The identity of toxin producers remains only hypothesis unless there were identified by strain isolation and analytical confirmation of both the cyanotoxin production and the genetic identity of the monoculture. The purposes of this study were to identify a morphologic and phylogenetic classification in Aphanizomenon flos-aquae strains isolated from the Nakdong River and to investigate the potential ability of the strains to produce toxins such as saxitoxin and cylindrospermopsin using target genes. The 16S rRNA and sxtA, sxtI, cyrA, cyrJ genes were analyzed on two strains (DGUC001, DGUC003) isolated from the Nakdong River. Morphological features of the strains were observed a shape of aggregated trichomes in parallel fascicles which can reach up to macroscopic size and a hyaline terminal cell without aerotope. In addition, the 16S rRNA phylogenetic analyses showed that the strains were identified as the same species with high genetic similarity of 98.4% and grouped within a monospecific andsupported cluster I of Aphanizomenon flosaquae selected from GenBank of the NCBI. The cyrA and cyrJ genes encoding for the cylindrospermopsinbiosynthesis were not detected in the present study. The sxtA gene was in detected both the two strains, whereas the sxtI gene which had been suggested as a suitable molecular marker to detect saxitoxin-producing cyanobacteria was not found both the strains. Thus, the two strains isolated from Nakdong River were identified as the same species of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Ralfs ex Bornet et Flahault 1888, the two strains were confirmed as potential non-producing strains of the saxitoxin and cylindrospermopsin.

The purpose of this study is to review the relationship between CEO's transformational leadership and performance, and the mediating effect of corporate entrepreneurship in entrepreneurs’cooperative. In order to verify and achieve the purposes mentioned above, questionnaire data were gathered and analysed from 379 employees of entrepreneurs’cooperative in Kangwon-do province. Empirical survey's findings are as follows; First, charisma and individual consideration appeared to be positively related with risk-taking and proactiveness. Also, intellectual stimulation appeared to be positively related with proactiveness only. Second, charisma and individual consideration appeared to be positively related with sales volume and employment increase, but intellectual stimulation appeared to be positively related with employment increase only. Third, corporate entrepreneurship(risk-taking, proactiveness) appeared to be positively related with sales volume and employment increase. Fourth, corporate entrepreneurship(risk-taking, proactiveness) had mediating effect on the relationship between CEO's transformational leadership and performance. But, intellectual stimulation had not mediating effect

이 글은 김동리의 『을화』와 치누아 아체베의 『모든 것이 산산이 부서지다』를 대상으로 한다. 두 작품은 모두 기독교와 토착 신앙이 충돌하는 모습을 보여 준다는 점에서 공통점이 있으나, 차이점 또한 확연하다. 을화 에서 기독교는 서구 제국주의와 동의어가 아니며, 기독교를 긍정적으로 받아들이기 때문이다. 그럼에도 토착 신앙과 가치체계를 고수하는 부모 세대와 기독교적 가치체계를 받아들인 아들 세대는 서로 충돌하게 된다. 그 결과 을화에서는 아들 영술이, 『모든 것이 산산이 부서지다』에서는 아버지 오콩코가 죽음을 맞이하게 된다. 영술의 죽음은 기독교가 토착 신앙화되고 가부장제 이데올로기에 결합하면서 일어난 것이었다. 오콩코의 죽음은 기독교로 대표되는 서구 제국주의 세계의 폭력 때문이었다. 그러나 두 작품의 결말에서, 기독교와 지배 이데올로기의 양 면성을 읽을 필요가 있다. 젊은 세대를 희생양으로 삼은 가부장제 이데올로기와 존중받아야 할 문화를 삭제하는 제국주의가 모두 폭력적으로 드러나기 때문이 다. 종교가 지배 이데올로기와 결합하면서 빚어진 죽음을 그려낸다는 점에서 두 작품을 재독해야 할 것이다. 이러한 작업을 기반으로 종교 간의 갈등이 문학작 품에서 그려지는 조건과 인물형을 유형화할 수 있을 것이다.

PURPOSES :This study proposes standards for rural access road pavement section and thickness design considering existing access road construction conditions; the study also proposes a complementary policy that can be used for design convenience.METHODS:Various literature review and case studies had been performed in terms of rural access road section and thickness design, both domestically and internationally, and this was followed by domestic rural access road field surveys. KPRP and KENLAYER were used to analyze the commonalities and predict the remaining life. Data on real cost is used to select an appropriate construction method through economic analysis.RESULTS:The economic efficiency of concrete pavement (15×15) was the highest in terms of economic efficiency of performance life and traffic volume. In the case of asphalt pavement, it is considered that the most economical method is to implement micro-surfacing method four times as a preventive maintenance method (once every 10 years and 4.5 years for asphalt concrete pavement and MS construction method, respectively). Repairable asphalt pavement is advantageous for areas where heavy vehicles are expected to pass. In the case of other general areas, it is considered economical to place concrete (15×15) pavement. However, as analytical results on its performance life are unavailable, it is to be considered for study in the future.CONCLUSIONS :This study proposed interim design guidelines based on various domestic and international design guidelines and case studies. However, in order to develop the final design criteria applicable to the field, it is necessary to (a) estimate the bearing capacity of the lower level of the pavement at various sites, (b) estimate the daily traffic volume, (c) implement advanced low-cost pavement technologies, and (d) propose maintenance standards and techniques for long-term performance.

Vortex-induced vibration and instability vibration of tall buildings are very important fluid-structure interaction phenomenon, and many fundamental questions concerning the influence of body movement on the unsteady aerodynamic force remain unanswered. For tall buildings, there are two experimental methods to investigate the characteristics of unsteady aerodynamic forces, one is forced vibration method and the other is free vibration method. In the present paper, a free vibration method was used to investigate the unsteady aerodynamic force on tall building whose aspect ratio is 9 under boundary layer simulating city area. Wind pressures on surfaces and tip displacements were measured simultaneously, and the characteristics of tip displacements and generalized forces were discussed. It was found that variation of across-wind displacements showed different trend between the case when wind speed increases and wind speed decreases, and the fluctuating generalize forces in across-wind direction of vibrating model are larger than that of static model near the resonant wind speed and approach to the static value. And for higher wind speed range, there were two peaks in across-wind power spectra of generalize forces of vibrating model, which means that two frequency components are predominant in unsteady aerodynamic forces.

Riboswitches are structured RNA motifs that can directly bind specific metabolites. The binding of metabolites further regulates downstream metabolism eliminating the need for any regulatory proteins. We searched for novel bacterial vitamin B1 binding riboswitches in the metagenome of sun-dried saline soil. Soil microbial metagenomes were studied using NGS analysis. A total of approximately 50 Gb of the sequence data was obtained by Hi-seq and 454 GS FLX sequencing, and these sequences were subjected to riboswitch search. Hi-seq generated 614 contigs showing similarity to riboswitches, while 454-based sequencing generated 383 similar contigs. We matched whole metagenome contigs to local BLAST databases constructed using 91 previously known bacterial vitamin B1 thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-box motifs, and 11 SAM S-box motifs. Repetitive BLAST comparisons to local BLAST databases with nucleotide sequences from NGS identified 14 novel TPP-box motifs, and 7 S-box motifs respectively from the metagenome contigs. Further, RNA secondary structure analysis with public databases Rfam, and RibEx using these 21 riboswitch candidates revealed one contig, D8PYI to possess the most probable TPP-box structure. We constructed intragenic synthetic riboswitches to investigate whether the TPP-box motif region in D8PYI could harness gene expression in the presence of TPP. Construction of biosensors containing 100~400 bp fragments of D8PYI contigs, and in vivo imaging using the biosensors displayed TPP-specific changes in the expression of a green fluorescence protein reporter. In this regard, the adaptation of in silico riboswitch screening from environmental metagenomes could provide biosensors for detection of specific metabolites.

Overwintering and succession of phytoplankton community with physicochemical and biological characteristics were investigated in pilot culture system. Water and phytoplankton samples were collected twice a week from February 23 to June 28, 2016. A total of 17 overwintering taxa including cyanophyceae, chlorophyceae, bacillariophyceae were identified in the experimental group in winter (February), and these overwintering species showed a marked succession pattern along with environment changes. In the process of phytoplankton succession, a total of 56 species in 28 genera were identified in two (experimental, control) pilot culture system. In the experimental group, 52 phytoplankton species in 24 genera were identified, and the number of taxa was highest in chlorophyceae (35 species), followed by Bacillariophyceae (9 species), Cyanophyceae (5 species) and others (3 species). In the control group, 25 phytoplankton species in 14 genera were classified and these taxa consisted of 17 chlorophyceae, 3 cyanophyceae, 2 Bacillariophyceae and 3 others. The standing crops ranged from 40 to 325,450 cells mL-1 in the experimental group, and from 900 to 37,100 cells mL-1 in the control group, respectively. The dominant species were represented by Monoraphidium minutum, Microcystis aeruginosa, Rhodomonas lacustris, Ankyra judai and Chlorella vulgaris in the experimental group; and M. minutum and Coenochloris cf. pyrenoidosa in the control group. In conclusion, overwintering and succession of predominant phytoplankton species developed due to interactions of internal environmental factors (physicochemical and biological factors) in the pilot culture system.

목 적 : 경피적 방사선 위루술(percutaneous radiologic gastrotomy, PRG)에서 위고정(gastropexy)을 위해 사용되는 T-fastener에 대해 자기장에 의한 수평인력, 회전력을 표준방법에 의해 평가하고, 돼지고기 모델을 이용하여 환자에게 사용되었을 때의 안전성에 대해 평가하였다. 대상 및 방법 : T-fastener는 Cope(Cook, Bloomington, USA)와 Saf-T-Pexy(Kimberly-Clark, Roswell, USA)모델을 사용하였으며, 길이는 각각 21 mm, 10 mm이다. MRI장치는 1.5 T(Avanto MRI, Siemens, Germany)와 3.0 T(Ingenia, Philips Medical System, Netherland)을 사용하였다. T-fastener에 대한 자기유도 수평인력은 주자장이 가장 큰 지점인 96cm지점에 측정장치를 위치하여 최대 변위각을 3회씩 측정하였고, 회전력은 원형용기 내부의 45°간격의 실선 위에 놓았 을 때 나타난 회전형태를 정성적 평가기준으로 측정하였다. 돼지고기 삽겹살에 T-fastener를 설치하여 본원의 복부 MRI sequence로 1.5 T와 3.0 T에서 scan 후 움직임 또는 회전상태를 관찰하였다. 결 과 : 자기유도 수평인력의 측정결과 변위각의 평균값은 Cope 제품의 경우 1.5 T와 3.0 T에서 각각 139.3°, 145.8°로 나타났고, Saf-T-pexy제품은 각각 131.3°, 141.7°로 나타났다. 자기유도 회전력의 평가결과 회전력은 두 제품 모두 1.5 T와 3.0 T에서 +4 (very strong torque), 즉 주자장에 대해 매우 빠르게 정렬되었다. 돼지고기 모델에서 1.5 T와 3.0 T에서 Scan 후 움직임 또는 회전상태는 scan 전과 후의 변화가 없었다. 결 론 : 이번 연구에서는 T-fastener에 대한 1.5 T와 3.0 T에서의 MR 안전성을 수평인력과 회전력을 통해 평가했으며, 두 제품 모두 변위각 130° 이상, 회전력 +4 이상 나타났다. 하지만 돼지고기 모델을 이용한 시험에서 충분한 유지력이 평가되어 MR환경에 사용되어도 환자안전에 영향이 없을 것으로 사료된다.

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) is considered as a serious agricultural pest, which damaged to the many crops including sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). We investigated weekly occurrence of the Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) using pheromone trap at six study fields of three regions, Jeonnam, Korea. A total of 41,895 individuals were collected from 18th July to 23th September in 2013; Yeongamgun was collected the highest individuals (17,519), and following the Muan-gun (12,709) and Haenamgun (11,667). The seasonal occurrence of S. Litura was increased from July to September, and peak occurrence timing was in late-September. There were a positive correlation between field area and number of individuals (P=0.02, r=0.89), and a negative correlation between field area and density (p=0.02, r=-0.89). As a PCA (principal component analysis) result, adults occurrence pattern were closely related to the temperature and relative humidity during larva stage.

과밀수용 문제는 수용자의 인권 침해, 교정공무원의 직무의지 약화와 교정역량 저하, 교정사고의 발생률 증가, 재사회화라는 교정의 목적 달성 불가 등 다양한 문제들을 동시에 발생시킬 우려가 매우 크고, 이는 곧 교정의 운영을 매우 곤란하게 할뿐만 아니라 형사사법제도의 전반에 영향을 미치고, 나아가 사회의 전반적인 문제, 예컨대 범죄발생의 증가에 따른 치안 악화, 과밀수용과 관련된 국가예산의 증가 등으로 직결되어 국가정책(형사정책; 사회안전망 구축) 수행에 막대한 지장을 초래하게 된다. 따라서 교정시설 과밀수용을 해소하기 위하여 대책을 마련하는 것이 시급하다는 점에서 그 시의성을 고려할 때 연구의 필요성이 매우 크다고 볼 수 있다. 교정시설은 자체적으로 수용자의 인원수를 제어할 수 있는 권한을 가지고 있지 않다는 점에서 교정시설 과밀수용에 대한 해소방안은 매우 어려운 문제이다. 교정시설 입소 및 기간에 대한 결정은 법원의 권한이며, 출소와 관련하여 형기만료 및 가석방 결정에 대한 권한은 법무부장관 소속의 가석방심사위원회가 가지고 있기 때문이다. 따라서 교정시설 내의 수용자 수에 대해서는 교정시설은 전적으로 수동적인 입장에 서있기 때문에 교정시설 측의 노력에 의해 과밀수용을 해소하는 방안을 모색하는 것은 교정시설의 증설･증축 외에는 기대할 수 없다. 그러나 이는 형사정책상 바람직한 방향이 아니기 때문에 과밀수용을 초래한 원인과 배경을 분명히 하여 형사사법제도 전반의 운용을 재검토하는 작업이 필요하다. 따라서 형사사법제도 전반을 단계별로 분석하여 각 단계에 대응하는 방안을 강구할 필요가 있다. 검찰과 법원에서 불구속 수사 및 불구속 재판의 확대와 공판중심주의를 기반으로 피의자들의 방어권을 최대한 보장하고 있는 반면, 법정구속비율･실형선고･형기가 증가추세를 보이고 있어 법집행이 더욱 엄격해지고 있는 것으로 보인다. 하지만 엄격한 법집행이 반드시 올바른 것은 아니다. 교정정책의 핵심은 교정시설 내에 수용된 수용자들의 구금확보 및 교정교화이다. 교정시설의 과밀수용이 수용자 및 교도관 모두에게 필연적으로 부정적인 영향을 준다. 따라서 교정시설의 과밀수용 상황을 시급해 해소하여야 한다.

We investigated the changes in the physicochemical properties of wheat grains during ripening stage to determine the effect of the rise in average temperature on that of wheat grains. The treated average temperatures were 18.3°C(control), 19.9°C(1.6°C increase), 21.5°C(3.2°C increase) in artificial climate room from heading time to harvest. Results showed that the ripening period from heading to maturity tended to be shorter during higher temperature treatment condition. The 1,000-grain weight, grain width, number of florets per spike, and number of grains per spike decreased as the ripening period was shortened. Gelatinization properties were affected by high temperature due to the reduction of starch and amylose contents. As the grain filling period was shortened by high temperature treatments, the crude protein content increased. As the grain filling period was shortened by 6 days, the starch and amylose contents decreased by 10.8% and 5.4%, respectively. However, the crude protein content increased by 1.7% in such a condition. Starch content showed positive correlations between amylose and breakdown. Meanwhile, it showed negative correlations between electric conductivity of leaching water from seeds, crude protein content, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, and setback.

Mold is one of the important bio-aerosols affecting human health in the indoor environment. To manage mold contamination, it is necessary to use an appropriate method for its detection and enumeration. Recently, the impaction method of ISO 16000-18 has been established as one of methods to detect and enumerate molds in air. To investigate the general use of the impaction method for mold detection in domestic indoor environments, the suitability of the method was assessed using different antibiotics, media and air samplers. All of the three antibiotics tested - ampicillin, chloramphenicol and streptomycin - showed inhibitory effects on bacterial colony formation on MEA and DG-18 media, without inhibiting mold growth. Of these three antibiotics, ampicillin was the most effective. There was no statistical difference between MEA and DG-18 media in the measurement of mold concentration. The formation of discriminative colony morphology was more apparent in DG-18 media. No significant difference in the measurement of mold concentration was found between Andersen samplers and MAS- 100NT samplers, which are two major samplers introduced in Korea.

The aim of this report is to understand the status and management of genetic resources on ICRISAT(International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) to promote exchange of germplasm and information. ICRISAT genebank at Patancheru, India has the responsibility to collect, conserve, characterize, document and distribute the genetic resources. Also, ICRISAT has performed the estimation of environment tolerance, disease resistance, and functional compounds of genetic resources. ICRISAT has assembled more than 120,000 accessions of chickpea, groundnut, pigeonpea, pearl millet, sorghum, and six small millets. Since 1974 to 2008, ICRISAT provided 1,350,000 accessions with 144 countries to develop new cultivars. The provision pattern of genetic resources in ICRISAT showed that more than 80 % of each crop by the total holdings resources had been offered and that it is the direction of the ideal conserve and management of genetic resources. To evaluate their genetic resources (chickpea, groundnut, pigeonpea, pearl millet, sorghum, and six small millets), they made descritors for each crop and investigated their germplasms. This report would be meaningful to understand utilization and effect of the germplasms to be held at ICRISAT.

본 연구는 반추동물용 섬유질배합사료(TMR) 제조업체 의 사료안전관리 인식 및 사료 중 위해인자 오염도를 조사 하기 위해 138개소 TMR 제조시설을 대상으로 약 10개월 동안 설문조사를 실시하였다. 조사표는 총 17개 문항으로 구성하였으며, 얻어진 자료는 기술통계분석, 교차분석 및 신뢰도 검정을 통해 분석하였다. TMR 제조시설의 평균 일 일 생산능력은 81.38톤 이었다. 평균 개업연도는 2004년 및 종사인원은 13.7명이었고, 유통경로는 직접거래가 80.4%로 가장 많았다. 사료안전관리 시스템 도입은 사료안전관리의 제도적 여건이 조성된 후 도입이 필요하다는 인식이 주를 이루었으며, 사료안전관리 시스템 구축을 위해서는 사료안 전정보 제공 및 공유가 가장 필요한 조건으로 나타났다. 사료안전성 및 위해물질 관리에 가장 취약한 분야는 곰팡 이 독소인 것으로 조사되었으며, 사료 제조과정에서 가장 위험한 위해인자는 쇠, 파편, 흙 등과 같은 이물질로 나타 났다. 사료 중 위험인자 오염도 조사에서 카드뮴, 비소 및 셀레늄은 허용기준치를 초과한 제품이 일부 조사되었고, 오크라톡신류 및 아플라톡신류는 허용범위내로 조사되었 다. 잔류농약, BSE, 푸모니신 및 살모넬라는 검출되지 않았 으며, 멜라민 및 비단백태질소화합물은 각각 11.35ppm 및 5%로 최댓값을 나타냈다. 규모별 TMR 제조시설의 사료 내 위해인자 오염도는 규모별로 차이가 많았으며, 같은 규 모 내에서도 제조시설에 따라 위해인자의 검출량이 다르 게 나타났다. 또한 소규모에 비해 중규모 및 대규모에서 위해인자 검출량이 더 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 본 조사결과 TMR 제조시설의 사료안전관리 시스템을 구축하 기 위해서는 사료안전에 대한 정보제공 및 공유가 정책적 으로 제도화되어야 하고, 사료 내 발생하는 곰팡이 독소방 지 및 이물질 제거를 위한 사료관리법의 강화와 원료 공급 처에서 이물질을 제거할 수 있는 장치 도입을 의무화할 필 요가 있다고 판단된다.

농업생태계에 따른 지표배회성 무척추동물의 군집 특성을 비교하기 위하여 한반도 동부의 3개 행정권역내에 분포하는 논, 밭, 과수원을 대 상으로 선정하였다. 2013년부터 2015년까지 매년 2회에 걸쳐 pit-fall trap법을 사용하여 채집된 무척추동물을 통해 군집분석을 하고 기상자료를 포함하는 환경요인의 영향을 분석하였다. 전체 채집된 무척추동물은 13목 58과 172종 6,420개체이며, 분류군 중에서 벌목(38.26%), 메뚜기목 (16.28%)이 우점하였다. 경상남도 출현 개체수가 2,983개체(46.46%)로 가장 많았으며, 경상북도가 풍부도(1.96), 다양도(1.51) 모두 높게 나타 났다. 농업생태계 유형 중 논에서 69종 3,299개체(51.39%)가 조사되었으며, 종다양성 지수도 높게 확인되었다. 특히 우점종인 개미과의 포함유 무가 종 다양성지수 분석에 미치는 영향은 미미한 것으로 보여진다. 곤충 분류군과 환경요인과의 정준상관분석 결과, 토양 pH, 토양온도와 토양 함수율의 영향에 의해 매미목, 바퀴목, 흰개미목, 딱정벌레목과는 양의 상관관계로 구분되었고, 기온, 강수량, 전기전도도, 상대습도, 최저초상온 도와는 음의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 무척추동물 군집은 계층적 군집화를 통해 생태계 유형별로 패턴화가 일어나는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결 과는 공간과 환경요인과의 상관관계가 무척추동물의 분포에 다소 영향을 주는 것으로 사료된다.

A new naked oat cultivar, ‘Jungmo2005’(Avena nuda L.), was developed for food and forage use by National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2010. It was derived from a cross between F1[‘Early80’/‘Gwiri33’] and F1[‘Early80’/‘Gwiri23’]. ‘Early80’, a covered oats, has early heading and high yielding, while ‘Gwiri23’ of covered type and ‘Gwiri33’ of naked type has early heading with large-size grain. ‘Jungmo2005’ has the characteristics of narrow and long leaves of pale green color, middle diameter culm of yellow color and medium grain of whitish yellow color. Cultivar ‘Jungmo2005’ had 2 days earlier heading date (May 9) than the check cultivar ‘Seonyang’ (May 11) in field condition. The ‘Jungmo2005’ showed better winter hardiness than that of the check cultivar, and similar to the check cultivar in respect to lodging resistance. The ‘Jungmo2005’ had 105 cm of culm length, 21.5 cm of spike length, 658 spikes per m2, 82 grains per spike, 23.3 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 622 g of test weight. The grain yield of ‘Jungmo2005’ was averaged 3.38 MT ha-1, which was 6% higher than that of the check. Average forage fresh and dry matter yield of ‘Jungmo2005’ harvested at milk-ripe stage were 44.8 and 12.6 tone ha-1, respectively, compared with 47.5 and 12.5 tone ha-1 of the check. The protein content of the ‘Jungmo2005’ was similar to the check (7.6% and 7.5%, respectively), while ADF (28.6%) and NDF (51.5%) were lower than the check (31.4% and 57.0%, respectively). TDN content and RFV were higher than those of the check (66.3%, 120.3 and 64.1, 105.2, respectively). ‘Jungmo2005’ is recommended for fall sowing cropping only in the south area where daily minimum mean temperatures are averaged higher than -4 ℃ in January, and it should not be cultivated in mountain areas, where frost damages is likely to occur. The areas would do better only to sow in spring season.

As economic growth has occurred in Asia over the last several decades, the demand for soybeans, soybean meal and soyoil have also increased. Over the last 50 years, the cultivation of soybeans in the U.S., Brazil, and Argentina increased dramatically. Consequently, these three countries have become the major soybean producers and exporters in the world. The growth in soybean production in those countries over the years, however, has been insufficient to meet the demand. With the opening of China’s market to soybean and soybean products trade in 1995/96 and the accession of China to that trade agreement in 2001, Asian soybean imports began to increase dramatically. Korea opened its soyoil market in 1991 and it brought about a great change not only in soyoil market but in soymeal and soybean market as well. As imports of soyoil expanded, the increased consumption was covered by imports and this caused burden cost to soybean manufacturers leading to decrease in soybean purchase. Since that time, consumption of Korean soybeans has become stagnant and due to this reason, production of soymeal, which is byproduct of soybeans, also decreased replacing increased domestic consumption with imported soymeal. This implies that market openness of soyoil, has brought negative effect in soybean and soymeal market. As a result, decrease in soybean consumption led to decrease in self-sufficiency of soybean products.

바이오오일은 고품질 화학물질로 이용이 가능하며 차세대 탄화수소 연료와 석유정제업 공급 원료로 사용할 수 있기 때문에 촉망받는 신재생에너지의 하나로 상당한 관심을 받고 있다. 또한 제올라이트는 급속열분해 과정에서 크래킹 반응을 효과적으로 촉진시켜 탈산소 반응을 증가 시키고 탄화수소가 많은 안정된 바이오오일을 만든다. 그래서 본 연구에서는 백합나무 바이오오일 품질개선을 위해 촉매열분해(Control, Blackcoal, Whitecoal, ZeoliteY 및 ZSM-5)를 적용하여 특성을 조사하였다. 바이오오일의 특성 변화를 알아보기 위하여 0.3～1.4 mm 크기의 백합나무 시료 500 g을 465℃에서 1.6초 동안 촉매열분해하여 바이오오일을 제조하였다. 촉매 조건 상태에서 바이오오일의 수율은 Control(54.0%)과 비교하여 Blackcoal(56.2%)를 제외하면, Whitecoal(53.5%), ZeoliteY (51.4%), 및 ZSM-5(52.0%)로 모두 감소했다. 수분 함량이 Control(37.4%)에서 촉매 처리후 37.4~45.2%로 증가함에 따라 발열량((High heating value)은 감소했다. 그러나 다른 다른 바이오오일 특성은 개선되었다. 촉매 적용 결과 바이오오일의 회분과 전산가(TAN)가 감소했고, 특히 수송연료로 중요한 특성인 점도는 Control cP(6,933) 에서 2,578 ~ 4,627 cP로 감소했다. 또한 ZeoliteY는 방향족탄화수소를 생산하고 점도를 개선시키는데 가장 효과적이였다.

곤충의 온도발육모형은 해충의 발생예찰모형을 비롯한 개체군모형에서 기본이 되는 요소이다. 본고에서는 곤충의 온도의존적 비선형 발육 모형에 대하여 고찰하였다. 모형의 종류를 크게 경험모형과 생물리적 모형으로 구분하였으며, 수식의 유사성 내지 기원에 대한 유연관계에 따라 세분하였다. 발육률 곡선의 형태적 묘사에 적합한 수식을 적용하는 경험모형은 Stinner-계열, Logan-계열, 수행모형, 그리고 베타 분포모형으로 세분화하여 고찰하였다. 촉매반응을 바탕으로 하고 있는 생물리적 모형은 Eyring-모형, SM-모형, SS-모형, SSI-모형으로 이어지는 단계통으로 분류하였다. 본 연구에 포함된 각 모형의 개발과정과 형태적합 특성에 대하여 기술하였다.