농업생태계에 따른 지표배회성 무척추동물의 군집 특성을 비교하기 위하여 한반도 동부의 3개 행정권역내에 분포하는 논, 밭, 과수원을 대 상으로 선정하였다. 2013년부터 2015년까지 매년 2회에 걸쳐 pit-fall trap법을 사용하여 채집된 무척추동물을 통해 군집분석을 하고 기상자료를 포함하는 환경요인의 영향을 분석하였다. 전체 채집된 무척추동물은 13목 58과 172종 6,420개체이며, 분류군 중에서 벌목(38.26%), 메뚜기목 (16.28%)이 우점하였다. 경상남도 출현 개체수가 2,983개체(46.46%)로 가장 많았으며, 경상북도가 풍부도(1.96), 다양도(1.51) 모두 높게 나타 났다. 농업생태계 유형 중 논에서 69종 3,299개체(51.39%)가 조사되었으며, 종다양성 지수도 높게 확인되었다. 특히 우점종인 개미과의 포함유 무가 종 다양성지수 분석에 미치는 영향은 미미한 것으로 보여진다. 곤충 분류군과 환경요인과의 정준상관분석 결과, 토양 pH, 토양온도와 토양 함수율의 영향에 의해 매미목, 바퀴목, 흰개미목, 딱정벌레목과는 양의 상관관계로 구분되었고, 기온, 강수량, 전기전도도, 상대습도, 최저초상온 도와는 음의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 무척추동물 군집은 계층적 군집화를 통해 생태계 유형별로 패턴화가 일어나는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결 과는 공간과 환경요인과의 상관관계가 무척추동물의 분포에 다소 영향을 주는 것으로 사료된다.

This experiment was carried out in experiment field at Hoengseong from March to July 2015 to evaluate the seed productivity and feed value of oats (Avena sativa L.) according to the difference of seeding date. The experiment was arranged randomized complete design with three replications. The treatments were consisted of three seeding dates (12, 22 March and 2 April). The emergence and heading of oat showed a tendency to accelerate as the seeding date was delayed while the number of days taken for the flowering after the heading remained unchanged. The plant height, panicle length, number of culm, and number of panicle all tended to decrease with the delay of seeding date. The seed yield showed a significant difference with 3.55 ton/ha in 12 March and 2.38 ton/ha in 2 April (p<0.05). The dry matter yield also showed significantly different in 12 March and 2 April which were 6.57 ton/ha and 4.56 ton/ha, respectively (p<0.05). The feed value measured as CP (crude pretein), NDF (neutral detergent fiber), ADF (acid detergent fiber) and DMD (dry matter digestibility) showed no difference according to the seeding date. In the case of RFV (relative feed value), a decrease with the delay of seeding date was observed but only an insignificant difference (p>0.05). As the purpose of this study was not production of roughage but that of the seed, cultivation was in the full-ripe period, hence a relatively low feed value. In conclusion, it is considered that the appropriate seeding date for a spring cultivation of oats for the purpose of seed production in Hoengseong is in early March regarding growth characteristics, seed yield, and feed value.

For economic evaluation of integrated operation to sewage facilities, benefit-cost analysis was performed to watershed sewage works project in 7 watershed areas, 156 facilities. In this study, the cost before and after integrated operation was compared and benefits are calculated from the reduction of operators, increasement treated pollution loads, reduction cost through operation convenience, reduction water consumption through effluent reuse, and improvement of life benefit. The result showed that cost was 8,500million won and benefit was 16,747million won, so benefit was 49% higher than cost. B/C analysis result showed that B/C ratio was 1.97 and it is similar to other researches. The benefits of integrated operation included convenience of data management, increase of emergency response, decrease of complains with sewage which was not reflected numerically, so the benefits of integrated operation were expected much greater than this result.

내시경역행담췌관조영술(ERCP)은 췌담도계 질환의 진단 및 치료에 필수적인 내시경 술기이다. 비록 자기 공명 담췌관 조영술이나 초음파 내시경과 같은 비침습적인 검사들로 인해서 ERCP의 진단적인 역할은 감소하고 있으나 여전히 ERCP는 췌담도계 질환의 치료에서 매우 중요하다. 그러나 한국에 서는 시술이 많은 일부 병원으로의 ERCP 집중, 시술 후 합병 증의 높은 위험 그리고 긴 수련과정과 같은 이유로 전임의들 이 ERCP를 배우고자 하는데 주저함이 있다. 이와 같은 배경에서 대한췌담도학회 교육위원회는 한국에서 수련받고 있는 전임의들을 위해 ERCP 교육 가이드라인을 준비해왔다. 대한 췌담도학회 교육위원회는 가이드라인이 현재 수련 중인 전임의들에게 도움이 될 것을 기대한다.

The purpose of development new variety ‘Miho’ (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a favorite with livestock feed and develop varieties resistant to disease and lodging. ‘Miho’ was carrying out the growth habit of group Ⅲ with green and mid-wide leaf. Awn that is related to preference of livestock is a semi-smooth awn. This cultivar had 96 cm of culm length, 650 of spikes per m2. Heading date of ‘Miho’ was April 27, and maturing date on May 30, which were later than cultivar ‘Youngyang’. It also showed strong winter hardiness, and similar resistance to shattering and bariy yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) compared with those of check one. The best thing among the traits of a good quality with the plant green at the latter growing period. The average forage dry matter yield in the regional yield trial was about 13.1, 12.1 MT per ha in upland and paddy field, respectively, which were 9%, 2% higher than that of the check cultivar. It’s also showed 6.8% crude protein, 27.1% ADF (acid detergent fiber), and 67.5% TDN (total digestible nutrients), including higher silage quality for whole crop barley. This cultivar would be suitable for the area whose average minimum temperature was above －8℃ January in Korean peninsula.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of Chamaecyparis obtus extract to reduce odor emissions released from the swine feeding operations. Finisher pigs [Landrace × (Yorkshire × Duroc)] with an initial body weight averaging 50 kg were housed separately in two rooms with eighty eight pigs in each room at a swine feeding operation site. C. obtus extract was sprayed in the room by ceiling sprayer for one minute at twice per day during two months. Concentrations of odorous compounds from air in the room of the swine feeding operation were analyzed at four times during two months. Levels of butyric acid, valeric acid, i-butyric acid, ivaleric acid, skatole, methylmercaptan, and trimethylamine tended to decrease in C. obtus extract spray treatment group compared to the non-spray treatment group (P > 0.05). Odor activity values of butyric acid, valeric acid, skatole and trimethylamine were higher than other odorous compounds and decreased by 72%, 76%, 54% and 20%, respectively, in C. obtus extract spray treatment group compared to the non-spray group. Taken together, C. obtus extract showed an odor reducing capability in the air of a swine feeding operation suggesting that it possesses anti-bacterial properties as well as having a dust removal and masking effect.

Spinyhead sculpin Dasycottus setiger, a species of cold water fish, is distributed along the eastern coastal waters of Korea. A series of fishing experiments was carried out in the waters near Uljin from June, 2002 to November, 2004, using the experimental monofilament gill nets of different mesh sizes (82.2, 89.4, 104.8, and 120.2 ㎜) to describe the selectivity of the gill net for the fish. The SELECT (Share Each Length’s Catch Total) analysis with maximum likelihood method was applied to fit the different functional models (normal, lognormal, and bi-normal models) for selection curves to the catch data. The bi-normal model with the fixed relative fishing intensity was selected as the best-fit selection curve by AIC (Akaike’s Information Criterion) comparison. For the best-fit selection curve, the optimum relative length (the ratio of fish total length to mesh size) with the maximum efficiency and the selection range (R50%,large - R50%, small) of 50% retention were obtained as 2.363 and 0.851, respectively. The ratios of body girth to mesh perimeter at 100% retention where the selection curve of each mesh size represented the optimum total length were calculated as the range of 0.86 ~ 0.87.

The buffer green space of Sihwa industrial complex is located on the boundary of residential areas and industrial areas, and this regions have been the ability to mitigate environmental impact of noise, vibration, atmospheric. In this area, the survey of vegetation and bird was conducted to understand the biology structures and function of buffer green space from biology habitats and natural recovery for ecology restoration. The survey was performed four times according to the season. As a result, vegetation were distributed to the most widely Pinus thunbergii community (72.2%) in the whole survey area (approximately 0.32 km2), and grasslands (6.6%), Amorpha fruticosa community (4.1%), Koelreuteria paniculata community (4.0%), Acer buergerianum community (3.9%) in the order of distribution. The characteristics of vegetation distribution were mainly planted Pinus thunbergii in outlying areas, and Koelreuteria paniculata, Acer buergerianum, Sophora japonica, Quercus acutissima were planted in the middle areas. The birds observed in this area were a total of 37 species, 912 individuals, the species of legal protection were observed Falco tinnunculus 1 individuals. The most of birds observed in this area were the resident that can be observed easily in the park and greenland surrounding urban. The waterfowl almost were not observed because of lacking water space. Thus, as providing safe habitats and movement passageway of wildlife, the connection of ecological green areas will be strengthened.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a faculty development program for nursing simulation educators. Methods: This study developed one-day education program based on the ADDIE model. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires to investigate learners’ needs and participants’ evaluation of the pilot program. The data were analyzed using EXCEL with descriptive statistics. Results: The participants’ satisfaction with the program showed an overall high level of satisfaction. Two types of faculty development were developed based on the needs assessment. In addition, a review of the existing programs, namely, basic and advanced courses, were conducted based on the learning needs hierarchy. Conclusion: The development and pilot testing of a faculty development program for nursing simulation educators are feasible. Further research should focus on the short- or long-term evaluation of the program using the experimental research design.

우리는 심각한 열스트레스 및 서로 다른 사료 에너지 급여가 사료 소화율 변화에 미치는 영향과 심각 한 열스트레스 조건에서 유지를 위한 에너지 요구량을 설정하기 위해 한우 육성기 거세우 4두(평균체중 200±11.7kg)를 이용하였다. 사료 처리는 서로 다른 에너지 공급을 위해 4 시험구(TDN 기준, 쾌적한 상태 하에서 한국사양표준 한우 육성우 에너지 요구량의 100%(대조구), 심각한 열스트레스 하에서 에너 지 100%(E100), 115%(E115), 130%(E130)로 나누어 4×4 라틴 방각법으로 수행하였다. 온도 및 습도에 노출한 열스트레스 조건을 위해 대조구는 쾌적한 온습도지수(THI)=71.5, 나머지 3개 처리구는 THI=81.4로 심각한 스트레스 수준으로 설정하였다. 심각한 열스트레스는 진정 건물소화율을 유의적으 로(p<0.05) 감소시켰으며(대조구 81.5 vs E100 79.1, E115 77.0 및 E130 76.0%), 사료에너지 공급 수 준의 증가는 건물소화율의 감소를 가져오는 것으로 나타났다. 심각한 열스트레스 및 서로 다른 사료 에 너지 급여 수준은 혈중 생리대사물질 함량 및 체온 변화에 유의적인 영향을 미치진 않았다(p>0.05). 본 연구를 통해 심각한 열스트레스 하에서 육성기 한우거세우의 유지를 위한 에너지 요구량은 Y=0.235X+115.03과 같은 산정식으로 계산될 수 있으며, 이러한 결과는 육성기 한우거세우에게 열스트 레스 하에서 체중변화없는 유지 에너지 요구량을 만족시키기 위해서는 현재 한국사양표준 대비, 사료 에너지 15.03%를 더 공급해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

최근 기후 온난화에 따른 기후변화로 인한 잦은 이상기후로 인한 피해를 최소화 하고자 충북지역 한지형 마늘재배지 에서 발생되는 해충의 발생양상을 조사하였다. 조사지역은 청주, 보은, 증평, 제천, 단양지역 마늘재배지역 5곳 18농가이며, 조사결과 응애류 2종, 톡토기류 2종, 파리류 3종, 잎벌레류 1종, 나방류 1종, 총채벌레 1종, 진딧물류 1종, 선충류 1종으로 조사되었다. 돌발해충으로 씨고자리파리가 3월초순 트랩당 20.8마리에서 3월말경 389.9마리로 다발생하였다. 마늘 주요 해충인 뿌리응애는 5개지역중 보은과 증평지역에서 각각 구당 34.9, 32.0마리로 가장 높은 밀도를 나타내었다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal mixing ratio of olive oil, parmesan cheese, and nuts for preparation of pesto with spinach. Based on a surface response methodology (RSM), the independent variables were olive oil (100~300 g), parmesan cheese (25~75 g) and nuts (12~36 g). The dependent variables were physico-chemical properties as pH, color values (L, a, and b values), viscosity and sensory evaluation. pH decreased with increasing parmesan cheese levels. The L value decreased and the a and b values increased with increasing olive oil levels. Viscosity was negatively correlated with olive oil levels but positively correlated with the amounts of parmesan cheese and nuts. The addition of oil exerted a positive effect on gloss, and oily taste. In the sensory evaluation, the values of appearance, color, flavor, taste and overall acceptance were in the range of 4.4~7.2, 3.7~7.4, 4.4~7.1, 3.9~7.3 and 3.5~7.6, respectively. The sensory evaluation results showed significant values in appearance (p<0.01), flavor (p<0.01), taste (p<0.01) and overall acceptance (p<0.05). The optimal amounts of spinach pesto with olive oil, parmesan cheese, and nuts were determined by numerical optimization of a canonical model and graphical optimization. The optimal amounts were 175.29 g of olive oil, 49.51 g parmesan cheese, and 27.37 g of nuts per 100 g of spinach.

The study was conducted to determine proper seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer level for the effective seed production of Winter Rye (Secale cereale L.) with randomized block design with three replicates by combining both seeding rates (3, 5, and 7 kg/10a) and different nitrogen fertilizer application levels (0, 3, 6, and 9 kg/10a) in northern area of Gyeongbuk province from Oct. 7, 2013 to Jun. 15, 2014. Emergence and overwintering rates were not influenced but lodging degree was influenced by seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer level. High lodging were observed at the seeding rates and nitrogen fertilizer levels of more than 5 kg/10a and 6 kg/10a, respectively (p < 0.01). Lodging less than 20% were observed at the seeding rate of 3 kg/10a regardless of the increase of nitrogen fertilizer level, furthermore, no lodging was shown though seeding rate was increased up to 7 kg/10a under the condition without nitrogen fertilizer. No. of leaves per plant, plant height and culm length were increased as affected by the increase of nitrogen fertilizer level rather than the increase of seeding rate. Spike length was shortened as affected by the increase of seeding rate while it was lengthened by the increase of nitrogen fertilizer level with no interaction effect between the two factors. No. of stems and spikes per m2 were influenced by the increase of nitrogen fertilizer level rather than by seeding rate with no interaction effect between the two factors. Grain yield was significantly increased as influenced by the increases of seeding rate (A) and nitrogen fertilizer level (B) with interaction effect (A × B), which resulted in the highest grain yield (310 kg/10a) at the seeding rate of 5 kg/10a and the nitrogen fertilizer level of 3 kg/ 10a. In conclusion, the proper seeding rate and fertilizer application level would be 5 kg/10a and 3 kg/ 10a, respectively to effectively produce the winter rye seeds in northern Gyeongbuk province.

White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is the most widely consumed mushroom in the world, and domestic consumption is increasing owing to expansion of the westernized diet in recent years. Before 2000, most Korean mushroom farmers cultivated foreign varieties, but recently, Korean breeders are developing hybrid strains using molecular breeding tools. To produce a better mushroom cultivar, we evaluated some traits of button mushroom Agaricus bisporus strains. Mycelial growth rate at different culture temperatures was investigated by 25>20>15>30>10oC. Recently developed domestic varieties had superior mycelial growth rate compared to the traditionally grown species. In particular, the ASI1338 strain showed excellent mycelial growth rate at different temperatures. Further, we confirmed that ASI1007, ASI1085, ASI1310, ASI1339 were strongly resistant to bacterial brown blotch, whereas ASI1053, ASI1103, ASI1140, ASI1146, ASI1177, ASI1183, ASI1195, ASI1321, ASI1331, ASI1336 were relatively weakly resistant. The average number of days for 16.5, and that for harvest was 5.7; the average yield was 142.7 g/2-kg bag. Mycelial growth rates at 10, 15, 20, 25oC were similar, but that at 30? was lower. The mushroom yield was highly correlated with the number of days for pinheading and harvest.

본 연구는 초음파 진동에 의해 발생하는 공동현상을 이용하여 다양한 유용성분과 생리활성을 가지고 있는 녹차와 애엽을 혼합하여 새로운 식품소재를 개발하기 위해서 반응표면분석법에 의한 추출특성을 모니터링 하여 최적 추출조건을 예측하였다. 초음파를 지속적으로 가하는 조건에서 Box-Behnken design에 의해 녹차와 애엽의 혼합비, 용매와 용질의 비, 추출시간을 독립변수로 하여 15구간의 추출조건을 설정하고 추출수율(Y)을 종속변수로 하여 모니터링 하였다. 반응표면분석결과 녹차 및 애엽 혼합 추출물은 녹차의 함량과 추출용매의 양이 증가 할수록 추출 수율이 증가 하였으며, 추출시간은 결과에 큰 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 추출수율을 최대로 얻을 수 있는 녹차 및 애엽 혼합물의 최적 추출조건은 녹차와 애엽의 혼합비 85.86%, 용매와 용질의 비 92.73 mL/g, 추출시간 56.52분으로 확인되었으며, 추출수율의 최대값은 30.03% 로 예측되었다.

In order to establish the basic data for the growth of fish in the aquaculture industry, the behavior analysis of rockfish (Sebastes inermis) depending on the temperature and LED lights was conducted. In this study, water temperatures were set from 3℃ to 30℃ were used. One red light (wave length: 622 nm; light power: 811 mW) and one green lights (wave length: 518 nm; light power: 648 mW) were used. Behavior of the rockfish was expressed as average moving distance (AMD) for 1 minutes and a rate of movement. The mean AMD depending on the temperature was 1.0 m and the mean rates of movement was 50%. The mean AMD were 1.5 m, 1.9 m and 0.7 m in the red LED light, green LED light and control condition respectively. The mean rates of movement were 54%, 65% and 45% in the red LED light, green LED light and control condition respectively.

This study was conducted to determine the reasonable soaking period of glutinous rice for laver Bugak (Korean traditional fried dishes) processing and to identify the sensory characteristics of three kinds of laver Bugak made with different starch pastes: GRice_1d using glutinous rice soaked for 1 day; GRice_7d using glutinous rice fermented for 7 days; and Wheat using flour. Descriptive analysis was performed by 10 trained panelists, and the 92 consumers evaluated the overall acceptance (OL), acceptance of appearance (APPL), odor (ODL), flavor (FLL), and texture (TXTL) of the samples using a 9-point hedonic scale. From the measurement result by scanning electron microscope (SEM), there were differences in the surface characteristics among soaking period for 1 day and 7 days. Ten panelists were trained, and they evaluated the appearance, odor/aroma, flavor/taste, texture/mouth feel, and after taste attributes of these samples. 36 attributes were generated by panelists and 12 attribute were significantly different across products (p<0.05). It was found that the Grice_7d sample was characterized by mouthfeel of crispiness and uniformity of bubbles, and the Wheat sample was characterized by surface of roughness, mouthfeel of crispiness and adhesiveness, relatively. And the Grice_1d sample was characterized by surface of roughness, mouthfeel of roughness, hardness, cohesiveness, toughness, and adhesiveness.