본 연구에서는 김치로부터 분리한 유산균 Weizmannia coagulans KK7(KCTC19023P) 균주를 이용하여 당근(Daucus carota var. sativa) 잎 추출물의 발효를 실시하고 얻은 생산물의 항염증 활성 및 성 분변화를 확인하였다. 발효에 의한 당근 잎 추출물의 성분 변화를 확인하기 위하여 고성능 액체크로마토그 래피를 이용하여 분석한 결과 발효 전과 비교하였을 때 발효 후에 플라보노이드의 일종인 루테올린 (luteolin)의 함량이 현저히 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 당근 잎 추출물과 발효 당근 잎 추출물의 항 염 활성은 LPS에서 염증을 유발한 RAW 264.7 세포에서 NO (Nitric oxide) 생성 억제 효과로 확인하였 다. 발효 당근 잎 추출물을 처리하였을 때 당근 잎 추출물 처리군에 비해 NO 생성이 상대적으로 억제되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 발효 당근 잎 추출물 농도가 증가함에 따라 NO 생성 억제 효과도 유의적으로 증 가 하였다. Western blot을 통해 염증반응에서 NO 생합성과 관련된 효소 iNOS의 발현을 확인한 결과 발 효 당근 잎 추출물에서 단백질 발현이 농도 의존적으로 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 실험 결과 로부터 미생물 발효를 통해 당근 잎의 항염 효과가 증대된다는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 이는 식품으로 거 의 이용되지 않고 버려지는 당근 잎이 발효를 통해 새로운 식품 및 화장품 소재로 사용될 수 있음을 시사 한다.

This study was undertaken to examine the quality characteristics of nonblanched carrots (CON) and carrots blanched in distilled water, 2% NaCl water and 2% citric acid at 100oC for 3 minutes. This moisture contents of CON was the highest at 85.91%, whereas NT had the lowest moisture at 83.92% (p<0.01). Compared to CON values the L values of pretreatment groups were decreased whereas the b values were increased (p<0.001) A comparison of true retention (TR), revealed that NT had the highest TPC TR 101.04% and TFC TR 91.59% (p<0.001). β-Carotene contents were determined to be higher in NT (1.98 mg/100 g) and CT (1.94 mg/100 g) than in other groups, with highest levels obtained in NT (106.64%) (p<0.001). Examination of the DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging activities revealed that the NT group had maximum scavenging activity. The total bacterial count was determined to be 3.37 log CFU/g in the CON, whereas no microorganisms were observed in all the pretreatment groups. Our study indicates that blanching in 2% NaCl water is the most desirable in order to increase the biochemical content and nutrient preservation rate of carrots, and to inhibit the growth of microorganisms.

This study analyzed the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of a mixture of apple and carrot juices with different amounts of beet. The pH of the mixed juice sample group increased as the beet amount increased, and the acidity and soluble solid content tended to decrease. As for the L value, the control group was the highest, the beet addition rate decreased, and the a value and b value showed a decreasing trend. As for dietary fiber, B0.1 was found to have the highest dietary fiber content at 0.20 mg/L. As for the mineral, Zn, Fe, and Ca had the highest control group, Mn, Mg, and K had the highest B0.5, and Na and P had the highest B0.1 and B0.3 juices, respectively. Compared to the control group, free sugars increased sucrose as the beet juice added increased. DPPH radical scavenging and total phenol content significantly increased DPPH scavenging as the beet added increased. Therefore, it was found that B0.3 was the most suitable when manufacturing apple and carrot mixed juice with different amounts of beet added, and it is considered as a manufacturing optimization method to improve the marketability and functionality of the product.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate of black carrot on the antioxidant activity and quality characteristics of Sulgidduk. Sulgidduk was prepared with different amounts (0, 1, 2, 3, 4%) of black carrot. As the amount of added black carrot increased, the moisture content (p<0.05) and pH were decreased (p<0.001). Sugar content results showed the increase with the addition of black carrot (p<0.01). L (lightness) values and b (yellowness) values decreased whereas a (redness) values increased with an increased concentration of black carrot powder (p<0.001). The mechanical texture of Sulgidduk was decreased by the addition of black carrot considering hardness, chewiness and gumminess (p<0.001) while those of springiness, cohesiveness increased. Consumer acceptability test revealed that the 2% black carrot groups had a higher score than the other groups in respect to color, flavor, taste, texture, overall palatability. To examine antioxidant activities of Sulgidduk, total phenolic, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and total anthocyanin were tested. Total phenolic, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and total anthocyanin showed good vitality as amounts of black carrot powder increased (p<0.001). Based on the various aspects of results, 2% of black carrot added into Sulgidduk showed the best functionality and sensory qualities.

This study assessed the quality characteristics of cookies made with different amounts (0, 5, 10, 15%) of black carrot powder. The density and pH value of cookie dough were constant for all groups. Compared to the control group, the moisture content was higher in groups containing the black carrot powder. Increasing the amount of black carrot powder resulted in decreased L-value but increased a-value. Furthermore, the hardness of cookies increased with increasing amounts of black carrot powder. The consumer acceptance test revealed that up to 15% black carrot powder addition was desirable. Total phenol content of the control group was 24.0 mg GAE/100 g, while black carrot powder groups ranged from 45.5 to 103.5 mg GAE/100 g. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was also augmented with increasing volumes of black carrot powder. Taken together, we recommend that cookies with 15% black carrot powder are desirable in terms of overall acceptability and antioxidant activity.

In this paper, quality properties and antioxidant capacity of cooked black carrot has been studied. Five different cooking methods have been applied: microwave (45 sec), boiling (100℃, 14 min), steaming (100℃, 20 min), sous vide (75℃, 80 min), sous-vide (95℃, 30 min). The color value was slightly different (p<0.05), the boiling method was the highest in L-value and Sous vide 75℃ method was the lowest. The steaming method indicated the highest a-value at 5.50. The b-value was significantly different between the samples (p<0.05). The microwave method was the highest at 3.49 while the sous vide 95℃ method was the lowest at －0.34. No significant difference was observed between the samples when only the moisture content results were considered. The highest pH was observed in samples cooked using the boiling method. The softening (%) was higher when the cooking water was in contact with samples and it was dependent on the temperatures. In addition, this study shows that not only temperature but also cooking time and cooking media are very crucial in the preparation and cooking of black carrot to prevent the loss of the antioxidant compound. In conclusion, the comparison of the quality characteristics and antioxidant properties of black carrots indicated that the most appropriate cooking method is sous-vide method.

In recent years, interest in halal authentication from the domestic food and cosmetics field has been growing for advances into the overseas halal market. For halal authentication, the product must not contain haram ingredients derived from pig, dog, human, GMO, etc. In this study, the presence of haram ingredients in plant extracts (carrot, oyster mushroom, and pine needle) treated with papain and bromelain and cosmetics (mask pack and cream) containing these extracts were analyzed by PCR to confirm whether these cosmetics were suitable for halal authentication. Detection limits of the PCR method that specifically detected template DNA of human, pig, dog, and GMO were 1.29×103, 1.14×103, 1.24×102 and 2.02×103 copies/tube, respectively. PCR was not inhibited by the plant extracts or cosmetic ingredients. Results of PCR for the plant extracts or cosmetics containing these extracts were all negative. This PCR method could be used to rapidly identify the presence of haram ingredients in raw materials or final products during the manufacturing process of food and cosmetics.

본 연구에서는 항산화 활성이 높은 채소류를 혼합한 천연 발효식초의 제조 공정 확립을 연구목적으로 하여 채소류 6종의 생리학적 특성 조사 및 최적 배합 비율을 연구하였다. 이를 바탕으로 선정한 3종의 블랙베리, 케일, 당근을 적정 비율로 혼합하여 천연 발효식초 기술 개발과 함께 항산화 활성의 변화를 분석하였다. 따라서 블랙베리, 케일, 당근으로 배합비율과 공정 순서를 달리하여 AF-1부터 AF-6까지 시험구를 제조한 후 알코올발효 시켜 일반성분을 분석한 결과 케일과 당근 즉, 채소류를 10%(v/v) 첨가한 AF-1, AF-3, AF-5에서 pH 약 3.52와 산도 약 3.31%로 측정되었으며, 채소류를 20%(v/v) 첨가한 AF-2, AF-4, AF-6에서 pH 약 3.59와 산도 약 3.12%로 측정되었다. 알코올함량은 AF-1과 AF-2가 10.42%, 10.40% 순으로 높게 측정되어 비슷한 수준의 pH와 산도를 바탕으로 알코올 함량이 높게 측정된 AF-1과 AF-2를 최적 배합비율 및 발효공정으로 결정하였다. 이어 초산발효를 진행한 후 페놀성화합물을 측정한 결과 AAF-1이 14.95mg/100mL, AAF-2가 15.49mg/100mL로 측정되었으며, DPPH radical 소거능은 AAF-1이 40.48%, AAF-2가 53.97%로 측정되었다. ABTS′+ radical 소거능 또한 AAF-2가 65.02%로 측정되어 55.53%의 AAF-1보다 높게 나타나 유의적인 결과를 확인 할 수 있었다. 따라서 산도 7.00% 이상의 초산발효물 2종 중 명도(L)가 높고 총페놀성화합물 및 항산화 활성이 높은 AAF-2를 채소류 혼합 블랙베리 식초로 최종 선발하여 채소류 혼합 발효식초의 개발 가능성을 모색하였다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of black carrot (Daucus carota L.) on the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of pork patties. Patties were provided with different amounts (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%) of black carrot. Notably, the cooking loss rate of the group added with 8% black carrot was lowest (p<0.001). As the content of black carrot increased, the L value decreased and the a, b value increased. The texture analysis results showed that the hardness and chewiness to decrease as the amount of black carrot increased (p<0.05). Evaluation of consumer acceptability revealed that the 4% black carrot groups had a higher score in respect to overall preference and taste to the other groups (p<0.05). For antioxidant activities, both total phenolic compounds content and DPPH were increased (p<0.001) as the amount of added black carrot was increased. As a result, it can be concluded that adding the black carrot to patties in processing can improve antioxidant activities and quality of the patties. Considering various aspects of quality, the suitable amount is 4% of total weight.

This study examined the quality of bread made from a wheat flour, oat powder, and wild carrot powder mixture. The lightness and redness values decreased with increasing amount of wild carrot powder addition, while the yellowness was increased significantly. In a sample of wild carrot powder addition, the total volume was lower than the control. The texture profile analysis of oat bread, such as hardness, gumminess and cohesiveness decreased significantly with increasing amount of wild carrot powder addition. In the case of springiness, the value was not significant. The sensory evaluation of oat bread was significantly different in all analyses. Oat bread (BCB2.0) containing 2.0% (w/w) wild carrot powder showed the highest value in the four sensory evaluation items. Therefore, the 2.0% (w/w) addition of wild carrot powder addition was appropriate. An analysis of the physicochemical active component and DPPH scavenging activity of oat bread revealed a higher total flavonoid and total polyphenol content than normal bread. The DPPH scavenging activity was also 20.3% compared to the wild carrot powder. The availability of wild carrot powder in oat bread could be identified.

당근 잎에는 뿌리와 마찬가지로 다양한 영양성분이 함유되어 있어 앞으로 당근 잎의 필요성이 더욱 증대될 것이다. 본 연구는 수경재배로 온실에서의 당근 잎의 연중 재배 가능성과 생육에 적합한 배양액의 조성 및 농도를 구명하고자 고온기와 저온기로 나누어 수행되었다. 배양액은 식물체내 다량원소의 적정 함량기준으로 개발한 당근 전용배양액(NO3-N:16.0, NH4-N:1.0, P:1.0, K:11.0, Ca:2.0, Mg:1.0, SO4-S:1.0 mM·L-1)을 사용하였다. 배양액은 고온기(2015년 7월 29일부터 9월 8일)에는 개발된 당근 전용 배양액 농도 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 그리고4.0 dS·m-1로 처리하였으며, 대조구로 일본원예시험장 배양액 농도 2.0 dS·m-1로 처리하여 생육을 비교하였다. 저온기 (2015년 12월 31일부터 2016년 2월 29일)에는 개발 배양액 1.0, 2.0, 그리고 3.0 dS·m-1로 처리하여 생육을 비교하였다. 생육조사 항목은 지하부의 생체중과 건물중, 지상부의 생체중과 건물중 및 엽수, 엽면적을 조사하였다. 고온기 재배 기간 동안, 엽면적과 지상부 생체중과 건물중은 배양액 농도 1.0과 2.0 dS·m-1에서 좋았다. 지하부의 당도는 배양액 농도 2.0 dS·m-1에서 가장 높았으며, 엽록소 함량은 배양액 농도 4.0 dS·m-1에서 가장 높았다. 저온기 재배 기간 동안, 지상부 생체중과 건물중은 배양액 농도 1.0과 2.0 dS·m-1에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 지상부에서 당도와 엽록소 함량은 배양액 농도에 따 른 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 결과적으로 생육과 품질적인 면에서 볼 때 고온기와 저온기 재배에서는 배양액 농도 1.0과 2.0 dS·m-1에서 좋으나, 비료 투입적인 경영 측면에서 배양액 농도 1.0 dS·m-1에서 재배하는 것이 좋은 방법이라 판단되었다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the non-thermal sterilization effect of methods such as high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and UV-irradiation (specifically with regard to the storage stability and shelf-life of carrot juice. The microbial counts of the non-sterilized product increased from 5.51 to 7.34 log CFU/mL up to the fifth day, and then decreased to 5.46 log CFU/mL at six days. UV-irradiation was increased from 2.37 to 4.92 log CFU/mL. HHP was maintained under the 3 log CFU/mL. The pH of UV-irradiation and HHP was maintained withing the range of 6.29~6.30 and 6.20~6.22 during storage. However, the pH arising from non-sterilization decreased from 6.31 to 4.49. The color of non-sterilization changed significantly during storage, but UV-irradiation and HHP were similar during storage. The β- carotene content of non-sterilization was noted to have decreased from 269.45 to 65.19 μg/mL during storage. The UV- irradiation and HHP decreased from 263.46 and 268.35~281.16 μg/mL to 243.42 and 244.09~269.29 μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, these findings suggest that HHP can be used for the pasteurization, or sterilization, of carrot juice and the optimal condition is two minutes.

당근을 소재로 한 기능성 발효음료 개발을 위한 기초연구의 하나로 당근주스에 당을 첨가하고 Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 11215를 접종하여 알코올발효를 진행시켜 당근와인을 제조한 후, 종초 Acetobacter pasterianus A8을 접종하여 초산발효를 유도하는 단행복발효 공정으로 정치 배양하여 당근식초 발효를 시도하였다. 6%의 알코올을 함유하는 당근와인에 종초를 5% 부피비율로 접종하고 30℃에서 20일간 정치 배양하는 것을 최적조건으로 하였을 때 산도 6.2%의 당근식초 제조가 가능하였다. 생산된 당근식초는 122.47mg%의 유리아미노산을 함유하고 있었으며, 당근식초의 유기산 조성은 aceticacid 55g/L, pyruvic acid 4.5g/L, citric acid 0.45g/L 및 maleic acid 0.05g/L이었다. 당근식초는 1.43mg/L의 베타-카로틴을 함유하고 있었으며 몇 가지 시판식초에 비해 폴리페놀(478.89mg/L)을 다량 함유하여 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성, ABTS 라디칼 소거활성, FRAP assay으로 표현되는 높은 항산화활성을 나타냈다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발된 당근식초는 조리용은 물론 기능성 음료로서 이용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

Quality changes of carrots thermally processed in a large size (5 kg) retort pouch during 52 weeks of storage were investigated under different packaging methods and package shapes. To improve the efficiency of thermal processing (121.1oC, 0.15 MPa), the carrot (i.e., solid) and the broth (i.e., liquid) of the carrot soup were separately packed and sterilized. The quality changes of carrot packed without liquid were compared with those with liquid. Two different package shapes such as rectangular parallelepiped and cube were also evaluated to figure out the efficiency of the heat penetration rate for a large-sized pouch. The TTT (F0-values = 6) were 27, 54, and 114 min from the rectangular parallelepiped, cube, and solid/liquid mixed groups, respectively. In the mixed groups, the hardness and chewiness of solids (carrot) were significantly smaller than those measured in the other groups as TTT increased. Carrots treated in the rectangular parallelepiped shape showed a significantly higher texture than the cube shape. The CV of hardness and chewiness in the rectangular parallelepiped and the cube shape were calculated as 7.56 and 47.19, and 29.16 and 65.28, respectively. This demonstrated that a more uniform quality can be obtained from the rectangular parallelepiped shape.

Demand for organic agriculture has greatly increased in the past decade. The objective of this study was to evaluate quality the characteristics and antioxidant activities of organically and conventionally grown carrots. Organically and conventionally grown carrots were harvested in Jeju Island, Korea. Carrot extracts were investigated for their antioxidative components (total phenolic and flavonoid contents) and their antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities). The quality characteristics of carrots were estimated in terms of hardness, length, weight, moisture contents, and soluble solid content (SSC). Conventionally grown carrots showed higher values than organic carrot in terms of hardness (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in moisture contents or SSC. In the case of antioxidant activity, organic carrots showed a higher value for DPPH radical scavenging activity (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in other antioxidants. Consequently, quality characteristics and antioxidant activities were different between organically and conventionally grown carrots.

The objective is to investigate effect of liposome coated hemicellulose on softening of carrot. To encapsulate hemicellulose in nanoliposome, 2% hemicellulase and 2% lecithin were processed by using high-speed homogenizer (10,000 rpm, 3 min) and ultrasonification (200 W, 54%). The carrot were cut into cylinder type (3×1 cm) and then immersed in distilled water (DW, control), hemicellulase (He) and nanoliposome coated hemicellulose (He/NL) for 48 h at 4oC. The final concentration of hemicellulose is 1% (w/v). The droplets properties of He, NL, He/NL analyzed using zeta-sizer. Moreover, the carrots treated different immersed solutions were characterized by measuring hardness, color, microstructural observation and enzyme activity (glucose contents). For the results, hardness of carrot immersed in He or He/NL solution decreased after 48 h by 47% or 31% (outline of carrot) and 35% or 31% (center of carrot) respectively compared to control (7,240 g). The total color difference value of all samples increased over immersion time. For microstructural observation, cell was destroyed after 24 h at He solution. For the enzyme activity, glucose contents of carrot in He solution increased than it in He/NL at 0 h sample however the enzyme activity was no significant difference with immersion time.

본 연구에서는 다양한 냉동기법인 자연냉동 및 강제송풍 식냉동, 극저온냉동과 다양한 해동방법인 자연해동, 유수해 동, 초음파해동, 전자레인지해동을 통하여 물리적 변화를 최소화 하는 냉·해동공정을 찾으려 했다. 당근의 경우 품 질을 변화 시키는 요인은 해동방법보다는 냉동방법이 더 영향력이 있다. 해동감량 및 보수력의 변화를 관찰한 결과 급속냉동(강제송풍식냉동, 극저온냉동)을 한 경우 품질유지 에 더 효과적이었다. 경도는 냉·해동공정 보다는 블랜칭 처리를 한 것이(열처리) 유의적으로 품질이 저하되는 것을 관찰하였다. 즉 열처리가 당근의 물성에 영향을 더 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 색도 및 pH 경우, 냉·해동공정에 의해 크게 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 당근의 전체적인 품질을 최대한 유지 하기 위해서는 냉동법의 고려가 해동 법 보다 중요하며, 다양한 냉동방법 중 급속냉동처리하는 것이 효과적인 것으로 판단되며, 유지하고자 하는 당근 품 질 특성 별로 최적의 냉·해동공정을 선정하는 것도 효과적 이라 생각한다