We used the measurement data derived from a proton transfer reaction time-offlight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) to ascertain the source profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from 4 major industrial classifications which showed the highest emissions from a total of 26 industrial classifications of A industrial complex. Methanol (MOH) was indicated as the highest VOC in the industrial classification of fabricated metal manufacture, and it was followed by dichloromethane (DM), ethanol (EN) and acetaldehyde (AAE). In the industrial classification of printing and recording media, the emission of ethylacetate (EA) and toluene (TOL) were the highest, and were followed by acetone (ACT), ethanol (EN) and acetic acid (AA). TOL, MOH, 2-butanol (MEK) and AAE were measured at high concentrations in the classification of rubber and plastic manufacture. In the classification of sewage, wastewater and manure treatment, TOL was the highest, and it was followed by MOH, H2S, and ethylbenzene (EBZ). In future studies, the source profiles for various industrial classifications which can provide scientific evidence must be completed, and then specified mitigation plans of VOCs for each industrial classification should be established.

해수에 유출된 유류는 대기와 해수와의 접촉을 통해 다양한 풍화 과정(증발, 확산, 분산, 유화, 용해, 산화, 침전 및 생물분 해 등)을 통해 물리·화학적 변화와 함께 생물학적 분해과정을 겪는다. 본 연구에서는 여러 가지 풍화작용 중 가장 즉각적이고 빠르며 오염물질의 질량에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 인자라고 알려진 증발(evaporation)에 대한 영향을 확인해보고자 하였다. 휘발유, 등유, 경유 를 대상으로 25 ℃(해수 연평균 온도)와 35℃(적도 부근 온도) 조건에서 유류의 휘발특성을 비교하였다. 이를 위해, 일정 기간마다 채취 한 유류를 전처리하여 GC/MS 분석을 수행하고, 탄화수소의 변화량을 계산하여 비교하였다.

This study analyzed the nutritional composition properties of soybeans and the antioxidants, isoflavones, organic acids, and volatile flavor compounds of fermented black soybean products (FBSP). After 24 hours of fermentation, the range of water uptake ratio was 129.00-131.30%, respectively. Total polyphenols content and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were higher in Cheongja-3 FBSP, flavonoids in Socheongja, while DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were similar in Cheongja-3 FBSP. Isoflavone contents of aglycones (daidzein, genistein, and glycitein) in Cheongja-4 FBSP increased up to 41.97 μg/g. The rank order of primary organic acids was citric acid > fumaric acid > acetic acid > lactic acid, with Cheongja-3 FBSP being the highest. This study identified a total of 34 volatile aroma-compounds, including seven alcohols, seven acids, seven ketones, five phenols, two esters, one furan, four pyrazines, and one miscellaneous. The result could be applied to determine the suitability of cultivars and the quality of the process used for fermented soybean products.

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite nanocrystals have attracted a lot of attention owing to their excellent optical properties such as high absorption coefficient, high diffusion length, and photoluminescence quantum yield in optoelectronic applications. Despite the many advantages of optoelectronic materials, understanding on how these materials interact with their environments is still lacking. In this study, the fluorescence properties of methylammonium lead bromide (CH3NH3PbBr3, MAPbBr3) nanoparticles are investigated for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aliphatic amines (monoethylamine, diethylamine, and trimethylamine). In particular, colloidal MAPbBr3 nanoparticles demonstrate a high selectivity in response to diethylamine, in which a significant photoluminescence (PL) quenching (~ 100%) is observed at a concentration of 100 ppm. This selectivity to the aliphatic amines may originate from the relative size of the amine molecules that must be accommodated in the perovskite crystals structure with a narrow range of tolerance factor. Sensitive PL response of MAPbBr3 nanocrystals suggests a simple and effective strategy for colorimetric and fluorescence sensing of aliphatic amines in organic solution phase.

n-Nonane, 1¸2¸4-trimethylbenzene (124-TMB), toluene, total xylene (TXYL), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and methyl ethyl alcohol (MEK) are major volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from printing industries. The absorption amount of a single VOC per unit weight of silicone oil was as follows in the order of 189.5 g/kg-silicone oil for n-nonane, 91.7 g/kg-silicone oil for 124-TMB, and 60.1 g/kg-silicone oil for TXYL. Although hydrophobic VOCs were more absorbed in silicone oil than hydrophilic VOCs such as IPA and MEK, IPA and MEK, which had log Kow values of 1 or less, also were absorbed more than 26.0 g/kg-silicone oil. In two and three mixed VOCs of n-nonane, 124-TMB, and toluene, the absorption amount of each in silicon oil was less than that of single a VOC. The total absorption amount of two mixed VOCs ranged from 47.9 g to 138.7 g/kg-silicone oil, and the total absorption amount of three mixed VOCs was 65.8 g/kg-silicone oil. These results suggest that silicone oil is a promising pretreatment solution capable of absorbing high concentrations of VOCs that are intermittently emitted from printing industries. The absorption information of VOCs obtained in this study can be used as the design parameters of a damping device for the pretreatment of VOCs.

The concentrations of odor and volatile organic compound (VOC)-inducing substances were measured using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometers (SIFT-MS). SIFT-MS can continuously measure the concentration of odor-causing substances and VOCs in real time without pre-treatment steps. Measurements were conducted during the day and at night at 10 spots in the chemical block of the Sihwa industrial complex. Similar measurement results were observed in the daytime and nighttime for materials except methyl ethyl ketone with high concentrations. A high concentration of hydrogen sulfide was also measured at night. It is expected that an amount of emissions of VOCs and odor-causing substances under the absence of inspection can be traced if measured at other industrial complexes in vulnerable times.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics and volatile flavor components of Doonuri wine, using freeze concentration. The freeze concentration can increase the sugar concentration in grape juice by reducing its water content. In this study, after eight days od fermentation, the alcohol content of freeze-concentrated Doonuri wines was 12.5~14.1%. The pH of the wine was 3.42~3.50 and the total acid content was 0.68~0.94 g/100 mL, respectively. The brghtness of freeze-concentrated Doonuri wines was 19.28~54.42, the redness was 41.98~49.58, and the yellowness was 36.16~42.36. The organic acid analysis of Doonuri wines was that most of the organic acids contain tartaric and malic acid. By using freeze concentration with grape juice, significant increase in the total polyphenol content of Doonuri wines was 122.40~137.26 mg/mL, the total anthocyanin content was 117.06~ 118.40 mg/L and the tannic acid content was 66.23~83.70 mg%. In GC/MS analysis, the volatile flavor component analysis of Doonuri wines identified six alcohols, five esters, two ketones, on acid, two alkanes, and four other compounds.

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) are toxic carcinogenic compounds found in wastewater. VOCs require rapid removal because they are easily volatilized during wastewater treatment. Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes(EAOPs) are considered efficient for VOC removal, based on their fast and versatile anodic electrochemical oxidation of pollutants. Many studies have reported the efficiency of removal of various types of pollutants using different anodes, but few studies have examined volatilization of VOCs during EAOPs. This study examined the removal efficiency for VOCs (chloroform, benzene, trichloroethylene and toluene) by oxidization and volatilization under a static stirred, aerated condition and an EAOP to compare the volatility of each compound. The removal efficiency of the optimum anode was determined by comparing the smallest volatilization ratio and the largest oxidization ratio for four different dimensionally stable anodes(DSA): Pt/Ti, IrO2/Ti, IrO2/Ti, and IrO2-Ru-Pd/Ti. EAOP was operated under same current density (25 mA/cm2) and electrolyte concentration (0.05 M, as NaCl). The high volatility of the VOCs resulted in removal of more than 90% within 30 min under aerated conditions. For EAOP, the IrO2-Ru/Ti anode exhibited the highest VOC removal efficiency, at over 98% in 1 h, and the lowest VOC volatilization (less than 5%). Chloroform was the most recalcitrant VOC due to its high volatility and chemical stability, but it was oxidized 99.2% by IrO2-Ru/Ti, 90.2% by IrO2-Ru-Pd/Ti, 78% by IrO2/Ti, and 75.4% by Pt/Ti anodes The oxidation and volatilization ratios of the VOCs indicate that the IrO2-Ru/Ti anode has superior electrochemical properties for VOC treatment due to its rapid oxidation process and its prevention of bubbling and volatilization of VOCs.

Indoor Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are classified as known or possible toxicants and odorants. This study characterized VOC levels in 11 homes in an area in the capital of Seoul by using two different methods of VOCs sampling, which are the active sampling using a thermal sorption tube and the passive sampling using a diffusion sampler. When using the active sampling method, the total target VOC concentration ranged from 41.7 to 420.7 μg/ m3 (mean 230.4 μg/m3; median 221.8 μg/m3) during winter and 21.3 to 1,431.9 μg/m3 (mean 340.1 μg/m3; median 175.4 μg/m3) during summer. When using the passive method, 29.6 to 257.5 μg/m3 (mean 81.8 μg/m3; median 49.4 μg/m3) during winter and 1.2 to 5,131.1 μg/m3 (mean 1,758.8 μg/m3; median 1,375.1 μg/m3) during summer. Forty-nine VOCs were quantified and toluene showed the highest concentration regardless of the season and the sampling method studied. The distribution of VOCs was relatively varied by using the active method. However, it showed a low correlation with indoor environmental factors such as room temperature, humidity and ventilation time. The correlation between indoor environmental factors and VOCs were relatively high in the passive method. In particular, these characteristics were confirmed by principal component analysis.

Two sewage treatment facilities were selected to identify odor emission characteristics, focusing on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and sulfur compounds. The complex odor, 5 kinds of sulfur compounds and 23 kinds of VOCs were analyzed from gas and sludge storages. Hydrogen sulfide was detected in the highest concentration and had the highest odor quotient among the odorous compounds monitored in this study, demonstrating that the contribution of hydrogen sulfide to the complex odor reached up to 90%. For VOCs, the overall contribution to the complex odor was not critical but VOCs can sufficiently trigger an odorous sensation because the sum of the odor quotient reached up to 2.89.

The aim of this study was to examine indoor fungal concentration and fungal volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in single-person households. A total of 22 houses occupied by one person were investigated in this study. 19 VOCs detected in the field were estimated as fungi-derived VOCs through a review of the literature, and 11 VOCs were confirmed as fungal VOCs by laboratory experiments. Exposure to fungal VOCs in the indoor environment has been confirmed to be highly influenced by airborne fungal concentration and indoor humidity. 3-octanone was characterized by a clear generation profile in Aspergilus versiocolor, and n-decane in Pencillum chrysogenum. ntetradecane emitted by Stachybotrys chartarum exhibited a tendency to occur consistently. The observations made in this study demonstrated that single-person households can easily be exposed to fungi, and MVOCs can be used as an indicator of fungal exposure in indoor environments.

This study investigated the quality characteristics and volatile flavor components of aronia wine (Aronia melanocarpa (0~100%)). After 12 days of fermentation, the alcohol contents of aronia wines ranged between 9.0~12.0%. The pH level and total acidity of aronia wines were 3.20~3.68 and 0.57~0.76 g/100 mL, respectively. The organic acid analysis of wine containing 100% aronia, revealed malic acid content at 3.70 mg/mL, followed by tartaric acid, lactic acid, and citric acid. As the aronia content increased, both the total polyphenol content and the antioxidant activity (the DPPH radical scavenging activity) also significantly increased. The total polyphenol content was the highest in the wine with 100% aronia (461.33 mg%), and the antioxidant activity showed the highest values in the wine with 100% aronia (91.91%). Volatile flavor component analysis of aronia wines identified 8 alcohols, 12 esters, 4 ketones, and 7 other compounds. In the sensory evaluation, the color, flavor, and taste of wine with 20% aronia showed higher values than other aronia wines. Based on the results of the present study, we suggest that 20% aronia is most beneficial in improving the quality as well as sensory characteristics of the wine.

The physicochemical properties of dry wine produced from domestic kiwifruit according to production year from 2008 to 2012 were studied. pHs of wine were from 4.02(F wine, production year 2009, sterilized) to 4.11(D wine, production year 2012, non-sterilized) and their acidities were lowest in D wine(0.79%) and highest in F wine(1.18%). All the wines have the same soluble solids of 8 °brix and 12% of alcohol, respectively. The reducing sugar was lowest in A wine(production year 2008, non-sterilized) and highest in D wine. The lactic acid was detected as a main organic acid and the free sugar was detected only fructose. As main flavor components, ethyl acetate and 1-pentanol were detected and their sum of 80~90% and a small amount of phenylethyl alcohol which providing rose-like aroma was also detected. The contents of soluble phenolics were highest in D wine(1.07 g/L) and lowest in C wine(0.80 g/L), corresponding to the antioxidant activity was highest found in D wine according to their soluble phenolic contents.

There has been growing concern over the emissions of formaldehyde and VOCs from automotive interior materials, as these could have an important impact on the in-vehicle air quality (IVAQ) of automotive vehicles. Odor along with VOCs refers to the automotive interior smell emitted directly or indirectly from any part of an automotive interior, based on human olfactory senses and a comfort evaluation of vehicle quality. The objective of this paper is to compare the odor intensity using GC/MS analysis method and odor sensory test in accordance with ISO 12219-2. For the compounds having low odor threshold value and high VOC concentration, it was found that there was the same tendency in each field of odor whether the instrument analysis method or the odor sensory test method was used.

Per capita nail-products use and airborne VOCs emission in four techniques of nail care (full coat coloring, UVgel polish, repair silk, and acrylic overlay) are estimated in this study. These assessments were carried out in a sealed test chamber using artificial hand and nails. A polish remover and a gel cleanser as cleanser and acrylic liquid as solvent were the most commonly used nail products in all 4 of the nail care techniques. Acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and methanol, which are major components of a polish remover, were commonly detected in all nail care techniques while acetone was detected the most. In addition to these airborne VOCs, a variety of other components such as ethyl acetate, cyclohexane, and toluene were identified in full coat coloring technique. In the process of UV-gel polish care technique, the main airborne VOCs were caused by solvents and were not involved in the curing process of UV gels (base gel and top gel) and gel bonder. In the case of repair silk nail care techniques, which generated the most VOCs, the total amount of VOCs detected was about 1,118.8 ± 359.6 mg/capita. Of the VOCs, butane (862.2 ± 283.9 mg/capita), which is contained in glue dryer, represented the largest share. In the process of acrylic overlay nail care technique, ethyl methacrylate (EMA), which is the basic element of acrylic, and highly toxic methyl methacrylate (MMA) were detected at 396.6 ± 42.3 mg/capita and 141.8 ± 8.2 mg/capita, respectively. The per capita data is very useful in designing a ventilation system for environmental improvement of a nail shop and setting a health care policy for nail artists and customers.