The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of climatic elements on the arabica coffee yield during the various growth stages of coffee plant for the period of 1996-2017 over Costa Rica. For the future scenario, change rate of arabica coffee yield is also estimated using the data of production and cultivated area. The cultivation area and the yield of arabica coffee has been decreasing since the 1990s in Costa Rica. The decreasing trend in arabica coffee yield could have a negative effect on Costa Rica’s coffee industry in the future. During the dry season, the yield of arabica coffee has significant negative correlation with precipitation at the stage of flowering in the month of February. In case of wet season, coffee yield and temperature were negatively correlated while precipitation showed positive association with coffee yield at the stage of growing period in the month of August. However, the observation revealed the excessive precipitation drastically reduced arabica coffee yield in 2013 during August, the month of wet season. According to the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 climate change scenarios, due to high temperature and fluctuated precipitation the yield of arabica coffee is unstable and the future of coffee industries is also insecure.

This study examined the efficiency of satellite images in terms of detecting wheat cultivation areas, and then analyzed the possibility of climate change through an correlation analysis of time series climate data from the western regions of Gyeongnam province, Korea. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of climate change on wheat production through a multiple regression analysis with the time series wheat production and climate data. A relatively accurate distribution was achieved on the wheat cultivation area extracted through satellite image classification with an error rate of less than 10% in comparison to the statistical data. Upon correlation analysis with time series climate data, significant results were displayed in the following changes: the monthly mean temperature of the seedling stage, the monthly mean duration of sunshine, the monthly mean temperature of the growing period, the monthly mean humidity, the monthly mean temperature of the ripening stage, and the monthly mean ground temperature. Accordingly, in the study area, the monthly mean temperature, precipitation, and ground temperature generally increased whereas the monthly mean duration of sunshine and humidity decreased. The monthly mean wind speed did not display a particular change. In the multiple regression analysis results, the greatest effect on the production and productivity of wheat as climate factors included the annual mean humidity of the seedling stage, the annual mean temperature of the wintering period, and the annual mean ground temperature of the ripening stage. These results demonstrate that there is a change in wheat production depending on the climate change in the study area. in addition, it is determined that this study will be used as important basic data in the resolution of food security problems based on climate change.

The present study hypothesized that ratio between carcass traits components could be applied for the understanding of yield index in Hanwoo steer. A thousand data was generated based on average carcass weight (CW), loin area (LA) and backfat thickness (BT) of Hanwoo steer in December 2018 for analysis 1. Then yield index (YI) was calculated using newly established yield index equation. The correlation between yield index and each carcass traits was visualized. In the interaction between carcass traits components (LA, CW, BT) and YI, only the interactions including BT showed a regular pattern to YI. Then changes of YI according to ratio of carcass traits components were investigated. The observed interactions between LABT and CWBT were similar with Monod equation model. The changes of YI to LABT and CWBT were fitted to Monod equation, and yield constants (K1 for LABT; K2, CWBT) of each equation were calculated as 0.47 and 2.20, respectively. Carcass traits from 5 commercial Hanwoo steer farm were then employed in the second analysis. Yield constants of each farm were estimated. In estimation, R2 value for K1 (LABT) showed greater than the K2 (CWBT). Finally, each farm was plotted based on their K1 and K2 values and it was found that greater yield index of Hanwoo steer was found as increased K1 and K2. As conclusion, the present study suggested the possibility of K1 and K2 values for understanding of yield grade equation and their application in the evaluation of new model for yield grade estimation and feeding strategy.

In this study, the conventional model for the yield stress with the volume fraction of aggregate, where the volume fraction of aggregate was considered separately into the volume fraction of fine and coarse aggregate. The modified model equation can be applied to relate the yield stress of the wet sieved mortar and that of the concrete. Based on the model equation and the mix proportion of concrete, the yield stress of concrete is well predicted, which contributes the simplification of the performance evaluation process of concrete.

This study aims to investigate the effects of climatic variability on the citrus yield in Jeju-do. This study analyzed the relationship between the citrus yield and climate elements(temperature, rainfall, sunshine duration etc) at each growing season. Temperature shows a positive relationship with the period of flower bud for the yield of citrus. The rainy days of bud bursting period have a negative relation in Seogwipo area. The sunshine duration of the 1st physiological fruit drop period was positively related to citrus yield in Jeju and Seogwipo area. The maximum temperature of the 2nd physiological fruit drop period and the fruit enlargement period were negatively related to the citrus yield. In Jeju and Seogwipo area, about 60% of the variation of citrus yield is explained by the variation of climatic factors. The sunshine duration of the 1st physiological fruit drop period and fruit enlargement period were selected to the yield estimation in Jeju. In Seogwipo, the number of rainy days and the sunshine duration of the 1st physiological fruit drop period were selected.

새롭게 도입된 얌빈의 국내 재배기술 확립을 위하여 육묘조건, 적심, 적화, 재식밀도 등의 재배요인에 의한 생장과 수량반응을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 얌빈은 P.E. 하우스내에 전열 온상을 설치하여 평균 22℃로 유지하여 30일(적산온도 650℃) 육묘하면 건전묘 생산이 가능하였다. 트레이 규격에 따른 출현 특성의 차이는 없으며, 셀 크기가 클수록 묘 생장량이 증가하지만 육묘효율, 이식작업의 편의성을 고려하여 128공 트레이가 적합하였다. 7월 하순에서 8월 상순에 120 ㎝ 높이에서 적심을 하면 수량이 23% 가량 많아지며 8월 하순에서 9월 상순 사이에 적화를 하면 괴경수와 괴경중이 증가하여 수량이 32% 가량 많아진다. 50 ㎝×30 ㎝로 정식하였을 때 관행 100 ㎝×30 ㎝보다 수량이 30% 증가하였다. 적심, 적화, 재식밀도 최적조합처리는 무처리에 비해 경제적으로 107%의 이익적인 요소가 발생하였다. 이상의 연구 결과 얌빈의 최적 재배기술 적용을 통해 국내에서 새로운 소득 작목으로서 유망할 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, we investigated the influences of abnormal high temperature on growth, yield and physiologically active substances of the strawberry. General strawberry cultivars in the 20℃ growth condition showed much better growth of leaf number, length, diameter along with plant height, compared with those in 22.5℃ or 25℃. But the cultivars of both ‘Sulhyang’ and ‘Mehyang’ showed good growth and development at 25℃ with the roots showing great growth at 20℃. The quality and yield of the strawberry were best in the 20℃ growth condition, but the merchantability deteriorated in the 25℃ high temperature condition. As for the content of the physiologically active substances of the strawberry, it increased at 20℃, the optimum growth temperature, but decreased at 25℃. The physiologically active substances in the strawberry differed among the cultivars, the contents of cyanidin-3-glucoside, cinchonine, ellagic acid and cinnamic acid higher in the ‘Mehyang’, whereas the content of fisetin is higher in the ‘Sulhyang’ cultivar.Consequentially, the high temperature in summer has a negative effect on the physiological active ingredients of the strawberry, which was increased in the strawberry cultivated at proper temperature, and high quality strawberry production was possible.

A new Gomchwi cultivar ‘Sammany’ was developed by a cross between Gomchwi (Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz.) and Handaeri-gomchwi (Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai). Gomchwi is a common Korean name referring wild edible plant species within Ligularia genus. ‘Sammany’ has purple colored petiole ears and petiole trichome is absent. It has 2nd degree leaf vein density. Plant height, leaf length, leaf width and petiole length were 46.2, 19.1, 19.5 and 32.1 ㎝, respectively. Plant height was higher than ‘Gondalbi’. Bolting occurred in mid. July and it flowered from late August to early September. ‘Gondalbi’ bolted and flowered 26 days earlier than ‘Sammany’, and consequently has earlier flowering time more than 26 day. Leaf number of ‘Sammany’ was 156 per plant but ‘Gondalbi’ had 130. ‘Sammany’ had thicker leaves (0.61 ㎜) compared to ‘Gondalbi’ (0.46 ㎜). As a result, yield was higher in ‘Sammany (1,077 g/plant)’ than ‘Gondalbi (798 g/plant)’ and leaf hardness was lower in ‘Sammany (20.8 ㎏/㎠)’ compared to ‘Gondalbi (23.0 ㎏/㎠)’. In addition, ‘Sammany’ was found to be moderately resistant to powdery mildew. With enhanced agronomic and pathology traits, ‘Sammany’ was newly registered as a new Gomchwi cultivar (variety protection no. 131 on May 2017).

본 연구는 벼 품종에 따른 미음 가공특성을 구명하기 위하여 국립식량과학원에서 육성한 9개 벼 품종의 호화점도 특성과 미음의 색도, pH, 점도 및 퍼짐성을 측정하고, 초미세구조를 관찰하였다. 신속점도계를 이용한 호화 점도(페이스팅) 분석에서, 치반점도는 한아름4호, 화선찰이 각각 -45.84 및 -27.50 RVU, 최종점도는 화선찰, 한아름4호가 각각 109.00, 213.42 RVU로 미음죽의 노화가 다른 품종들에 비해 느릴 것으로 판단된다. 쌀 낟알과 미음의 미세구조를 주사현미경(SEM)으로 관찰하였는데, 쌀알은 다각형의 전분립으로 구성된 구 형태의 전분체와 이러한 전분체로 구성된 전분세포로 구성되어 있었다. 도담쌀은 구 모양의 전분체가 관찰되었고 다른 품종들에 비해 빈 공간이 더 많았으며, 한아름4호는 일반 멥쌀의 형태와 같은 다각형의 전분립을 확인하였고, 화선찰벼는 전분체를 구성하는 전분립들의 부서짐이 많은 것을 관찰하였다. 그리고 이 품종들로 만든 미음죽 호화양상은 품종별로 달랐는데 이는 주로 아밀로오스 함량 차이에 기인하는 것으로 판단되나, 같은 고아밀로오스 품종이라 하더라도 도담쌀에 비해 고아미4호는 잘 풀어지고 호화가 잘 되는 것으로 나타나는 바(data not shown), 이에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다 하겠다. 품종별 미음 제조 후, 관능검사에서 통일형(초다수성) 벼품종과 자포니카 벼 품종들의 차이가 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않아 초다수성 벼 품종으로 자포니카 벼 품종을 대체할 수 있을 것으로 판단하였다(data not shown). 또한 아밀로오스 함량 차이에 따른 벼 품종들 간의 점도 차이가 확연하게 나타났는데 아밀로오스가 없는 찰벼 품종은 미음죽의 점도를 낮추고, 고아밀로오스 품종들은 미음죽의 점도를 높였다. 통일형(초다수성 벼)을 포함한 일반메벼 품종들의 점도는 찹쌀과 고아밀로오스 품종들로 만든 미음의 중간정도를 보였으며 품종간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 요컨대, 통일형 품종은 일반쌀 품종에 비해 밥용으로 식미가 나쁜 것으로 알려져 있으나, 미음에 대한 가공적성 평가 결과, 통일형쌀 품종과 일반쌀 품종 간에 품질 차이가 없었다. 쌀미음의 점도와 퍼짐성은 쌀미음의 품질을 결정하는 중요한 요소이며 9개 품종(통일형 4개 품종, 일반형 5개)의 쌀미음 가공적성을 평가한 결과, 고아밀로오스(31.8%-42.8%) 쌀 품종들은 점도가 높아(낮은 퍼짐성) 걸쭉하였고, 저아밀로오스(5.0%)인 찹쌀 품종은 낮은 점도(높은 퍼짐성)로 유동적이었다. 중간정도의 특성을 가진 멥쌀(18.2%-19.9%) 품종들이 쌀미음에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 멥쌀 품종들 중에서 생태형(통일형/일반형)에 따른 쌀미음의 점도와 퍼짐성에서 차이가 없었다.

Background : The Schizonepeta which is characterized by short growth period is used for the pedicel as a medicinal plant. Its main ingredients are essential oil, monoterpenoid, and flavonoid. Major effects include fever, pain, anti-inflammation, and anti-allergy. There are no varieties developed so far, and it is necessary to develop standard varieties to supply domestically good varieties. In this study, the growth and yield characteristics of the genetic resources collected for cultivating good-quality varieties were tested. Three strains were classified into early, medium, and late life. Methods and Results : The research was carried out in the test packaging of the Medicinal Resources Research Institute (Hamyang) in Gyeongnam province. It was harvested in late May, early June, and mid June by flowering season. The harvest time was mid June, late June, mid July, late July, mid August, and late August. Flowering, growth characteristics and yield were investigated. Growth characteristics showed a tendency to increase with the delay of flowering and harvesting time, such as plant height, leaf length etc. As the flowering time and harvesting time were delayed, the number of trees increased. The selected early line showed 89.4 ㎝ in plant length, 38.3 g grain weight, medium line 69.5 ㎝, 61.0 g, late line 136.4 ㎝, 111.2 g. Conclusion : When the cultivars are selected for the selected strains, it is expected that the cultivars with high physiological activity characteristics will be able to develop the cultivars as high quality varieties and high yield varieties.

Background : The study is investigated the development of high-quality standard variety, character of gene resources, growth and yield production to collecting varieties in Agastache rugosa O. Kuntze containing antioxidant agriculturally. Methods and Results : Character of gene resources investigated collecting 16 varieties (Jeonnam Naju 1, 2, 3 (NJ), Gwangyang 1, 2 (GY), Sooncheon 4 (SC), Boseong 1, 2 (BS), Yeosu (YS), Jangheung (JH), Jindo (JD), Gyeongnam Hamyang (HY), Gyeongbuk Bonghwa (BH), Chungbuk Eumseong (ES), Cheongju (CJ), Gangwon Cheolwon (CW). Method of cultivation were conducted under sowing dates of plant a seedling were April 24. Transplanting with Agastache rugosa O.K. seeds in June 27 by growing pot seedling for 60 days in 2017. Fertilization application were standard application (N-P-K-Compost applied at 12-16-10-600 ㎏․10a−1). N-K applied at 60% of basal fertilizer, 40% of top dressing were two times (N-K) application. Planting density were spaced 30 ㎝ apart in rows 20 ㎝ apart with with non-woven fabric mulching cultivation. Plot design randomized block 3 repetition. Conclusion : Endemic characteristics of gene resources to collecting variety in leaf color (light green), leaf pliable (softness) appeared 8 lineage, leaf color (deep green), the contrary leaf pliable (roughness) showed 8 lineage. Flower color bloomed in light purple 8 lineage flower deep purple color come into 8 lineage. Also, the period of maturity ripened Sept. 27 - 31. on 8 lineage (BS2, GY1, JD, HY etc.). 3 lineage (YS, CJ, CW) attained to maturity on Oct. 14 - 16. Growth of aerial part increased on long length, large width of leaf, heavy dried weight of leaf and weight of seeds 10 lineage SC4, GY1, 2, NJ2, 3, BS1, 2, CJ, ES, BH etc. but short length, small width of leaf, declined in light dried weight of leaf and weight of seeds 2 lineage YS, CW.

Background : Medicinal crop seeds have low homogeneity and quality of seeds and seedlings because they are self-seeded or produced in farmhouses. Therefore, it is necessary to develop systematic technology for establishment and distribution of seed production technology for stable production of domestic medicinal crops. Methods and Results : The test Agastache rugosa O. K. Kuntze. variety was Jeonnam local variety (Naju species) and was carried out in 2017. The research was divided into two types; seed yield test according to seeding time and seed yield test according to fertilization method. Sowing of the seed yield test according to the seeding time was sown on the seedling tray 4 times from 20 th March to 20 th May at intervals of 20 days, and after the nursery, they were transplanting. The fertilization gave the standard fertilization (N-P-K-compost applied at 12-16-10-600 ㎏/10a) amount before implantation. Sowing of the seed yield test according to fertilization method was sowing in the middle of April. The seedlings were grown for 60 days and then transplanted in the middle of June. Four different fertilization methods were applied and cultivated. Planting density of both tests were spaced 30 ㎝ apart in rows 20 ㎝ apart with non-woven fabric mulching cultivation. The plot design was a randomized block 3 repetitions. Seed yields at the seeding time were the highest at 67 ㎏/10a in sowing on March 20, and the yields decreased as the seeding time passed. Seed yield according to fertilization method was the highest at 75 ㎏/10a in 25% increase control and lowest at 46 ㎏/10a in 50% diminish control. Conclusion : From the above results, we may suggest that the seedlings should be cultivated in the middle of March and cultivated by increasing the fertilization rate by 50%.

Background : Recently, the quality of ginseng is degrading while the yield decreases by 15 - 20% due to the high-temperature injury, the physiological disorder and the diseases caused by the climate warming so that development of disaster tolerant varieties strong against high temperatures, salts and diseases are demanded. For such reason, three lineages showing excellent overground and underground growing were selected from the gene resources collected from 1997 to 2000. And the productivity test has been conducted with these lineages having Cheonpung and Yeonpung, the existing varieties as the reference varieties. For the lineages excellent in growing, the variety registration will be performed after the regional adaptation test. Methods and Results : The results of preliminary yield trial on the 3 lines (GS98-3-4, GS00-58 and GS97-69) show that the above-ground and underground growth of the 4-years-old ginseng group selected as superior lines were superior to that of Chunpoong and Yunpoong. eference varieties. Especially, GS98-3-4 shows excellent root weight and root diameter, while GS97-69 shows excellent leaf length and leaf widths. Replicated yield trial on the 3 lines (GS97-62, GS98-1-5, GS00-44) show that the above-ground and underground growth of three lines were superior to that of Chunpoong and Yunpoong. In particular, the underground root weight of GS00-44 was the heaviest. Conclusion : According to the productivity tests on the 3 lines selected for excellent growing, the selected lineages are excellent in both above-ground and underground growing compared to the reference varieties of Cheonpung and Yeonpung. On the 4-years-old ginseng, GS00-44 & GS98-3-4 show excellent underground growing while GS98-1-5 & GS97-62 show excellent overground growing.

Background : This study was conducted to investigate the seedling, growth, and yield characteristics of 1-year-old Polygala tenuifolia by cultivation of different regions. Methods and Results : After growing the seedlings for 2 months in the greenhouse, they were planted at different altitudes including: 100 m or less (Cheongju), 250 m (negative), 300 m (Jecheon), and 500 m (Pyeongchang) in the first week of May. The flowering period, fertilization period, fruit weight, growth, and yield were recorded and investigated in that period. Results of analyzing the physicochemical properties of the soils revealed that the pH of the soil was close to neutrality of 6.7 - 7.3 at 100 m, 250 m, and 500 m altitudes and an acidity of pH 5.7 at 300 m altitude. The average temperature for different time periods and altitudes are the following: 3.8℃ from June to October during the harvesting season, 21.8℃ at 100 m altitude in the end of June, 10.8℃ at 500 m altitude in the middle of harvest period, and 2.7℃ higher at 100 m altitude than 500 m altitude. The difference in the number of rooting (between 11 and 12/㎡) and the rate of rooting (82 - 92%) was not significant. The plant length was 25 - 26.5 ㎝ at 300 m and 500 m altitude. The largest number of branch was at 1.8 with 250 m altitude and largest stalk diameter at 500 m altitude at 6.0 ㎜. Leaf length and leaf width were the same per area, but the branches were the largest at 500 m at 17.9. Dry weight of 12.7 g was heaviest at 500 m altitude implying that the higher the altitude, the higher the dry weight will be. Moreover, in the 500 m altitude, root length of 29.2 ㎝ was the longest, root diameter was 5.9 ㎜, and the dry root weight of 7.9 g was the heaviest. However, the number of supporting root was 4.9 - 7.3 which was not statistically significant. The optimal yield per 10 a was 94 ㎏ at 500 m altitude. This was very high compared to yield of 28 ㎏ at 100 m altitude. The seed weight per 10 a was 1.5 ㎏ and 2.3 ㎏ at 100 m and 300 m altitude, respectively. The highest content of Teuifolin contained in the root was 124.07 ppm at 500 m altitude. Conclusion : Results showed that 1-year-old P. tenuifolia had optimal growth, higher yield and better vital component content at altitude of 500 m.

This study was carried out to investigate the optimum cultivation distance for high yielding cultivation of the new variety of Gomchwi in highland and lowland. The test material was used ‘Sammany’ variety and the area was cultivated with a highland of 750 m above sea level and a lowland of 20 m above sea level. The planting distance was 5 treatments of 20 x 20 ㎝, 20 x 30 ㎝, 30 x 30 ㎝, 35 x 40 ㎝ and 40 x 40 ㎝, and the plant was cultivated at 35% shading net in the open field. The annual growth of ‘Sammany’ variety was higher in the highland than in the lowland, but the number of leaves was higher in the lowland than that in the highland. The leaf number per plant was the highest in the 40 x 40 ㎝ plot and the more the planting distance was, the more tendency was. However, the leaf weight per plant was higher in the highland than in the lowland. The number of leaves per 10a were higher in the lowland than that of highland and the tendency was more as the planting distance was narrower. Yields were slightly higher in the highland than that of lowland and the highest treatment plot was 2,983 ㎏/10a in 20 x 20 ㎝. In the second year, the growth was high in the highland, and the highland was high in the leaf number and leaf weight and the same tendency in the yields. Among the planting distances, Yields in both areas were the highest in the 20 x 20 ㎝ treatment, with 3,369 ㎏/10a in lowland and 7,257 ㎏/10a in highland. The growth of the third year was slightly better in the highland than that of the lowland but the difference was not significant. However, the number of leaves and leaf weight per plant were higher in the lowland than that of highland. And, in terms of leaf number and yield per 10a, it was also higher in the lowland than that in the highland. The narrower the planting distance was increased yields, and the highest yield was 6,051 kg/10a in 20 x 20㎝. The lowland was high in yield until the third year, but the highland was the highest in the second year and decreased slightly in the third year. The narrower the planting distance in the both areas, the higher the yield, and the leaf size tended to be small.

A Cultivation method to minimize the damage caused by high temperatures was studied by investigating the effects of groundwater cooling treatment on the growth, yield, and quality of strawberries. In the groundwater cooling treatment, the daily average temperature of the rhizosphere was reduced from 26.9°C to 24.9°C . The root length increased by 0.3–9.2 cm, depending on the cultivar and growth period. The leaf number, leaf area, leaf length, leaf diameter, and plant height also increased, especially in the cultivars ‘Seolhyang’ and ‘Maehyang’, resulting in higher fresh and dry weights. The number of fruit per plant increased from 7.7 to 12.5 in ‘Seolhyang’, and the fruit weight increased by 0.3 g in ‘Seolhyang’ and 1.3 g in ‘Maehyang’. The fruit hardness increased, but no significant difference in fruit coloration was observed. The sugar content of the fruit was improved by 0.2–0.3 °Brix. Therefore, groundwater cooling of the rhizosphere was effective in improving the growth and productivity of strawberries under abnormally high temperature conditions and can be considered a cost-efficient cooling system.

유기농 답전윤환밭 및 연속밭의 옥수수 8품종(얼룩찰1호, 흑점2호, 일미찰, 흑진주찰, 찰옥4호, 미백2호, 대학찰)과 수수 7품종(황금찰, 앉은뱅이수수, 목탁수수, 소담찰, DS202, 남풍찰, 동안메)에서 나방류 발생 및 수량 특성을 조사하였다. 조명나방 성충은 년 3회 최성기를 보였고 담배나방류 성충들은 3-4회 최성기를 보였다. 또한 조명나방 유충에 의한 옥수수 및 수수의 잎과 줄기 피해율은 시간이 지날수록 증가하는 경향을 보였는데, 수수의 조명나방 유충에 의한 피해율은 8월 중순에 급격히 증가하였다. 미흑찰, 얼룩찰1호, 일미찰, 흑점2호, 미백2호 등 옥수수 품종들에 대한 조명나방 유충에 의한 피해율은 윤환밭과 연속 밭 간 통계적으로 유의한 차이(P=0.05)를 보였고, DS202 품종(83%와 89%)을 제외한 나머지 6종 수수 품종들의 조명나방 유충에 의한 피해율은 연속밭에서 높거나 비슷하였다(50-92%). 옥수수의 나방 유충에 의한 이삭 피해율은 5%(찰옥4호)에서 38%(흑진주찰)였는데, 대학찰 품종은 답전윤환밭(33%)에서 연속밭(14%)에 비해 상대적으로 더 높은 피해를 입었다. 답전윤환 수수 포장에서 소담찰(94%)과 DS202(82%)가 높은 피해율을 보였고, 연속밭에서는 7개 수수 품종 모두 78% 이상의 피해율을 보였다. 흥미롭게도 답전윤환밭 및 연속밭의 옥수수와 수수 품종들에 대한 조명나방 유충에 의한 평균 피해율과 평균 침입공수 간에는 각 정의 상관관계(옥수수 r=0.69윤환밭, 0.95연속밭; 수수 r=0.93윤환밭, 0.97연속밭)를 보였다. 또한 수확 후, 유기농 윤환밭 및 연속밭 포장에서 나방 유충에 의한 옥수수 8품종들과 수수 7품종들의 평균 피해율과 이삭무게 또는 천립중(g) 간에 부의 상관관계(옥수수 r=-0.38윤환밭, -0.49연속밭; 수수 r=-0.70윤환밭, -0.57연속밭)를 나타냈다. 이상의 결과는 유기농 옥수수 및 수수 재배포장에서 나방류의 관리가 수량 확보에 매우 중요하다는 사실을 의미한다.

The use of Rehmannia glutinosa of the family Scrophulariaceae, in traditional medicine is well known. This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of air curing of the seed rhizome of R. glutinosa on its storability and yield. Methods and Results: The root of the R. glutinosa cultivar (Dagang) was harvested in at the end of November. The seed rhizomes were air cured for one to seven days. They were subsequently wrapped with newspaper and further stored in a plastic container at 1℃. It was observed that the weight loss and decay rates were significantly lower in the air cured seeds than in the untreated ones. Moreover, the decay rate of the control was approximately 50%, 120 days after storage. However. the decay rate of all the air cured treatment groups was less than 1%. Additionally, air curing led to an increase in the germination rate of the seeds and the root yield when compared with the untreated groups. Taken together, the ideal treatment period for air curing was found to be 3 days. Under these conditions, the germination rate and yield were 88.7% and 2,185 ㎏/10a, respectively. Conclusions: This study successfully demonstrated that the air curing of seed rhizomes can lead to a considerable increase in the storability and yield of R. glutinosa.

Background : Recently, there is a urgent demand for development of new varieties with enhanced resistance to various biotic/abiotic stresses. In order to develop ginseng varieties with such traits, systematic breeding program and comprehensive field studies are prerequisite. Methods and Results : ‘Jinwon' seeds were collected in 2003 from the farmer field of Pocheon. Physiological investigation and propagation were conducted from 2008 to 2010. It was given the name 'Eumseong No. 11 through the observed yield trial from 2011 to 2013 and local adaptability was carried out from 2014 to 2017. All phenotypes including agronomic characteristics, seed yield, and physiological response to biotic/abiotic stresses were investigated according to the ginseng GAP and UPOV guidelines. Red leaf and red berry at maturing stage were observed. The time of emergence, flowering and berry maturity of the ‘Jinwon’ were faster than those of ‘Chunpoong’. Stem length of ‘Jinwon’ was longer than that of ‘Chunpoong’, whereas stem diameter was thicker than that of ‘Chunpoong’. Main root length was similar but main root diameter is thicker than that of ‘Chunpoong’. The yield performance of this variety was 576 ㎏/10 a in local adaptability test for two years, which is 9% higher than that of ‘Chunpoong’. ‘Jinwon’ showed strong resistance at high temperatures. Conclusion : Our study demonstrated that ‘Jinwon’ is an ideal variety with heavier root weight and enhanced stress resistance and contribute will enhance biotic/abiotic stress resistance and increase the farmers' income.

Background : The most problematic disease in Boxthorn is Anthracnose in open field. New variety with Anthracnose-resistant is good for high yield and Safe fruit production in open field. Therefore it is necessary to develop a new variety with Anthracnose -resistant and high yield. Methods and Results : The new boxthorn line, CB10511-104 was selected from the cross between CB09480-18 and Chunghong (IT258916) to breed new variety with high yield, Anthracnose-resistant and good color in 2011. Its preliminary yield test was performed from 2013 to 2014 and the selected line was named Cheongyang 26. Its regional yield trials were carried out in Cheongyang, Yesan and Jindo for 3 years, from 2015 to 2017. Cheongyang 26 was registered as the new variety, Cheonggang, in 2017. The specific characteristics were summarized as follows. Tree shape is semi-open type and the leaf is lanceolate and green color. The flowers are normal size and purple. The fruit is normal size, round oval and redish. The flowering was June 17 with medium flowering. Number of sprout branch by pruning was generated less than the check variety, Cheongmeong. The infection rates on leaves to Eriophys macrodonis Keifer of Chunggang, 54.4 percent, was higher than the check variety, Cheongmeong. Anthracnose on fruits in open field was slightly strong compared to the check variety, but check variety was Anthracnose-resistant. The content of betaine and free sugar in dried-fruits were higher than that of the check variety. The dried-fruit yield was increased about 26 percent in open field compared Cheongmeong. Conclusion : This variety ‘Cheonggang’ was suitable for cultivation in open field and rain-shelter plastic greenhouse because of Anthracnose-resistant and good color. It is necessary the companion variety because of self-incompatible. It’s suitable ‘Cheonggeum’ in open field, ‘Cheongun’ in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse.