The purpose of this study was to examine the quality characteristics of cookies made with Angelica gigas Nakai fermented by Lactobacillus paracasei. As the content of Angelica gigas Nakai fermented by L. paracasei (AFL) powder increased, the pH of the cookies decreased from 6.3 to 5.2. There was no significant difference in the moisture content depending on AFL powder content. The content of reducing sugar also increased with increasing AFL powder content. Regarding the surface color of the cookies, the L- and b-values decreased with increasing AFL powder content, whereas the a-value increased. As the AFL powder content increased, the total polyphenol content and ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities significantly increased. Cookies with 8% AFL powder (AC8) had the highest levels of 107.16 mg%, 38.69%, and 65.56%, respectively. The texture, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the cookies with various AFL powder levels were not significantly different, and hardness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness showed no tendencies toward changes. Taken together, these results showed that when AFL powder was added to cookies, bioactivities such as antioxidant activity increased, making AFL powder a good material with high potential for use in commercially baked products.

당귀는 미나리과에 속하는 약용식물로서 한국, 일본, 중국 등에서 재배된다. 본 실험의 목적은 형광등과 LED 광조사가 당귀 생육의 발달과 기능성 물질로 알려진 Decursinol angelate와 Decursin의 생성에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 수행하였다. 당귀 ‘만추’ 종자를 우레탄 스폰지에 파종 후 4주간 유리온실에서 육묘하였다. 본엽이 3 매 전개된 120주를 저면관수 시스템에 이식하였다. LED [적색: peak wavelength 660nm, 청색: peak wavelength 455nm, white = 3:2:4 비율]와 형광등 조건에서 최상부 군락에서 광합성유효광량자속은 180±7μmol·m-2·s-1로 동 일하였으며 16:8의 일장조건에서 5주간 재배하였다. LED 처리에서 당귀의 엽수는 유의적 차이는 없었지만, 형광등 처리와 비교하여 13.5% 증가하였으며, 형광등 처리에서 당귀의 엽장과 엽폭의 비율과 초장은 각각 24, 13% 증가하였으며 최대 근장은 두 그룹이 유사하였다. LED 처리한 당귀의 지상부 생체중과 건물중은 50, 42% 씩 증가하였으며, 지하부는 125, 45%씩 증가하였다. 형광등에서 재배된 당귀의 Decursin과 Decursinol angelate 는 LED처리한 당귀보다 지상부에서 단위 건물중당 188, 27% 증가하였으며, 지하부에서 78, 8% 각각 증가 하였다. LED와 형광등 처리에서 재배된 당귀의 한 개체 당 Decursin과 Decursinol angelate의 함량은 132과 122mg 이었다. 결론적으로 기능성 물질은 형광등에서 증가되고 생장은 LED 조건에서 증가되는 것으로 나타났다.

An analysis of changes in herbal tea composition according to the difference in processing conditions showed slightly reduced crude protein content and increased, moisture, crude fat and solid elution rate after treatment using the ash puffing process compared to roasting. Benzopyrene content was significantly reduced to 0.18 ppb from 0.51 ppb. This result indicated that, the B(α)P content differed depending on the processing condition and raw materials. Generation of food B(α)P is mainly include the thermal decomposition of food cooking, when the processing which is a main component of food carbohydrate, protein, fat reason despite severe heat treatment as a whole is to be detected even though the B(α)P in this way is considered to be. The taste, aroma and color did not show a large difference, but the strong bitters taste decreased.

한방차의 roasting 온도를 80∼140℃ 범위로 하여 성분 변화를 분석한 결과, 온도의 상승에 따라 수분함량이 감소하고 일부 탄화가 발생하며 조 회분 함량이 소폭 상승하였고, 조 지방 및 조단백질 함량은 소폭 감소하였다. 한방차의 고형분 용출율은 0.15~0.32%(w/w)를 나타내었는데, roasting 온도가 상승할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 처리온도가 80∼110℃구간에서는 큰 변화를 나타내지 않은 반면 110∼140℃구간에서는 고형분 용출율이 급격히 감소하였다. 온도가 상승할수록 용출율이 감소하는 것은 내부 조직이 치밀하여 상대적으로 용출이 어렵기 때문이다. 벤조피렌 함량은 0.29~0.51ppb으로 온도가 높을수록 B(α)P함량이 증가하였다. 처리온도와 원재료에 따라 B(α)P 함량에 차이가 발생하며, 내부온도는 약 200℃정도지만 roaster 표면의 실제 온도는 약 2000℃에 이르는데 표면과 접촉한 부분에서 B(α)P가 생성된다. B(α)P는 주로 음식을 조리, 가공할 때 식품의 주성분인 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방 등이 열분해 되어 생성되는 것으로 생각된다.

팽화 처리온도를 각각 140~220℃로 한 한방차 제품의 성분변화를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 처리온도의 상승에 따라 일부 탄화가 발생하며 조회분 함량이 상대적으로 상승하는 소폭의 변화가 있었고, 조단백질 및 조지방 함량은 거의 변화가 없는 것으로 나타났으며 수분함량은 감소하였다. 한방차의 고형분 용출률은 0.18~0.27%(w/w)로 나타내었는데, 팽화온도가 상승할수록 증가하였다. 고형분의 용출은 온도가 화학적 변화보다 물리적 변화에 의해 식품의 원재료 성분인 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방 등이 천연 상태에서 상호가교 결합이 물리적인 힘으로 어느 정도 파괴되어 성분의 용출이 용이해지기 때문인 것으로 생각된다. 벤조피렌 함량은 0.18~0.24ppb로 처리온도, 원재료에 따라 B(α)P 함량에 차이가 발생한 것으로 나타났다.

최근 약용작물 재배 종류와 면적 증가로 병해충 발생 종도 늘어나고 관리비용이 증가하고 있지만 약용작물에서 병해충 안전관리를 위해 등록된 약제는 매우 부족 한 실정이다. 2010년부터 2014년 상반기까지 제천, 음성, 평창 등 약용작물 재배지 내 감초, 당귀, 황기, 도라지, 방풍, 삽주 등에 발생하는 해충 종류, 피해 증상 및 특징 들을 조사하였다. 감초에서는 알락수염노린재, 아카시아진딧물 담배거세미나방, 차응애 등, 황기에서는 아카시아진딧물, 싸리수염진딧물, 왕담배나방, 노린재류 등, 방풍에서는 당귀장님노린재, 어수리애기잎말이나방, 차응애 등, 당귀에서는 꼬부랑진딧물, 어수리애기잎말이나방, 당귀장님노린재 등, 도라지에서는 도라지 수염진딧물, 점박이응애 등, 삽주에서는 우엄수염진딧물, 조팝나무진딧물 등 다양 한 종류의 해충들이 발생하고 있었다. 특히 대부분 약용작물 재배 초기인 5∼6월에 는 신초를 중심으로 진딧물, 응애, 총채벌레 류 등의 발생이 확인되었다. 작물 재배 후기인 8∼10월에는 왕담배나방, 파밤나방, 알락수염노린재, 톱다리개미허리노 린재 및 딱정벌레 류 등이 주요 발생 해충으로 주로 신초와 열매 부위에 발생하여 피해를 유발하고 있었다.

Angelicae gigantis Radix (dried root of Angelica gigas) including major bioactives such as decursin and decursinol angelate provides rich flavors and several healthy benefits. Recent studies have shown that ultrafine powders of herbal medicines provide better physical properties and biological activities. Thus, ultrafine Angelica powder was added into the oligosaccharide syrup to provide flavors and healthy benefits in this study. Angelicae gigantis Radix was pulverized into d(0.1) = 3.220, d(0.5) = 7.822, and d(0.9) = 7.817 μm respectively using an air-flow mill. The ultrafine Angelica powder was added into the oligosaccharide syrup process with different ratios of water to oligosaccharide syrup at 1:5, 1:8, 1:11, and 1:14. The physicochemical properties such as viscosity and bulk density were measured. The Stokes’ law was applied to predict the sedimentation velocity of the added Angelica powder in the syrup. The Angelica syrup prepared in this experiment showed good stability since the Angelica particles precipitated down slowly. The ratio of water to oligosaccharide syrup at 1:11 showed the optimal preparation in terms of the stability and the viscosity. The ultrafine-sized herbal powders such as Angelicae gigantis Radix have potentials for various food and pharmaceutical applications.

Some biological activities such as an electron donating capacity, the contents of total polyphenol compounds and flavonoids, fibrinolytic activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity have been detected in hot water extracts of Ligularia fischeri and Angelica gigas Nakai. To increase the usefulness of the functional ingredients for prevention and improvement of some metabolic disorders, ethanol-treated hot water extracts of Angelica gigas Nakai were prepared. A hot water extract of Ligularia fischeri has 92% of electron donating capacity, 39.4 mg/g of total polyphenol compounds, 24.8 mg/g of flavonoids and 29.8% of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, but no fibrinolytic activity. A hot water extract of Angelica gigas Nakai has 94.7% of electron donating capacity, 5.8 mg/g of total polyphenol compounds, 2.6 mg/g of flavonoids, 0.48 plasmin units of fibrinolytic activity and no α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. However, with partial purification using cold ethanol treatment, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Angelica gigas Nakai was increased to 70.5%. Thus, we expected a more useful effect with the use of the addition of a cold ethanol-treated Angelica gigas Nakai extract. The L, b values of cold buckwheat noodles using a mixture of 0~3% of Ligularia fischeri powder and 0.5% of an ethanol-treated hot water extract of Angelica gigas Nakai were decreased with the addition of an increasing amount of Ligularia fischeri powder. Among the mechanical qualities, only adhesiveness was significantly higher in 3% Ligularia fischeri noodles. From sensory evaluation data, it was determined that these two functional ingredients did not ruin the color, texture, and overall acceptance of the cold buckwheat noodles. A higher amount of the extracts improved the quality of the product with little added cost.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary Morus alba L.(Bong-ip, B), Glycyrrhizae glabra(Gam-chei, C), Pinus densiflora(Sol-lp, S) and Angelica gigas(Dang-gi, D)powder on serum composition in rats(Sprague-Dawley male rats, 100-110g). Serum TG(triglyceride, p〈0.01), total cholesterol, glucose, total protein, albumin, GGT(γ-glutamyl transferase, p〈0.05) were significantly increased D group than that of nomal and other groups, but UA(uric acid, p〈0.05) was significantly decreased, and C group(p〈0.05) was significantly increased. but C group of urine(p〈0.05) was significantly decreased. Also, B and S groups(p〈0.05) of BUN(blood urea nitrogen), S group(p〈0.05) of ALP(alkaline phosphokinase, Band C(p〈0.05) of CPK(creatinine phosphokinsae, p〈0.05) were significantly increased. B, S and C groups were better than D group for lipid metabolism, and pretection to liver. Also, B and C groups of glucose were same as normal diet, so Morus alba L. was good food for lipid metabolism and hypoglycemic effect.

Background: Angelica gigas Nakai is a perennial herb belonging to the family Umbelliferae. Its roots are utilized in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to increase the yield of and the content of two indicator components (decursin and decursinol angelate) in A. gigas Nakai. Methods and Results: The roots of A. gigas Nakai were harvested 4-times from late August to late October in 2017. Two agents (trace element-TE, and plant hormone-HM) were applied 4 times at intervals of 2 weeks. The content of the two indicator components were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The HM treatment showed the greatest increase in underground part yield and root diameter. The content of the two indicator components in the control (non-treatment) group was the highest in the underground part, but was higher in the aerial parts in the agent treatment group. After treatment with the agents, the content of the indicator components tended to decrease in the underground part. However, the total content of the indicator components in the two agent treatment groups exceeded the level of 6% set by the Korean Pharmacopoeia. Conclusions: The highest underground part yield was found in the HM treatment group, while the highest content of decursin and decursinol angelate were found in the control group. This study provides basic information for yield improvement in A. gigas.

Background : Two major forest medicinal resources, Korean angelica (Angelica gigas Nakai) and Cnidii rhizoma (Cnidium officnale Makino) were used as medicinal herbs for long times and in these day consumed as cosmetic materials. For keep pace with a mass demand and supply, pesticides were should be sprayed for control of pests and plant diseases. However, the social concerns on well-balanced life, pesticides safety, and continuous and stable production of clean non-timber products were increased with the times. Therefore, environmental-friendly cultivation was increased before decade. This study performed for selection of effective control agents to hyphal growth of leaf spot and anthracnose in two medicinal resources. Methods and Results : The antifungal effects of eugneol, pine needle E.O, and 7 natural product extracts (Sophora root, green tea, neem, eucalyptus, grapefruit seed, derris, and 36% rosin) were evaluated against two plant pathogens (Phoma sp., and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). After re-loading of each 20 ㎕ natural product extracts to the PDA plate which loaded two spore dilution (106 spores/㎖) 100 ㎕, the hyphal growth control effects to pathogens were confirmed. Among 9 control agents, eugenol and pine needle E.O were the most effective, and then Sophora root, green tea, and neem. However, 4 agents (eucalyptus, 36% rosin, grapefruit seed, and derris) were not effective. Conclusion : It confirmed that possibility as a control agents of eugenol and pine needle E.O to leaf spot (Phoma sp.) of Korean angelica and anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) of Cnidii rhizoma, respectively. We will be developed as commercial products safe in the forest lands

Background: Angelica gigas, A. sinensis, and A. acutiloba are commercially important in the herbal medicine market, and among them, A. gigas has the highest economic value and price. However, their similar morphological traits are often used for fraud. Despite their importance in herbal medicine, recognition of the differences between Angelica species is currently inadequate. Methods and Results: A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed for direct detection and identification of A. gigas, A. sinensis, and A. acutiloba. The gene for the distinction of species was targeted at ITS in the nucleus and trnC-petN gene in chloroplasts. The optimized multiplex PCR in the present study utilized each Angelica species-specific primer pairs. Each primer pair yielded products of 229 base pairs (bp) for A. gigas, 53 bp for A. sinensis, 170 bp for A. acutiloba. Additionally non-specific PCR products were not detected in similar species by species-specific primers. Conclusions: In the present study, a multiplex-PCR assay, successfully assessed the authenticity of Angelica species (A. gigas, A. sinensis, and A. acutiloba). and whole genome amplification (WGA) was performed after DNA extraction to identify, the species in the product. The detection method of raw materials developed in the present study could be applied to herbal medicine and health functional food management.

Background: In the herbal medicinal industry, Angelica gigas Nakai, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. and Angelica acutiloba (Siebold & Zucc.) Kitag. are often confused, because the roots of the three species can not be distinguished by their appearance. This confusion can cause serious side effects. In this study, we determined the origins of Angelica roots distributed in the Korean market using the simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers developed based on the A. gigas chloroplast DNA sequence. Methods and Results: We collected twenty seven A. gigas and three A. acutiloba samples from the Seoul, Daegu, and Cheongju herbal medicinal markets. Fifty sections of one collection were mixed and ground to make a powder, which was used for DNA extraction using the cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method. Chloroplast based SSR markers were applied to the DNA for the determination of the species. In addition, polymorphism was found in eight samples. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the A. gigas roots collected from herbal medicinal markets were clearly discriminated from A. sinensis and A. acutiloba even though they were grouped into four clusters. Conclusions: This study showed that chloroplast based SSR markers would help the discrimination of Angelica roots in the Korean herbal medicinal industry and the markers are useful to prevent confusion between Angelica roots.

Background: The current regulations regarding the storage of medicinal herbs do not define the storage temperature; instead, but the only requirement is that the plastic bags used for storing the medicinal herbs should be tightly sealed during storage. The practice of storing medicinal herbs at room temperature (28℃), causes many problems, including growth of insect pests on the stored medicinal herbs. Thus, it is necessary to understand the effect of insect pests on the quality of medicinal herbs stored at room temperature (28℃) for the improving the relevant regulations. Methods and Results: Cnidium rhizome and Angelica radix were infested with Lasioderma serricorne F. adults and incubated at 28℃ for 2.5 and 5 months. The population of L. serricorne was established rapidly, and left many holes, cadavers, and feces on the stored medicinal herbs, thereby greatly damaging the product appearance and hygiene. In addition, active ingredients of the medicinal herbs were significantly decreased, probably reducing their medicinal quality as well. Conclusions: These results indicate that the current regulations are not sufficient to prevent the establishment of storage insect pests and guarantee the quality and hygiene of stored medicinal herbs. Therefore, it is necessary to devise proper storage protocols and upgrade the current relevant regulations to maintain the quality of medicinal herbs during storage.

Background: In this study, examined the effects of an extract of a mixture of Angelica gigas, Cnidium officinale, Paeonia lactiflora, and Rehmannia glutinosa fermented by Leuconostoc mesenteroides, with enhanced value and functionality. In oriental medicine, a mixture of these herbs is called Samultang. Methods and Results: In this study, we evaluated the effects of a fermented extract of Samultang on oxidative stress, procollagen type I expression, and melanin production. Samultang was extracted with 70% ethanol, followed by inoculation with Leuconostoc mesenteroides to obtain the fermented extract. The evaluation of viability of B16F10 cells and human foreskin fibroblast (HHF) revealed that both ethanol and fermented extracts of Samultang were non-toxic. The results of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test showed that the fermented extract of Samultang (SC50 value = 100 ㎍/㎖) was a more effective DPPH free radical scavenger than its ethanol extract. In addition, procollagen type I expression was higher in cells treated with the fermented extract of Samultang than in cells treated with ethanol. In the non-toxic concentration range, the fermented extract of Samultang showed strong inhibitory effect on melanin production in α-melanocyte stimulatin hormone-stimulated B16F10 cells (IC50 = 37.9 ㎍/㎖). Conclusions: These results suggest that the fermented extract of Samultang has considerable protential as a cosmetic ingredient owing to its antioxidant, anti-wrinkle, and whitening effects.