연구용 NIR 장비에서 수집된 벼 생엽의 질소 함량 검량 식 및 데이터베이스를 현장용 NIR 장비에 검량식을 이설,검증함으로서 현장 적용 가능성을 평가하기 위해 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다.1. 2003년부터 2009년까지 스펙트럼을 수집한 시료 중선발 된 A 데이터 세트(개체수 454점)의 총 질소범위는 2.041%～4.933%, 2012년 수집된 B 데이터 세트(258점)는 2.180%～3.690%이며 각각의 전체 평균은3.497%, 2.712%였다.2. A, B 데이터 세트에서 유도된 검량식 결과 결정계수(R2)는 각각 0.845, 0.777,표준오차(SEC)는 0.196, 0.126,SECV는 0.238, 0.150이었다.3. 연구용 NIR 장비 400 nm～2500 nm 파장에서 얻어진데이터베이스를 현장용 NIR 장비 1200 nm～2400 nm파장에 맞게 잘라 이설한 후 2012년 데이터베이스에업데이트 확장한 후 작성된 검량식 결과 결정계수(R2)는 0.880, 표준오차(SEC)는 0.191이었다.4. 연구용 NIR 장비에 구축된 데이터베이스를 현장용NIR 장비에 맞춰 데이터베이스를 확장 업데이트하고검량식을 이설한 결과 연구용 장비와의 표준오차는0.005%로 거의 동일한 수준의 결과를 얻었다.

Rice is not only a model plant of monocots but also one of the most important crops all over the world. Despite the importance of leaf shape for achieving effective plant architecture for photosynthesis, little is known about the genetic mechanisms that determine leaf morphological characteristics. Explanation of the genetic basis of the control of leaf shape could be of use in the manipulation of crop traits, leading to increased crop production. Many mutants related to leaf morphology have been identified and classified according to their function in determining leaf morphology. search on the genetics of leaf development has used mutagensis to create loss-of-function mutations that change leaf shape. To understand the molecular mechanism of leaf morphogenesis, we identified a rice mutant gene, which was characterized by a phenotype of narrow leaves. While the mutation resulted in reduced leaf width, no significant morphological changes at the cellular level in leaves were observed, except in bulliform cells. The gene locus guess that it encodes a adenosine kinase, which displays sequence homology with ribokinase pfkB like superfamily. To test function of gene, we cloned gene which have 1140 nucleotides and 379 amino acids. This gene was transcribed in various tissues and was mainly expressed in panicles and leaves. NAL7, NAL1 and SLL1 were found to be downregulated, whereas OsAGO7 and NRL1 were upregulated in the mutant. These findings suggested that there might be a functional association between these genes in regulating leaf development.

Dried leaves of Raphanus sativus L. and Angelica keiskei L. extracts have strong antioxidant potential and in consequence profound effects on ulcerative colitis. Present study was conducted to explore the effect of diet mixtures containing dried leaves of Raphanus sativus and Angelica keiskei powder on ulcerative colitis in mice and antioxidant potential of radish green and Angelica extracts as well. Both dried leaves of Raphanus sativus and Angelica keiskei extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity due to the presence of polyphenols, favonoids and antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD). Analyzed data indicate that Angelica keiskei extract had higher polyphenol and flavonoid contents compared with radish green, while maximum SOD activity was noted in dried leaves of Raphanus sativus extract Likewise, higher antioxidant (348.72 ± 31.65 μg/mL) and ABTS+ radical scavenging (17%) activities were noted in dried leaves of Raphanus sativus extract compared with Angelica keiskei.

제주도와 남부지방에서는 콩잎을 채소용으로 이용하여 고기와 생선을 쌈사서 먹는데 이용해 왔으며, 주로 지역의 재래종이나 일본에서 도입된 ‘단파흑두’를 재배해왔다. 그러나, 이들은 잎 크기가 균일하지 않아 상품성에 문제가 있었다. 그러므로, 쌈용 콩잎의 채소용 품종개발이 필요하다. 콩잎의 채소용 ‘청엽1호’ 품종이 2009년 식량원에서 개발되었다. ‘청엽1호’는 내도복 다수성 품종인 ‘일품검정콩’과 대립이며 잎이 큰 ‘대황콩’을 교배한 품종이다. ‘청엽1호’는 꽃색이 백색, 검정색 종피, 황색 자엽, 구형의 종자모양, 100립중이 35.8g인 대립종이다. 또한, 콩잎의 채소용 적성으로 개화기가 늦어 채엽기간이 길고 잎이 크고 둥근 난형, 잎색이 연한 녹색, 내도복성, 마디의 수가 많으며, 줄기의 두께가 두꺼워 채엽시 잘 부러지지 않는 특성을 가진다. ‘청엽1호’의 비가림재배시 잎 수량은 헥터당 18.44톤으로 대비품종인 ‘단파흑두’보다 6% 높았다. 콩잎의 기능성 성분으로 이소플라본 함량이 잎 g당 809 ㎍으로 대비품종보다 63% 높았다. 이상과 같이 ‘청엽1호’는 콩잎을 채소용으로 이용하기에 매우 적합한 품종이다.

This study was carried out to investigate solid-state fermentation method using cellulolytic lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum TO-2100 in order to increase piperidine alkaloid contents in mulberry leaves. Piperidine alkaloid, one type of which include 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ), is known to inhibit α-glycosidase activities. Using this strain, the optimal solid-state fermentation conditions on mulberry leaves powder were found as the following: initial moisture content, temperature and relative humidity were 20%, 30~35℃ and 60 ~ 70%, respectively, and the fermentation time was 72 hrs. The piperidine alkaloid contents in the fermented mulberry leaves were 2.86% on dry powder, which is 7-fold increase from that of non-fermented mulberry leaves. The 1-deoxynojirimycin contents after applying preparative thin layer chromatography were 2.02% on dry powder, which is 8 times higher than that of non-fermented mulberry leaves. α-Glycosidase activities was inhibited by 65.7 ~ 84.7% with 3 ~ 5% treatments of hot-water extracts of the fermented mulberry leaves, compared to 16.2 ~ 40.2% with 3 ~ 5% treatments of hot-water extracts of non-fermented mulberry leaves. Therefore, the results suggest that solid-state fermentation method does indeed increase of piperidine alkaloid contents on mulberry leaves.

This study was carried out to investigate the antibacterial activity against pathogens of acne and the anti-inflammatory effect of 75% ethanol extract and its fractions from the leaves of Prunus sargentii. In the antibacterial activity by the disc diffusion assay, the extract showed the highest effect against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in 5 mg/disc. However, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antibacterial activity in 1 mg/disc. On the other hand, the hexane and chloroform fraction showed strong nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 cell. In the cell viability of Raw 264.7 by MTT assay, the extract and all fractions were exhibited normal viabilities as nontoxic result. Consequently, the extract from the leaves of P. sargentii and its ethyl acetate fraction could be applicable to functional materials for antibacterial activity related fields. Moreover, the hexane and chloroform fraction could be applicable to candidate materials as anti-inflammatory agent.

Understanding the host defense mechanisms in response to brown leaf spot disease caused by Cochliobolus miyabeanus is very important for production of resistant plant. In this study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) in conjunction with mass spectrometry was utilized to unravel changes of stress inducible proteins in rice leaves infected with C. miyabeanus. For this purpose, we firstly observed disease developmental process of C. miyabeanus in rice using trypan blue, anilin blue, acid fuchsin staining, and DAB staining for ROS detection and expressional abundance of ROS related proteins in rice leaves inoculated was confirmed by Western blotting. Proteins were extracted by PEG fractionation and their expression patterns were analyzed by 2-DGE and subjected to image analysis using the ImageMaster 6.0 2D Platinum software, resulting in the identification of 86 differentially expressed protein spots with significantly changes (p<0.05) compared with control. MALDI-TOFTOF-MS analysis revealed that 69 proteins including 42 and 27 significantly up- and down-regulated proteins, respectively, were identified. Based on gene ontology analysis, identified proteins were classified according to their functional groups: metabolism (20%), oxygen-detoxifying (13%), protein stress/defense (24%). Thus, these results for the first time suggest that differentially induced proteins may play a key role for understanding host defense mechanisms during rice -C. miyabeanus interaction.

Guava (Psidium guajava) contain a great deal of polyphenol compound and work on the treatment of Diabetes mellitus effectively. In this study, the bioactivities of aqueous extract (GLEx) of guava leaf were investigated. Total phenolic contents of GLEx was 266.9 mg tan/g. The effects of GLEx on digestive enzymes, α-amylase, maltase and sucrase were investigated. IC50 values of GLEx against α-amylase, maltase and sucrase were 0.65 mg/ml, 2.0 mg/ml and 3.5 mg/ml respectively. The effect of GLEx on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in normal ICR mouse, control (dstilled water) and GLEx (aqueous extract of Guava leaf) were co-administered orally with glucose, showed reducing effect on the blood glucose level. The guava is likely to useful for prevention or improvement of hyperglycemia by lowering the blood glucose level and inhibiting glycoside hydrolase activity.

천연염색을 원예치료 프로그램에 활용하기 위한 자료 확보 차원에서 전통적인 청색염료인 대청(Isatis tinctoria)의 열수 추출물 1%액을 이용하여 염색온도와 시간을 달리하여 견과 면직물에 대한 염색성을 조사하였다. 염색 온도는 견직물의 경우 70～80℃에서, 면직물은 80～90℃에서 20분간 침지 염색을 하였으며, 매염은 명반[AlK(SO4)2·12H2O], 황산구리(CuSO4) 및 황산제1철(FeSO4)을 각각 3% 농도로 하여 25±2℃에서 20분간 후매염을 기본으로 하였다. 견과 면직물의 표면색은 R, RP 및 YR 계열로 나타났으며, 견과 면직물 모두 염색시간과 온도의 영향은 적게 받았으나 매염제 종류에 따른 차이가 컸다. 헌터 a값은 견직물의 경우 2.76～21.03, 면직물은 0.09～11.06을 나타냈으며, b값은 견직물의 경우 -0.16～16.50, 면직물은 -0.79～12.16을 나타내었다. 염색포의 ᐃE값은 견직물의 경우 27.23～44.11, 면직물은 11.36～20.98을 나타내었다. 따라서 견직물은 70～80℃, 면직물은 80～90℃에서 20분 정도로 염색을 하되, 매염제를 달리하여 다양한 색상으로 발색을 시키는 것이 좋을 것으로 생각된다.

This study was investigated to compare the volatile aroma compounds of Synurus deltoides and Aster scaber. The volatile aroma compounds from Synurus deltoides and Aster scaber were extracted by soild-phase microextraction (SPME) methods. S. deltoides had 97 volatile aroma compounds such as including 5-acetyl-1,2-dihydro acenaphtylene (14.63%), β-cubebene (9.31%), caryophyllene (8.97%), β-chamigrene (7.14%), β-selinene (2.71), α-farnesene (2.47%), α-bergamotene (2.26%), β-elemene (1.94%), etc. A. scaber had 84 volatile aroma compounds such as (+)-epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene (10.38%), terpinolen (10.09%), caryophyllene (6.04%), 8-isopropenyl-1,5-dimethyl-1,5-cyclodeca diene (5.42%), α-himachalene (5.04%), β-thujene (4.37%), β-pinene (4.28%), β-cubebene (3.99%), etc. Conclusively, the main common volatile aroma compounds in S. deltoides and A. scaber leaves were 19 volatile aroma compounds such as caryophyllene, terpinolen, β-cubebene. But the composition and amount of volatile aroma compounds were very different between the two species.

The rate of photosynthesis (A) of leaves from 10 plant species (6 evergreen and 4 deciduous) of the family Fagaceae was measured using a portable photosynthesis analyzer, to examine which species take up CO2 most efficiently. Of the evergreen species, the photosynthetic rate of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii was highest, and remained above 82.1～106.4 μmol kg-1s-1 from July to November. Of the deciduous species, the photosynthetic rate of Quercus acutissima was higher than that of the other three species, and remained high at 83.5～116.6 μmol kg-1s-1 from September to November. The photosynthetic rate of the 10 species was positively correlated with stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (E). However, there was no correlation between photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), although there was a positive correlation just in three species (Q. gilva, Q. acutissima and Q. glauca). These results suggest that the CO2 fixation capacity of C. cuspidata var. sieboldii, an evergreen species, and Q. acutissima, a deciduous species, is significantly higher than that of the other species examined, and that photosynthesis is regulated by both stomatal conductance and transpiration. Therefore, C. cuspidata var. sieboldii and Q. acutissima may be valuable for the evaluation of carbon uptake in urban green spaces as well as in afforested areas.

The protective effect of nitric oxide (NO) on the antioxidant system under paraquat(PQ) stress was investigated in leaves of 8-week-old lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants. PQ stress caused a decrease of leaf growth including leaf length, width and weight. Application of NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), significantly alleviated PQ stress induced growth suppression. SNP permitted the survival of more green leaf tissue preventing chlorophyll content reduction and of higher quantum yield for photosystem Ⅱ than in non-treated controls under PQ exposure, suggesting that NO has protective effect on chloroplast membrane in lettuce leaves. Flavonoids and anthocyanin were significantly accumulated in the leaves upon PQ exposure. However, the rapid increase of these compounds was alleviated in the SNP treated leaves. PQ treatment resulted in lipid peroxidation and induced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the leaves, while SNP prevented PQ induced increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2. These results demonstrate that SNP serves as an antioxidant agent able to scavenge H2O2 to protect plant cells from oxidative damage. The activities of two antioxidant enzymes that scavenge reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in lettuce leaves in the presence of NO donor under PQ stress were higher than those under PQ stress alone. Application of 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3- oxide (PTIO), a specific NO scavenger, to the lettuce leaves arrested SNP mediated protective effect on leaf growth, photosynthetic pigment and antioxidant systems. However, PTIO had little effect on lettuce leaves under PQ stress compared with that of PQ stress alone. The obtained data suggest that the damage caused by PQ stress is in part due to increased generation of active oxygen by maintaining increased antioxidant enzyme activities and SNP protects plants from oxidative stress. From these results it is suggested that NO might act as a signal in activating active oxygen scavenging system that protects plants from oxidative damage induced by PQ stress and thus confer PQ tolerance.

Plant biomass is a huge carbon-complex that has potential as a nutrient. Therefore we extracted and separated useful materials for plant growth from tea leaf and stem. The pre-treatment process including high temperature (200 °C) and pressure (20-40 kgf/cm2) was treated for several minutes and extracted at 120 °C for 30-60 minutes. After that the chemical compositions and ingredients were analyzed from that plantnutrient. As a result of mineral contents, calcium and magnesium concentrations are higher than other minerals. Also the result of carbohydrates analyses has shown that the sugar oligomer consists of xylose(95.3%) and glucose(4.7%), and the sugar monomer consists in the order of xylose (52.7%) > manose (22.8%) > arabinose (10.8%) > galactose (10.2%) > glucose (3.5%). Before applied to field, in vitro plant growth system and formulation were examined. To evaluate the effect of the nutrients, both strawberry green-house and persimmon fields were used in this test. The treated persimmons were heavier than controls scored at 13-22%. In addition, the storageperiod was extended in the treated strawberries. Interestingly in the treated strawberry, the contents of polyphenols were increased (38-57%). These results suggest that the plant-nutrient can afford to help for plant growth and storage, and it can be substituted for other commercial nutrients. In conclusion, this plant-nutrient may help to extend eco-friendly or organic farming in Hadong-gun area.

Angelicae gigas Nakai has been used as a traditional medicine as well as an edible vegetable in South Korea. In this study, the total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidants of A. gigas Nakai leaves were examined in vitro via hydroxyl-radical-scavenging activity, reducing power activity, metal chelating assay, and DPPH-free -radical-scavenging assay. Among all the extracts from A. gigas Nakai leaves, the ethanol extract showed the strongest effects in all of the assays. The values for the DPPH-radical-scavenging activities of ethanol, methanol, and water extracts were 31.47, 42.14, and , respectively. Among the extracts from A. gigas Kakai leaves, the ethanol extract had the highest levels of total phenolics ( mg TAN/g) and total flavonoids ( mg QE/g), which correlated strongly with the individual phenolic-compound (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillin, and trans-ferulic acid) contents. The ethanol extract also showed stronger antioxidant activity than tocopherol in hydroxyl- radical-scavenging activity assay. These results indicate that the ethanol extract of A. gigas Kakai leaves possesses significant antioxidant properties, which suggests its great potential as a functional-food ingredient in the food industry.