Excessive nitrate content in drinking groundwater is one of the sources of nitrate-nitrogen that threatens humanhealth all over the world. Nitrate-nitrogen reduction technology is categorized into membrane filtration, electro-dial-ysis, ion exchange, adsorption, chemical methods, and biological methods according to the principle of eliminationfrom water. In particular, an adsorption technique is the most popular and common process because of its cost effec-tiveness, convenience, and effective adsorption. In this review, the application of conventional adsorbents used toreduce nitrate-nitrogen from drinking water is discussed and novel technologies on nitrate-nitrogen removal are intro-duced. Furthermore, the recent development of novel nitrate-nitrogen adsorbents from biopolymers such as chitosanand agricultural and industrial byproducts is reviewed.

This study was conducted in order to examine the effects of alcohol-free cetylpyridinium chloride drinking water additive and oral gel on clinical parameters related to periodontal disease in beagle dogs. This study was conducted with healthy 15 beagle dogs. Following a professional teeth cleaning procedure, dogs were divided into three groups. Dogs in the control group received nothing, those in the drinking water additive (DWA) group received 800 ml water with 15 ml of alcohol-free cetylpyridinium chloride drinking water additive daily, and those in the Oral gel (OG) group were treated with oral gel containing alcohol-free cetylpyridinium chloride and 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate daily. Clinical parameters, including plaque index (PI), calculus index (CI), and gingivitis index (GI) were evaluated at two and four weeks. Dogs in the DWA and OG groups had significantly less plaque than dogs in the control group at two and four weeks (P<0.01, P<0.05). And, at four weeks, CI was significantly lower in the OG group compared to the control group (P<0.05). On GI, similar scores were recorded for all groups during the experimental period. No significant difference was observed between the DWA group and the OG group. The effect of alcohol-free cetylpyridinium chloride drinking water additive was similar to the result for alcohol containing cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash reported in a previous study. The effect in control of periodontal disease was better in the OG group because of additional chlorhexidine gluconate. However, use of drinking water additive will be more convenient for owners; thus, it will be more effective for achievement of long-term results.

H2S adsorption characteristics of adsorbent made by drinking water treatment sludge were investigated. For analyses of the manufactured adsorbent, various methods such as scanning electron microscope(SEM), measurements of BET surface area were adopted. As the major adsorption characteristic, breakthrough curve was measured by using a continuous fixed bed adsorption column for operating variables such as aspect ratio(L/D, 3∼9), gas flow rate(0.2∼1.0 liter/min) and type of samples. The experimental results showed that the breakthrough pint decreased with increasing gas flow rate, but increased with increasing aspect ratio. It was also found that the physical and chemical treatments of drinking water treatment sludge are very important for the improvement in H2S adsorption capacity due to property changes of the sludge.

The objective of this study was to examine alcohol consumption rates and the perception of drinking cultures among college students in the Wonju area. An examination of factors such as frequency of drinking, average quantity consumed, and frequency of heavy drinking suggested that the drinking rates were relatively high. Over 70% of subjects drank at least once a week, 66.2% typically drank more than 5 servings at a time, and 19.2% of males and 13.0% of females were heavy drinkers. It was revealed from an AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) assessment that 71.3% of the subjects tested had various levels of alcohol-related problems. These problems were more severe in subjects that were male, selfboarding, or overweight. Alcohol related knowledge was not high because the subjects didn't know or incorrectly recognized some contents such as blood alcohol concentration, the energy content of alcohol, and the empty caloric characteristics of alcohol. Generally male, self-boarding, and overweight persons were not critical of the undesirable characteristics associated with drinking culture. Two opinions that were generally considered to be permissible were: 'Men should be able to drink' and 'Drinking is essential for a smooth human relationship'.

This study was performed with Korean adults to investigate Makgeolli drinking behavior, preference, and perception about Makgeolli and health, as well as Makgeolli complaints and prices. A survey questionnaire was formulated to obtain information on demographic variables, drinking habits, and perceptions about Makgeolli's function, price, and complaints. The questionnaire was distributed to 468 adults living in the capital area. The results are as follows. Makgeolli (16.1%) was third preferred, following Soju (45.1%) and beer (30.7%), and no significant differences were observed by gender and income, but the preference for Makgeolli increased with increasing age (p<0.001). According to the survey, the largest reason both genders drank Makgeolli was that it tastes good. Men preferred Makgeolli for its health effects and cheap price, while women preferred it for the atmosphere while drinking it. Also, older people and those with higher incomes preferred drinking Makgeolli for its health effect rather than its good taste (p<0.001 for each). No significant difference was observed by gender for the question "Do you think that Makgeolli has a health-promoting effect?" Overall, 51% of the subjects gave positive answers and only 5.9% gave negative answers. Significantly, older people and those with a higher income had a higher rate of answering positively to this question. Belching (45.1%) and headache (29.9%) were the most common symptoms among the side effects of drinking Makgeolli. No significant difference was observed by gender or income, but older people had a higher rate of belching and fewer headaches than younger people (p<0.001). Women had a significantly higher rate of perceiving that Makgeolli was cheap than men. Age and income differences did not influence price perception. To the question "What is the ideal price for high quality Makgeolli", 32.1% answered that the present rate (1,000 won) was ideal, and 59.4% answered that a price between 1,000 and 2,000 won was ideal. These results indicate that the high preference for Makgeolli is due to its good taste and health effects. However, belching and headache caused by drinking Makgeolli were the most common complaints and, thus, must be solved. Some opinions indicated that Makgeolli must eliminate its low-quality image, but, according to this survey, most subjects answered that the ideal price of higher-quality Makgeolli should be increased slightly, which would cause price resistance.

This study was conducted in order to investigate and compare anthropometric measurements, bone density, nutrient intake, blood composition and food habits between non-smoking, non-alcohol drinking and smoking, alcohol drinking male university students in Seoul, South Korea. The data for food habits and health-related behaviors were obtained by selfadministered questionnaires. The BQIs of the subjects were measured by Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS). The subjects were divided into two groups: NSND (non-smoking and non-alcohol drinking, n=62) group and General (smoking and alcohol drinking, n=160) group. The results were analyzed using the SPSS program and were as follows: The average heights, weights, and BMIs of the two groups were 173.3 cm, 66.5 kg and 22.1 and 173.4 cm, 68.7 kg and 22.9, respectively. There were no differences between the groups regarding height, weight or BMI. SBP and DBP, however, were significantly higher in the general group than in the NSND group (p〈0.01). The BQIs, Z-scores and T-scores of the two groups were 99.83, -0.23, and -0.31 and 98.24, -0.27 and -0.39, respectively, producing no significant differences between the two groups. The percentages for normal bone status, osteopenia and osteoporosis were 83.88%, 16.12% and 0.0% and 74.37%, 25.62% and 0.01%, respectively. Mean intakes of animal protein (p〈0.05), animal fat (p〈0.05), fiber (p〈0.05), animal Ca(p〈0.05), animal Fe (p〈0.001), Zn(p〈0.05), vitamin B1 (p〈0.05) and niacin (p〈0.05) were significantly different between the two groups, and mean serum levels of SGOT (p〈0.01), SGPT (p〈0.001), γ-GTP (p〈0.001), triglycerides (p〈0.01), total cholesterol (p〈0.05) and hematocrit (p〈0.05) were also significantly different between the two groups. Overall, there were no differences in meal regularity, frequency of snacking, reasons for overeating, exercise and defecation between the groups. However, favorite foods (p〈0.05) and night-time meals (p〈0.05) were significantly different. In conclusion, the health status of the NSND group was superior compared to the general group. Thus, students who smoke and alcohol drink should receive a practical and systematically-organized education regarding the increased health benefits of quitting smoking and alcohol drinking.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between personal value and the motivation for drinking of Korean undergraduate student alcohol drinkers. Data were obtained from undergraduate students experienced in alcohol consumption in Seoul, Kyeonggi-do, and Kyeongsangnam-do. Trained researchers for this particular study conducted the survey and data from 208 students was analyzed using the SPSS package program. In this study, two personal values were examined: 'internal value' and 'external value', and four motives for drinking alcohol were identified: social motive, coping motive, enhancement motive, and conformity motive. The results of the present study showed that personal value had significant effects on the motives for drinking of Korean undergraduate student alcohol drinkers: 1) The internal value was significant on the coping motive and enhancement motive. 2) The external value was significant on the social motive. 3) Neither value was significant on the conformity motive. Based on the findings of the present study, personal value would be a useful variable in the field of alcoholic beverage marketing such as alcohol consumption, consumer behaviors and segmentation of the alcoholic beverage market.

The purpose of this study is in a survey about communication in drinking party culture of university student, which looking into on unformal conception. In result, drinking party ascertained the truth of promoting mutual friendship among the members of friends, and gossips of others, counsel etc. And it building up homogeneity mutually on the other man about an interesting theme. Above all, recently communication in drinking party culture that university students think was special expression in a different dimension.

목적 : 본 연구는 정상성인남성의 마시기 동작을 표면근전도와 삼차원 동작 분석기를 통하여 상지 움직임에 대한 계량적(운동형상학: kinematics, 근활성도: muscle activity) 자료를 수집하여 마시기 과제 수행 시 운동 패턴과 전략에 대해서 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구 대상자는 건강한 20대 젊은 남성 30명을 대상으로, 삼차원동작분석기(VICON MX System)와 근전도기(MP-100)를 이용하여 마시는 동작의 관절가동범위, 속도, 근활성도를 측정하였다. 결과 : 물 마시기 수행 중 컵을 잡는 동안 어깨에서 최대 내전과 팔꿈치의 최대 신전이 나타났고, 마시는 동안 어깨에서는 최대 굴곡 및 외전이 팔꿈치에서는 최대 굴곡이 나타났다. 뻗기 단계에서 각 관절의 각도 변화에 대해 피어슨상관계수(pearson product-moment correlation coefficient)를 이용한 결과 어깨와 팔꿈치사이에서 (r=-.904), 어깨와 손목사이에서(r=.722), 팔꿈치와 손목사이에서(r=-.700)로 통계학적으로 유의한 상관관계를 나타냈다(p<.05). 입으로 가져오기 단계에서는 위쪽등세모근(7.31%)과 위팔두갈래근(1.60%)이 가장 높은 활성도를 보였고, 정리하기, 마시기, 뻗기 단계에서 각각 위팔세갈래근(.43%), 중간어깨세모근(1.33%), 긴노쪽손목폄근(2.20%)에서 활성도가 높게 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구는 작업치료사가 중추신경계 및 근 골격계 환자의 치료 계획 및 치료 전략을 설정 시 적용 될 수 있으며, 또한 치료적 중재 후 상지 움직임 향상에 대한 평가의 기초자료로 이용 될 수 있을 것이라고 사료 된다.

This study was carried out to develop and characterize a drinking extract of disk abalone to keep the price level and to raise a added value of disk abalone. Fresh raw disk abalone was composed of 29.3% of the shell part, 17.7% of the intestinal part, and 43.9% of the flesh part. and the amount of nutritive substances in the intestinal part were higher those in the flesh part. Arginine was the most abundant amino acid both in raw and drinking extract of disk abalone. Drinking extract prepared with 250 g of the flesh of disk abalone at 100℃ for 2 hours was better in color and overall taste than those made with 150 g or 200 g of the flesh. As the extracting temperature was gradually increased or the extracting period was gradually extended, the extracting effect was slightly improved but the color of the extract turned out to undesirable one. The desirable sea tangle extract could be made when 15 g of sea tangle was extracted in 1 l of water at 100℃ for 2 hours, and which was accorded well with the color of drinking abalone extract. From these results the best drinking extract of disk abalone can be manufactured with 250 g of the abalone flesh extracted in 1 l of water at 100℃ for 2 hours.

현재 막여과 공정은 정수처리에서 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 그러나 막여과 공정은 저압 운전이 가능한 정밀/한외여과 분리막을 이용할 때는 효과적인 용존성 유기물 제거가 이루어지지 않으며 막오염 현상으로 분리막의 투과도 감소가 일어난다. 고압 분리막을 이용할 경우 양질의 수질은 얻을 수 있으나 고압 운전으로 인하여 운전비용의 소모가 높다. 따라서 최근 분리막의 효율적인 정수처리 적용과 성능 향상을 위해서 다른 물리화학적 공정과 결합한 혼성공정에 대한 다양한 접근이 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 혼성공정으로 응집, 흡착, 특정 화학반응, 막표면 코팅 등과 정밀/한외여과 공정을 결합한 경우의 특징, 처리효율, 고려사항 등을 고찰하였다.

먹는 물 내에 존재하는 발암원인으로 의심되는 유기화학물질을 재래식 정수처리방법으로 제거한다는 것은 불가능하다. 이들을 AOP산화 & M/F membrane 혼성공정법을 이용하여 목적하는 처리수로 처리하고자 지하수를 반응조에 유효용량으로 유입하고 유기화학물질을 인위적으로 투입 혼합하여 충분히 희석시키고 이것을 효율적으로 처리하기 위해 최적운전조건을 도출하였다. 유기 화학물질 중 VOCs는 페놀과 톨루엔을 그리고 농약은 파라치온, 다이아지논과 카바닐을 대상으로 조사하였다. 실험은 각각 분류별 단일용액과 혼합용액으로 수행하였으며, 실험결과 충분한 분해 및 제거를 위한 운전조건은 H2O2는 150 mL로 정량 주입하고, pH는 5.5~6.0, 온도는 12~16℃로 일정하게 유지하고, 용존오존량은 5.0 mg/L이상, 반응시간은 30~40분이 최적 조건이었으며 그리고 같은 반응기 내 분리막의 사용은 0.45 μm 공경크기의 M/F membrane을 이용하여 대량의 음용수를 얻기 위한 결정이었다.

Algae-related taste and odor problems are recognized by the water community worldwide to be major causes of consumer complaints and a loss in confidence of drinking water safety by the general public. Such problems can be arisen by natural and anthropogenic means, even by drinking water treatment processes. Microorganism is a common cause of naturally produced taste and odor. In this connection, the role of microorganisms and their metabolites are reviewed in the viewpoint of taste and odor in drinking water supplies.

본 연구는 실용테이블 데커레이션의 수준별 요소에 일정한 규칙의 색채변환을 주어 관찰자(응답자) 선호의 색채 테이블과 이미지 형용사, 심미성의 각 영향 요소간의 관계성 고찰로 이는 선행 연구인 '식음 테이블 데커레이션의 관찰자 선호도에 대한 조사 분석'의 검증연구이다. 연구결과로 색채 이미지와 선호도는 '고급스러운, 먹고싶은'의 이미지로, 중 저의 어두운 톤인 브라운 색채와 '따뜻한, 화사한' 이미지의 주황색 톤이 선호되었다. 선호도와 심미성 영향 요소와의 관계 평가에서는 일반인들은 '통일성, 게슈탈트'의 영향요소를 중요하게 인식하였고, 비전문가들은 '독특성'이 부각되었다. 본 연구는 자극물 선정에서 색채 변환에 의존함에 따라 T P O에 적합한 분위기 연출의 미흡 부적합 등 현실성의 문제점과 설문 응답이 이루어진 시기, 즉 계절, 세대 간 변수, 자극물 선정 등의 문제점이 제기되나, 실용 테이블 데커레이션에의 선호 디자인에 대한 프로세스를 제안함으로써 정성적 연출뿐만 아니라 정량적인 데이터를 이용한 새로운 디자인 방향을 제시하였다는데 의의가 있다.

항공기와 자동차의 운전을 중심으로 알코올이 인간의 행동과 수행도에 미치는 연구가 많이 이루어져 왔으며 이를 통해 선박의 당직 전 및 당직 중의 음주는 이어지는 행동에 큰 영향을 미친다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 승선 중 음주 실태를 파악하기 위하여, 선택형 앙케트를 교육중인 사관들에게 배포하여 118명으로부터 얻어진 결과를 조사하였다. 알코올 의존도에 관한 자가진단결과에 따르면, 조사대상자의 27% 이상이 알코올 남용 증세를 나타내었다. 또한, 승선 중 음주 현황 및 인식에 관한 사항을 정리하여, 선박운항 시뮬레이터를 이용한 음주 운항 시나리오를 마련하였으며, 알코올이 선박운항능력에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 실험결과를 분석한 결과, 알코올의 섭취가 선박운항능력을 다소 저하시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과는 앞으로 선박운항자의 피로에 의한 해양사고 발생을 근본적으로 줄이기 위한 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구에서는 작가의 개념과 계획에 의한 주관적 연출로 대부분 이루어지는 식음 테이블 데커레이션에 대한 작가와 관람자 상호 호응의 관계를 형성하기 위한 유도로서 관람자의 선호요인, 즉 선호 디자인, 디자인이미지, 디자인요소 간의 인과관계를 파악하고자 한다. 이를 위한 실증연구로 off-line의 대인 면접에 의한 일대일로 설문 조사하여 필요한 정보를 획득하여, 분석하였으며, 그 결과는 아래와 같다. 식음 테이블 데커레이션의 관람자 선호도에 대한 조사 분석으로는 조화로운, 따뜻한, 여성적인의 디자인 이미지의 유사색 조화가 선호되었다 디자인 선호도와 상관관계가 높은 이미지 형용사는 '조화로운과 조화롭지 않은'으로, '조화로운'의 디자인 요소는 유사 색 조화로 '조화롭지 않은'은 혼합 색 조화로 나타났다 따라서 '색채'가 선호 디자인 요소로서 가장 중요하게 부각되었다.