This study was performed to investigate the quality characteristics of Yanggaeng, including color, pH, total polyphenol contents, and antioxidant activities, with the addition of aged garlic extract (0, 3, 6, 9 or 12%), aged at low temperatures. Among the color characteristics, the lightness value decreased, and the redness and yellowness values increased, proportional to the amount of garlic extract concentrate added to Yanggaeng. The pH of Yanggaeng significantly (p<0.05) decreased according to the amount of aged garlic extract added. Total phenol contents of control (0% aged garlic extract added Yanggaeng) was the lowest, followed by 3, 6, 9, 12% aged garlic extract added to Yanggaeng (88.15, 118.39, 156.91, 208.79 mg/g, respectively). Antioxidant activities, such as DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, significantly increased with increase in the aged garlic extract concentration. In the sensory evaluation for Yanggaeng, 6% aged garlic extract added to Yanggaeng had the highest score in taste, flavor, and overall acceptance. Based on these results, it is suggest that the addition of 6% aged garlic extract to Yanggaeng can be developed as a product for the elderly.

The objective of this study was to optimize analytical methods for ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEA) in rice straw silage and winter forage crops using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Samples free of mycotoxins were spiked with 50 μg/kg, 250 μg/kg, or 500 μg/kg of OTA and 300 μg/kg, 1500 μg/kg, or 3000 μg/kg of ZEA. OTA and ZEA were extracted by acetonitrile and cleaned-up using an immunoaffinity column. They were then subjected to analysis with UHPLC equipped with a fluorescence detector. The correlation coefficients of calibration curves showed high linearity (R2 ≧ 0.9999 for OTA and R2≧0.9995 for ZEA). The limit of detection and quantification were 0.1 μg/kg and 0.3 μg/kg, respectively, for OTA and 5 μg/kg and 16.7 μg/kg, respectively, for ZEA. The recovery and relative standard deviation (RSD) of OTA were as follows: rice straw = 84.23~95.33%, 2.59~4.77%; Italian ryegrass = 79.02~95%, 0.86~5.83%; barley = 74.93~97%, 0.85~9.19%; rye = 77.99~ 96.67%, 0.33~6.26%. The recovery and RSD of ZEA were: rice straw = 109.6~114.22%, 0.67~7.15%; Italian ryegrass = 98.01~109.44%, 1.65~4.81%; barley = 98~113.53%, 0.25~5.85%; rye = 90.44~108.56%, 2.5~4.66%. They both satisfied the standards of European Commission criteria (EC 401-2006) for quantitative analysis. These results showed that the optimized methods could be used for mycotoxin analysis of forages.

Since a free-learning semester has been introduced to middle school curriculum, interest in career experience programs has increased. To respond to this new demand, we developed a continuous agriculture-related career experience program linked with STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) education, and we examined the program’s effects on the job awareness of middle school students. The program was conducted from April 8, 2015 to June 24, 2015, and consisted of 12 classes. The direct experience subprogram was based on 13 different horticultural activities that reflect producing (nine programs), cooking (two programs), and sales (two programs) of horticultural produces. For the indirect experience subprogram, we preliminarily selected 10 representative agricultural jobs, and based on the keywords analyzed from 7 direct experience programs, we chose to introduce seven jobs to the students by videos and the three others by written material. We then investigated the effect of introductory videos on job interest, understanding, and preference by the students. We found that the student’s interest, understanding, and preference regarding each job were significantly improved when direct experience and video watching were combined. Career awareness was improved for gardener (47.0%), nursery grower (42.0%), rural extension official (31.1%), eco-friendly farm material developer (30.9%), agricultural research official (23.4%), plant doctor (19.8%), and agricultural wholesale distribution experts (9.3%). Conclusively, it is expected that career experience programs have the greatest effect on students when both interest in the job and participation on direct experiences are encouraged.

This study aimed to examine the quality and sensory properties of yackwa using baking soda (BS), baking powder (BP), and yeast (YE) instead of alcohol in order to make a Halal standard product. The moisture content of yackwa was the highest when BP was used, while the fat content of yackwa was the lowest at 1.5% BP, and the highest at 1.5% YE. The chromaticity values (L, a, b) were the most similar to those of the control when BP was used. The L and b values increased when BP was used, and decreased when YE was used. The swelling ratio was the highest at 257.3±2.7% in comparison with the control when 0.9% YE was used. The leavening ratio was similar regardless of the type and content of leavening agents. Hardness was 1,179.16±184.45 kg at 0.3% BP, generally decreasing as leavening agent content increased. The resilience was 0.19±0.01% at 1.2% BP and lowest in the control, but its difference by leavening agents was not significant. The taste and preference were at 6.07±2.22 and 5.96±2.07, respectively, when 1.2% BP was used.

The aim of this study was to evaluate key properties of the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten (OFI) ie, levels of key chemicals (carotenoids, flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds as well as phenolic acid) and its antioxidative potential, depending on where the plant had been cultivated in Korea. The levels of flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds in OFI were 55.45~65.32 mg (+)-catechin/g and 149.00~181.15 mg gallic acid/g, respectively. Protocatechuic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid in the ON1 and ON2 (161.90 and 196.25 μg/g DW (dry weight)). Nineteen flavonoids were identified and analyzed by LC-ESI-MS in cladodes from OFI. Narcissin was the most abundant flavonoid in all of the samples (1,241.89~1,775.10 μg/g DW). Capxanthin and zeaxanthin were the most abundant carotenoids in OFI (64.88~128.08 and 48.10~93.82 μg/g DW). The level of DPPH radical and ABTS radical scavenging activities in OFI were 10.78~25.35 and 16.85~34.16 mg AA eq/100 g, respectively. OFI by cultivar has different kind of phenolic acid, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Therefore, dietary intake of cladodes from OFI may be helpful for improving human health

This study was conducted to investigate changes in the proximate composition, antioxidant activities, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) cladodes cultivated in Jeju (JJ1, JJ2, JJ3) and Jeonnam (JN1, JN2). The difference in the proximate composition (crude protein, lipid and ash content) of OFI between the two regions was not significant. Ca, Mg and Na were the major mineral components of OFI. The ascorbic acid content of OFI ranged from 57.87 to 143.72 mg/100 g. A 70% ethanol extract was used to investigate the antioxidant content and activity as well as the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of OFI were 38.69~55.29 and 3.33~4.03 mg/g, respectively. The antioxidant activities based on the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays were 45.19~ 61.52% and 39.15~51.96%, respectively, at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The inhibitory activity of OFI extracts against rat intestinal α-glucosidase was 29.72~45.73% at 1 mg/mL concentration, and JN1 showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. This information could be very useful for authentication of Opuntia species with the highest potential as sources of nutritional and therapeutic elements.

This study aimed to investigate the concentration of vitamin C in Momordica charantia (MC) by cultivar, harvest time, and maturity. The methods for determining vitamin C levels were validated by measuring their linearity, specificity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, and accuracy using HPLC. Results showed high linearity in the calibration curve, with a coefficient of correlation (R2) of 0.9994. The LOD and LOQ values for vitamin C were 0.05 and 0.16 μg/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for intra- and inter-day precision of vitamin C measurements were 2.34 and 1.34%, respectively. Depending on cultivar, the concentration of vitamin C in MC varied from 20.75~107.31 mg/100 g, fresh weight, with an average level 68.85±25.57 mg/100 g, FW. When MC was analyzed by harvest time, the 20150612 MC showed the highest amount of vitamin C (113.20±1.89 mg/100 g, FW). On the other hand, the highest vitamin C content by maturity was 48.59±0.87 mg/100 g, FW (15 day old MC). This information on the comparative vitamin C levels of MC might be useful to food scientists and should be explored for functional food development.

This study was conducted to report the census survey results of south Korean Chikso (Korean Brindle Cattle) distribution and to diagnose the current coat color expression patterns. Two years Chikso census showed that there were 2,413 Chikso in 2013 and 2,754 in 2014 in south Korea. Number of animals between 0 to 35 months of age was 1,632 heads in 2014 which comprised 59% of total Chikso population size. The percentages of animals between 36 ~ 71 months of age and over 6 years of age were 31% and 10% of total. Out of 2,416 animals with class numbers assessed by their coat colors, 1,249 heads (52%) were in group I (with black stripes, class no. 1 ~ 3) and the others (class no. 4 ~ 7) were in group II (1,167 heads, 48%). Among the 1,551 animals that were photographed twice in 2013 and in 2014, 226 animals were assessed different coat color class numbers, and round 90% of which were within the ages less than 48 months. The number of animals switched in coat color pattern groups over a year was 56, which was 3.6% of total number of animals on survey. And around 88% of the animals switched in group category was of the animals younger than 24 months of age. Therefore, we conclude that the coat color pattern becomes rather stable at around 24 months of age in Chikso populaion in south Korea.

Paper-folding is an educational activity to enhance a creativity of children because a paper-folding game is to create various 2D or 3D shapes by folding a plane square paper with both hands. However, since previous paper-folding games provide folding designs as books, children may need a guidance of a teacher or may degrade interest. In addition, existing computer-based games have simple interfaces with one or two fingers and thus they are difficult to have direct influence on children's physical development and creativity enhancement. In this paper, we propose a computer-based paper-folding game which children fold a real paper with two hands and a computer with a camera gives various feedback. The proposed game is developed based on the CAI concept and contains elements of the Keller's ARCS theory.

The survey was conducted to investigate biomass and distribution of fisheries resources using a quantitative echo sounder and a fixed gillnet around Marado coast of Jeju to obtain the scientific basic data for dispute resolution with a large purse seine fishery and coastal fishing and policy establishment of reasonable fisheries resources. Hydroacoustic surveys were conducted six times (November 28~29, 2015 (night), February 23~24, 2016 (night) and March 3~4, 2016 (night/day), March 30~31, 2016 (night/day)) using a quantitative echo sounder. The pelagic fish densities were relatively higher around Marado in November 2015, February 2016 and March 3~4, 2016. However, demersal fish densities were relatively higher in Jeju coastal waters on March 30~31, 2016. Catch data using fixed gill net were used to calculate biomass. Based on the hydroacoustic data, fish length-weight function and target strength information of dominant fish, the biomass of fishes were estimated as follow: 5.64 ton CV = 70.2% at night on November 28-29 2015, 7.14 ton CV = 35.8% of pelagic fish and 530.77 ton CV = 34.6% of demersal fishes at night on February 23-24 2016, 2.34 ton CV = 56.7% of pelagic fish and 571.93 ton CV = 40.3% of demersal fish at daytime, 1.39 ton CV = 48.4% of pelagic fish and 194.59 ton CV = 54.3% of demersal fish at night on March 3~4 2016, 0.37 ton CV = 72.9% of pelagic fish and 338.79 ton CV = 99.7% of demersal fish at daytime, 0.24 ton CV = 21.3% of pelagic fish and 68.61 ton CV = 53.8% of demersal fish at night on March 30~31 2016.

본 연구에서는 녹각영지버섯 추출물의 항산화 효과 및 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon (IFN)-γ로 자극 된 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 항산화 효과 및 항염증 효과를 조사하였다. 녹각영지버섯의 항산화 활성 을 확인하기 위하여 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)과 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical 소거 활성 및 reactive oxygen species (ROS) 생성량을 측정한 결과, DPPH radical 및 ABTS radical 소거효과에 대한 IC50은 각각, 80.74, 52.28 ㎍/ml의 radical 소거능이 관찰되었으며 ROS 생성량은 농도 의존적으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고, RAW 264.7 대식세포를 이용하여 항산화 및 항염증 활성을 확인하기 위하여 ROS 및 nitric oxide (NO) 생성량을 측정한 결과, 활성산소 종 ROS와 염증 매개물질인 NO는 투여농도 의존적으로 감소하였다. 또한, 염증과 관련된 inflammatory cytokine의 발현을 농도 의존적으로 억제하여 항염증 활성을 나타내는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로부터 녹각영지버섯 추출물은 항산화 및 항염증을 지닌 기능성 소재로 활용이 가능할 것으로 사 료된다.

Euglena agilis의 운동성 반응을 자동으로 측정하는 장치 인 E. agilis 시스템 (E-Tox)을 이용하여 8종의 중금속 (Ag, Cd, Cr(VI), Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn)에 대한 독성시험을 실시하 였다. E. agilis 운동성 시험 (biomonitoring test)으로부터 도 출된 EC50과 문헌상의 자료 조사로 얻은 기존 생태독성 시 험 생물 종들(D. magna, V. fischeri, 그리고 E. gracilis)의 EC50을 비교하여 시험물질에 대한 E. agilis의 독성 민감도 를 평가하였다. 또한 축산폐수 방류수, 도금폐수 방류수, 도 금폐수 1차 처리 시료에 대해 D. magna 급성 독성시험과 E. agilis 운동성 반응 시험을 수행 후 TU를 비교하여 E. agilis 운동성 시험의 현장 적용 가능성을 평가하였다. E. agilis는 시험 중금속에 대해 D. magna보다 독성민감도가 전반적으 로 낮았으나 V. fischeri 또는 E. gracilis와 유사하거나 좀 더 민감하였다. E. agilis는 D. magna test로 유독성으로 판명된 도금폐수 1차 처리수에 대해 신속한 독성반응을 나타내었 다. E-Tox 시스템은 기존의 생태독성시험장비에 비해 빠르 고 작동이 간편한 자동화 기기라는 장점이 있다. 본 연구의 결과 E-Tox 시스템을 이용한 E. agilis 운동성 시험은 향후 독성폐수에 대한 조기경보를 위한 생태독성시험법으로 적용 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구에서는 경기도 안산 도금폐수 처리시설에서 총 4 개 시료를 대상으로 국내 생태독성시험 표준 생물 종인 D. magna와 국내서식 종 E. agilis를 이용한 생태독성을 수행 하였다. 시료에 대한 독성원인물질 탐색은 D. magna 급성 독성시험법을 이용하여 1) 시료 내 개별 중금속 농도와 시 료의 독성영향과의 상관분석, 2) 원인물질탐색 실험 (단계적 pH, SS, 중금속, 산화제 Test), 3) 중금속 목적물질에 대한 독 성영향 농도와 시료 내 목적물질의 농도와의 비교 등을 통 해 평가하였다. 도금폐수 시료에 대한 E. agilis 시험법의 적 용 가능성 평가는 E. agilis 실시간 생태독성 모니터링장비 (E-Tox 시스템)를 이용하여 수행하였다. D. magna 시험 결 과, 시료의 독성원인물질군은 부유물질 (SS), 산화제 그리고 중금속으로 예측되었으며 개별 중금속 원인물질은 Cu, Hg, Ag로 판단되었다. E. agilis는 D. magna에 비해 독성 민감도 는 높지 않으나 D. magna에 독성영향을 나타내는 도금폐수 시료에 신속하고 민감하게 반응하였다. 본 연구의 결과 D. magna를 이용한 단계별 독성원인물질 탐색평가과정은 생 태독성기준을 초과하는 도금폐수 시료에 대한 독성 원인물 질을 파악하는데 효과적으로 나타났다. 또한 E-agilis 시험은 향후 도금폐수의 수질을 실시간으로 모니터링 하는데 적용 가능 할 것으로 판단된다.

혼합 간세포-담관암종은 조직학적 특성이 다양한 원발성 간암의 드문 형태이다. 혼합 간세포-담관암종의 근치적 치료 법은 수술적 절제가 유일하나, 진행성 혼합 간세포-담관암종의 치료에 대해서는 잘 정립되어 있지 않다. 저자들은 진행성 혼합 간세포-담관암종에서 선행항암화학요법을 시행 후 근치적 수술이 가능하였고, 수술 15개월 후까지 재발을 보이지 않은 증례를 보고하는 바이다.

우리나라에서 동물등록제 의무화가 실시된 이래 유기동물 발생에 대한 감소가 뚜렷하게 나타나고 있지 않으며 동물등록제에 대한 정보가 충분하지 않고 동물등록제에 대한 부정적인 인식을 가지고 있다는 문제점을 인지되어 현황 및 인식조사를 실시하게 되었다. 설문조사는 온라인으로 진행되었으며 약 400여 명의 성인남녀를 대상으로 하여 설문조사의 정확성을 높였다. 또한 동물등록제의 현황을 조사하기 위해 관련 단체 ‘한국동물구조협회’와 인터뷰를 하였으며 외국과 비교하여 우리나라의 문제점을 개선하기 위한 방안을 모색하고 동물 등록제를 장려하기 위해 홍보 캠페인을 진행하였다. 연구결과, 반려동물등록제에 대해 과반수이상이 알고 있다고 응답하였지만, 등록제 시행은 절반도 이루어지지 않았다. 그 이유는 반려동물등록제에 대해 알지 못할뿐더러 내장형 식별장치(마이크로 칩)에 대한 부정적인 인식이 큰 부분을 차지하는 것으로 드러났다. 따라서 반려동물등록제에 대한 보다 적극적인 홍보와 인식개선이 필요한 것으로 생각된다.