 짧아 지역 평균 수확량의 약 70% 미만이었다. 결과적으로 한국 남부지역의 벼2기작은 경제적 실효성이 아직은 높지 않지만 지구 온난화로 인한 평균기온 상승과 식량자급율을 고려하여 지속적인 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

The physicochemical properties of Korean rice flour cultivars (Saemimyeon [SM], Hanareum No. 4 [HA], and Milyang No. 328 [MY]) with different amylose contents were analyzed and the effects of rice flour blending on their physicochemical property changes were investigated in this study. The swelling power of three different cultivars was similar at 60oC, but MY showed significantly enhanced swelling power at 80oC compared to SM and HA. In the pasting profile, MY showed significantly lower final and break-down viscosities than SM and HA due to its weak granular rigidity. In the case of the 1:1 blending of SM-MY and HA-MY, the measured values of swelling power and solubility were greatly decreased at 80oC, and the setback and final viscosity were significantly increased compared to their predicted arithmetic average values, showing the non-additive effects of blending. For the dynamic viscoelastic properties, SM-MY and HA-MY showed significantly decreased G’ and increased k’ and tanδ, compared to their predicted average values. In conclusion, the selected rice flour blends had non-additive effects on swelling power, solubility, pasting, and dynamic viscoelastic properties. These results showed the feasibility of the rice flour blending to diversify the physicochemical properties of rice flour for better processing suitability.

This study was carried out to find out the changes in the growth characteristics and feed value of the three different whole-crop silage rice cultivars of whole-crop silage rice such as Jonong, Yeongwoo and Mogwoo to develop an efficient double cropping system. This study showed that there were significant differences biomass and feed values among cultivars but no clear difference among transplanting dates. Dry weight and height were in order of Mogwoo, Yeongwoo, Jonong (p<0.05). Dry weight and feed value of Jonong showed no significant difference after 21 days after heading (DAH), it was expected to be harvested before DAH 30 days. Yeongwoo showed a lower dry weight than Mogwoo, but heading date was earlier than Mogwoo, so one can expect a higher feed value than Mogwoo. Mogwoo had lower crude protein and total digestible nutrient than the other two cultivars but relative feed value in stem was higher than that of the other cultivars, but had higher dry weight than other cultivars so it was considered to take an advantage as a silage rice. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that the selection of whole-crop silage rice on the cropping system be made comprehensively by considering the heading characteristics of the cultivars and the feed value.

The purpose of this study was to investigate antioxidant characteristics and anti-adipogenic effects of colored rice and brown rice extracts in 3T3-L1 adipocyte depending on cultivar (Josaengheugchal, Heugjinmi, Hongjinju, Geongganghongmi, Seolgaeng, Milyang 320, Sindongjin, Baegjinju). Colored rice and brown rice was extracted with 100% ethanol, followed by the analysis of polyphenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, antioxidant, and anti-adipogenic activity. Total polyphenol and flavonoid content ranged from 6.86~314.08 mg GAE/g and 1.47~56.88 mg CE/g the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid content was observed in Heugjinmi cultivar. Anthocyanin composition was analyzed by HPLC, cyanidin-3-gluoside and peonidin-3-glucoside was found in black rice including Josaengheugchal and Heugjinmi. Also, the ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity of colored rice cultivars was higher than that of brown rice cultivars, the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity also was observed in Heugjinmi (128.20 mg TE/g). The anti-adipogenic effects of colored rice and brown rice extracts on differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes evaluated that extracts of Heugjinmi cultivar significantly reduced intracellular lipid accumulation. These results provide valuable information for the use of Korean colored rice cultivar as a functional food materials relative to anti-obesity.

This study was conducted to explore the quality characteristics of colored rice depending on the cultivars (Jeogjinu, Josaengheugchal, Joeunheukmi, Heukjinjubyeo, Hongjinju, Heukjinmi, Geongganghongmi) for porridge. The moisture, crude protein, lipid, ash, amylose and damaged starch contents of colored rice ranged from 10.05~11.23%, 7.72~8.69%, 2.68~3.26%, 1.62~1.88%, 6.29~20.31% and 5.06~8.26%, respectively. The highest moisture (11.23%), crude protein (8.69%), lipid (3.26%) and ash (1.88%) contents of colored rice were detected in Heukjinjubyeo, Joeunheukmi, Josaengheugchal and Heukjinmi, respectively. The lowest amylose and damaged starch contents of colored rice were detected in Josaengheugchal and Joeunheukmi, respectively. In general, the water binding capacity, water solubility and swelling power of Heukjinmi were greater than those of the other cultivars. The investigation of the pasting properties (peak, trough, break down, final and setback viscosity, peak time, pasting temperature) of colored rice indicated a low value in Josaengheugchal. The lowest hardness (13,673.25 g) of colored rice was observed in Heukjinjubyeo while the highest digestibility (5.44 glucose mg/g) of colored rice was observed in Josaengheugchal. These results indicated that Josaengheugchal are suitable cultivars for porridge.

식품산업에서 가공용 또는 혼반용 등으로 활용 가능한 우수한 품종 선정의 일환으로 국내 육성 현미 품종에 대해 일반성분, 기능성분과 항산화 활성을 분석한 결과, 수분, 조회분, 조지방, 조단백 및 탄수화물 등 일반성분 함량은 품종에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 현미 품종별 phytic acid 함량은 단미 품종이 10.87 mg/g으로 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며, 현품 품종이 7.39 mg/g으로 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. 페놀 성분과 radical 소거활성, FRAP 활성은 유색미 품종이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 현미 에탄올 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 조은흑미 품종이 각각 615.25 μg GAE/g 및 267.75 μg CE/g으로 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며, 건강홍미 품종은 각각 311.14 μg GAE/g 및 100.67 μg CE/g으로 조사되었다. 현미 에탄올 추출물의 DPPH radical 소거활성은 건강홍미, 조은흑미 및 흑광 품종이 각각 89.17, 87.94 및 43.17%로 나타났고, ABTS radical 소거활성은 각각 113.57, 113.34 및 93.53 μmol TE/g, FRAP 활성은 각각 951.67, 1,075.75 및 508.33 μM/g으로 높은 활성을 보였다. 이상의 결과, 유색미 현미가 높은 페놀 성분 함량과 항산화 활성을 보여 이를 이용한 기능성 소재로 활용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

Since Japonica rice is recognized as the premium rice in some subtropical region such as Philippines, the development of new cultivar adaptable in subtropical region has been conducting. However typical Japonica rice show earlier flowering in subtropical region due to the short day length and high temperature conditions. In such a condition, it is difficult to secure enough yields. Therefore it is need that selection of Japonica cultivar showing suitable heading characters in subtropical region. Here we try to check the basic vegetative phase and heading sensitivity on temperature condition using 37 kinds of Korean cultivars. BVP is between 14 to 39 days and 37% of cultivar had basic vegetative phase between 26 to 30 days. When temperature became lower on sensitive and reproductive stage, heading was more delayed. However the 24oC condition showed the greatest impact on heading delay among temperature condition. Among cultivars, 56% of cultivars have basic vegetative phase over 25days.We checked temperature effect on heading especially sensitivity stage in those materials. Joun, Manho, Joan and Cheonga showed stable heading date under different temperature conditions. With this data, we suggest that Joun, Manho, Joan and Cheonga could be a good cultivar in subtropical region in heading characters.

The properties of rice were studied on five rice cultivars (Ilpumbyeo, Samkwang, Goami-4, Dodamssal, and Thai rice), and employed two kinds of saccharification treatment methods (treatment : rice shape, treatment II: grinding rice shape). Thai rice showed differences in width and length when compared to other cultivars of rice, and the Goami 4 had the lowest thousand-grain weight. The Goami4 and Dodamssal each showed high contents of amylose and resistant starch, and the water absorption rate was close to maximum at 90 minutes as well as the highest level of Goami 4 at all times. The qualities of highest water-binding capacity, solubility and swelling power was most significant in Thai rice. The lowest hardness level of wet rice resulted in the lowest hydration-related characteristics. High amylose content rice, in particular, showed low sugar content and slightly increased sugar content as the saccharification process improved (treatment II). On the other hand, high amylose cultivars had the same high degree of hardness as boiled rice. From these results, the Dodamssal was found to have the lowest viscosity at all temperatures but highest viscosity during the saccharification process, suggesting it may be successfully implemented as a thickener in rice beverage processing. The purpose of this study was to attempt to provide basic data on the development of rice beverage manufacturing technology, based upon the quality characteristics related to beverage processing of rice cultivars.

Development, survival, and reproduction of brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), were studied in laboratory at 25±2°C, 65±5% RH and a 16L : 8D hours photoperiodism on five rice cultivars of: Dongjin 1ho, Chungchungbyeo, Jangseongbyeo, Chinnongbyeo and Jungmo 1045. BPH nymphs successfully survived on all rice cultivars, although survival rate was lowest on Jangseongbyeo (36.0%). Developmental time of immature stages ranged from 11.7±0.59 d on Jungmo 1045 to 12.8±0.59 d on Chinnongbyeo. Reproductive period and female longevity were longest on Dongjin 1ho, Chinnongbyeo and Jungmo 1045 while highest fecundity of N. lugens being observed on these three rice cultivars. Highest and lowest net reproductive rates were calculated on rice cultivars, Jungmo 1045 and Jangseongbyeo, respectively. Mean generation time was the longest on rice cultivar Dongjin 1ho. Respective descending order of intrinsic rates of population increase were on Jungmo 1045, Chinnongbyeo, Dongjin 1ho, Chungchungbyeo and Jangseongbyeo. These population parameters showed that N. lugens can successfully survive and reproduce on Chinnongbyeo and Jungmo 1045.